23
22
20
50
90
Time/s
150
23
150
( 20 0 )
( 50 0 )
( 22 20)
( 90 50)
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(b)
Volume of
gas/ cm3
45
( 45 20 )
20
= ..
( 90 25 )
25
50
Time/ s
90
Activity 1 :1
Calcium carbonate reacts completely with excess diluted hydrochloric acid in 2 minutes
and 30 seconds to produce 24.00 cm3 carbon dioxide gas. What is the average rate of
the reaction?
A
Graph below shows the volume of oxygen gas collected against time.
Volume of O2 (cm3)
30
Time (s)
0
15
30
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C
D
Diagram below shows a graph of volume of hydrogen gas against time for the reaction
between zinc and hydrochloric acid.
Volume of H2
gas /cm3
V
V
Time/ s
0 15 30 45 60
60
Which of the following is true about the graph?
V
15
cm3 s-1
C
D
V
30
cm3 s-1
Table below shows the result obtained from the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide.
Time/minute
11
12
12
12
Calculate the average rate of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide within the second
minute.
A
B
C
D
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Activity 2 :An experiment is carried out to determine the rate of reaction between calcium
carbonate and dilute hydrochloric acid. The volumes of carbon dioxide gas evolved at
fixed intervals are recorded.
Graph of the volumes of carbon dioxide gas against time are shown below.
Volume of
carbon dioxide
gas /cm3
40
30
20
10
Time/s
40
80
120
160
200
(a) Calculate :
(i) the average rate of reaction for the whole reaction.
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at 80 seconds
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Activity 3 :20 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid is reacted with excess magnesium ribbon. The results
are shown below.
Time /s
Volume of
H2 /cm3
15
30
45
60
75
90
105
120
135
150
0.0
8.5
16.0
22.0
27.5
32.0
36.0
39.0
42.0
44.0
46.0
(a) Draw the graph of the volume of hydrogen gas released against time.
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(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(c) Compare the rate of reaction at 30 seconds and 105 seconds. Explain why?
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2HCl
CaCl2
H2O
CO2
The graph of volume of carbon dioxide gas against time obtained is as shown below :
Volume of CO2 gas / cm3
45
Experiment I
Large pieces
II
Experiment II
Small pieces
Time / s
180
240
Experiment II
q =
= ..
= ..
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Explanation :
The maximum volume of carbon dioxide gas collected for both experiments are
. because the . of the reactants are .
The and .. of HCl in both Experiments are the same.
Number of mole of HCl in both Experiments are the same.
Activity 4 :A group of students was carried out two experiments to investigate the factor affecting the rate
of a reaction between zinc and hydrochloric acid.
Table 4.1 shows information about the reactants used in each experiment.
Experiment
Reactants
II
(a)
Write the chemical equation for the reaction occur in these experiments.
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.
(b)
State the factor that affecting the rate of the reaction of Experiment I and Experiment II.
.
The graph 4.2 shows the result obtained from these experiments.
Volume of gas
collected (cm3)
20
II
15
I
10
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Time (s)
Graph 4.2
(c)
Calculate the average rate of reaction for Experiment I and Experiment II.
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(b)
10
Based on the table and graph, compare the rate of reaction between Experiment I and
Experiment II
.
.
.
2. Concentration of Reactant
(a) Reaction between sodium thiosulphate solution and dilute hydrochloric acid is
conducted.
(b) The rate of reaction is measured by how fast yellow precipitate (sulphur) is formed.
Observation is made on the time taken for the X sign placed under the conical flask to
disappear from view.
Temperature, volume and concentration of the hydrochloric acid are fixed but the
concentration of sodium thiosulphate solution is varied.
(c) Chemical equation for the reaction :
Na2S2O3
2HCl
2NaCl
+ S
+ SO2
H2O
(d) The graph of concentration of sodium thiosulphate solution against time, and the graph
of concentration against 1/time are plotted.
Concentration of
Na2S2O3 (mol dm-3)
Concentration of
Na2S2O3 (mol dm-3)
Concentration is .proportional to
Concentration is .proportional to
time.
1/time.
(s)
the rate
reaction.
CHAPTER
1 : RATE
OF of
REACTION
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11
3. Temperature
()a Study through observation to yellow precipitate (sulphur), the product of the reaction
between sodium thiosulphate solution with hydrochloric acid.
()b In this reaction, the temperature of the sodium thiosulphate solution is changed.
()c All other conditions such as volume and concentration of sodium thiosulphate solution
and hydrochloric acid is remain constant.
()d Time taken for certain amount of the yellow precipitate formed and covered the X mark
below the beaker is recorded.
()e Two graph are obtained :
Temperature of
Na2S2O3 (mol dm-3)
Temperature of
Na2S2O3 (mol dm-3)
Temperature is .proportional to
Temperature is . proportional to
time.
1/time.
rate of reaction is ..
ions.
ions.
collision.
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The the rate of reaction.
. collision
CHAPTER 1 : RATE OF REACTION
The the rate of reaction.
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12
Activity 5 :Diagram 5.1 shows the set-up of apparatus for Experiment I, II, III, IV, V and VI to investigate
the effect of temperature on the rate of reaction between sodium thiosulphate and sulphuric
acid. In the experiment, 50 cm3 of 0.1 mol dm-3 of sodium thiosulphate solution is poured into
a conical flask and is heated to 30C. 5 cm3 of 2.0 mol dm-3 of sulphuric acid is added
immediately to the sodium thiosulphate solution. The conical flask is then placed on a paper
with X mark as shown in the diagram 5.1. The time taken for the X mark to disappear from
sight is recorded.
Eye
X mark
Diagram 5.1
Experiment I
Experiment II
Experiment III
The experiment is repeated with sodium thiosulphate solutions at 40 oC, 50 oC, 55 oC, 60
o
C and 65 oC. Diagram 5.2 shows the readings of the stopwatch in each experiment.
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at 30 oC
at 40 oC
at 50 oC
CHAPTER 1 : RATE OF REACTION
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Experiment IV
13
Experiment V
Experiment VI
at 55 oC
at 60 oC
at 65 oC
Diagram 5.2
(a)
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(i)
(ii)
1
for each experiment.
time
Construct a table to record and show all the data in the experiments. These
data will be used to plot a graph in (e).
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(b)
14
(c)
(d)
State the operational definition of the rate of reaction based on this experiment.
......................................................................................................................................
.
......................................................................................................................................
.
......................................................................................................................................
.
(e)
Plot a graph of
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1
against temperature.
time
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(f)
15
Based on the graph you have drawn, find the time taken for the mark X to disappear
from sight if the temperature of the sodium thiosulphate solution is 45 oC.
.......................................................................................................................................
(g)
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16
4. Catalyst
Catayst is a chemical substance that increases the rate of reaction [change the rate of
reaction], but it does not change chemically at the end of the reaction.
It is specific.
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17
The reaction between zinc with dilute sulphuric acid [CuSO4 as the catalyst]
(a)
+ H2
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
Volume of H2
gas /cm3
With catalyst
Without catalyst
Time/s
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18
therefore, more particles will reach the same or more than the ,
Ea of the reaction.
the frequency of collision between particles ..
the frequency of effective collision
the rate of reaction ....
Activity 6 :1
The following equation shows the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide at room condition
using a catalyst.
2H2O2()
O2(g)
2H2O()
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Time (s)
0.0
CHAPTER 1 : RATE OF REACTION
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19
10
15.0
20
25.0
30
32.5
40
38.0
50
42.0
60
45.5
70
47.5
80
49.0
90
50.0
100
50.0
Table 6
(a)
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Plot the graph of the volume of oxygen gas against time on the graph paper
provided below.
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20
(b)
(c)
(d)
(i)
(ii)
With reference to the collision theory, explain how does catalyst in (d) (i),
affects the rate of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide.
.............................................................................................................................
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21
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
In Industry :
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22
Optimum conditions :
3H2
2NH3
The colliding particles must also have the right orientation of collision.
The colliding particle must have enough energy; i.e equal or more than
a minimum amount of energy known as Activation Energy, Ea
The collisions that lead to a chemical reaction are known as effective collisions.
Energy
Ea
H = Heat of reaction
CHAPTER
1 : RATE
OF REACTION
(The energy
diffence
in the
reactants and in the products)
Progress of reaction
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23
Ea The minimum energy the reactant particles must possessed before collision
between them can result in a chemical reaction.
Ea The lower activation energy in the presence of a catalyst.
Activity 7 :1
(x + y)
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D
24
(y x)
Zinc powder reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid. The temperature of the mixture increases.
Complete the Energy Profile Diagram for the reaction. On the diagram, show the :
Heat of reaction, H
Activation energy without a catalyst, Ea
Activation energy with a catalyst, Ea
Energy
Zn + 2HCl
ZnCl2 + H2
SIZE OF
REACTANTS /
TOTAL SURFACE
AREA
CONCENTRATION OF
REACTANTS
TEMPERATURE OF
REACTION MIXTURE
CATALYST
Catalyst provides an
alternative path of
reaction which needs
lower Activation
Energy, (Ea).
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25
Activity 8 :Four experiments are carried out to study the factors that affect the rate of reaction.
The table below shows the details of each experiment.
Experiment
Reactants
Temperature
of HCl / C
Volume of gas
released / cm3
30
600
II
30
III
40
IV
40
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(a)
26
(b)
II
III
IV
(c) Sketch the graph of the volume of gas released against time for each Experiment I, II,
III and IV on the axes provided below.
Volume of
gas / cm3
Time / s
(d)
I and II
..
..
..
..
..
..
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(ii)
27
II and III
..
..
..
..
..
..
Temperature
of reaction I is . than reaction II.
Study the graphs below and complete the following
:
Concentration of the reactants for reaction I is . than
reaction II.
Presence of catalyst :
Reaction I : . .
Quantity of product
V
Reaction II : ..
Final quantity of product for reaction I and II are the same.
II
I
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t1
28
t2
Time
GRAPH 9.1
Quantity of product
2V
Possibilities :
II
t1
t2
GRAPH 9.2
Reaction
Possibilities
: II : 500 cm3 of HCl 1.0 mol dm-3
Size of reactants for reaction I is . than reaction II.
Reaction I : . pieces of CaCO3 ;
Reaction II : . pieces of CaCO3.
Temperature of reaction I is . than reaction II.
Presence of catalyst :
Quantity of product
..
Reaction I : . .
2V
V
II
Reaction II : ..
Concentration of the reactants for reaction I is . than
reaction II
Final quantity of product for reaction II is twice than reaction I.
Time
GRAPH 9.3
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29
Quantity of product
2V
II
t1
t2
GRAPH 9.4
Time
Reaction II : ..
Concentration of the reactants for reaction I is . than
reaction II.
Final quantity of product for reaction II is twice than reaction I.
Reactants
Excess calcium carbonate chips and 25 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid.
Excess calcium carbonate chips and 25 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid.
Excess calcium carbonate chips and 100 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid.
Table 9.1
The graph of carbon dioxide gas produced against time is sketch as shown in Graph 9.2.
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30
Volume of carbon
dioxide / cm3
Experiment ..
Experiment A
Experiment ..
Time /s
Graph 9.2
Based on Table 9.1 and graph 9.2, determine which curves represent the results of Experiment
B and Experiment C. Write your answers in the boxes provided.
Experiment I
Hydrogen gas
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(a)
(i)
31
Based on Diagram 1, state the factor that affects the rate of reaction in this
experiment.
.............................................................................................................................
(ii)
(b)
In Experiment II 2.0 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 copper(II) sulphate solution is added. The
maximum volume of hydrogen gas released in Experiment I is V cm3.
(i)
(ii)
The graph for the volume of gas against time for Experiment I is sketched as
Volume
of
shown below.
hydrogen
gas
/cm3for Experiment II on the graph.
Sketch the
curve
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Experiment I
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(ii)
32
A student carried out two experiments to investigate the factors that influencing the rate of
reaction. Table 2 shows the results of the experiments.
Experiment
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Diagram
Volume of
hydrogen gas /cm3
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33
1 g magnesium ribbon
3 minutes
50
I
Hydrochloric acid 1.0 mol dm-3
in excess
1 g magnesium ribbon
5 minutes
50
II
Hydrochloric acid 0.5 mol dm-3
in excess
Table 2
(a)
Write the chemical equation for the reaction between magnesium and hydrochloric
acid.
.
(b)
(i)
(ii)
(c)
On the axes below, sketch the graphs of the volume of hydrogen gas against time
for Experiment I and Experiment II.
Volume
of H2 gas / cm3
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2009
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34
Time / min
Three experiments have been carried out to study the effect of factors affecting the rate
of reaction at room temperature. Table 3 shows the results of the experiments.
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Experiment
Set-up of
apparatus
35
I
III
II
10 cm3 of
1 mol dm-3
sulphuric acid
10 cm3 of
2 mol dm-3
sulphuric acid
Excess of
magnesium
strip
Excess of
magnesium
strip
60
10 cm3 of
2 mol dm-3
sulphuric acid
Excess of
magnesium
powder
30
10
Table 3
(a)
(b)
Calculate the maximum volume of gas released in Experiment I and Experiment II.
[Molar volume of gas = 24 dm3 mol-1 at room condition]
(c)
Using the same axis on the graph, sketch the volume of gas released against time
for Experiment I, II and III.
(d)
Calculate the average rate of reaction for Experiment I, II and III in cm3 s-1.
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(d)
36
END OF CHAPTER 1
JPNT 2009