No. 39-51
* Civil Engineering Department, National Institute of Technology Kurukshetra, Haryana - 136 119, INDIA.
Received: 28 April 2011; Accepted: 09 September 2011
The present study summarizes the research works done in the past regarding different types of structural irregularities
i.e. Plan and vertical irregularities. Criteria and limits specified for these irregularities as defined by different codes
of practice (IS1893:2002, EC8:2004 etc.) have been discussed briefly. It was observed that the limits of both Plan and
vertical irregularities prescribed by these codes were comparable. Different types of modeling approaches used have
also been discussed briefly. The review of previous research works regarding different types of plan irregularities
justified the preference of multistorey building models over single storey building models and concept of balanced
CV (Center of strength) CR (Center of rigidity) location was found to be useful in controlling the seismic response
parameters. Regarding the vertical irregularities it was found that strength irregularity had the maximum impact and
mass irregularity had the minimum impact on seismic response. Regarding the analysis method MPA (Modal pushover
analysis) method even after much improvement was found to be less accurate as compared to dynamic analysis.
KEYWORDS: Plan irregularity; vertical irregularity; structural irregularities in buildings.
Vertical
Irregularity
Mass Stiffness Strength Setback
Horizontal
Irregularity
Asymmetrical Re-Entrant Diaphragm
plan shapes
discontinuity
corners
393
TABLE 1
IRREGULARITY LIMITS PRESCRIBED BY IS 1893:2002, EC8:2004, UBC 97, NBCC 2005
Type of Irregularity
IS 1893:2002] [14]
UBC 97 [81]
Ri 15% (Fig.2)
Ri 5%
Ri 15%
Od > 50%
Horizontal
a) Re-entrant corners
b) Torsional irregularity
Od > 50%
Sd > 50%
ry > ls + eoy
Sd > 50%
M i < 2 Ma
Mi < 1.5 Ma
Vertical
a) Mass
Mi < 1.5 Ma
b) Stiffness
Si < 0.7Si+1 Or Si < Si < 0.7Si+1 Or Si < 0.8 Si < 0.7Si+1 Or Si < 0.8 Si < 0.7Si+1 Or Si < 0.8
0.8 (Si+1 + Si+2 + Si+3)
(Si+1 + Si+2 + Si+3)
(Si+1 + Si+2 + Si+3)
(Si+1 + Si+2 + Si+3)
(Fig.2b)
c) Soft Storey
Si < Si+1
d) Weak Storey
Si < 0.8Si+1
Si < 0.8Si+1
e) Setback irregularity
TABLE 2
IRREGULARITY LIMITS PRESCRIBED BY IBC 2003, TEC 2007 AND ASCE 7.05
Type of Irregularity
Horizontal
a) Re-entrant corners
Ri 20%
Ri 15%
b) Torsional irregularity
c) Diaphragm Discontinuity
Oa > 33%
Mi < 1.5 Ma
Mi < 1.5 Ma
Si < 0.7Si+1 Or
Si < 0.7Si+1 Or
Vertical
a) Mass
b) Stiffness
Si < 0.7Si+1 Or
Si < 0.7Si+1 Or
Si < Si+1
Si < 0.6Si+1 Or
Si < 0.7 (Si+1 + Si+2 + Si+3)
e) Setback irregularity
394
A
A
(a)
(b)
(i)
(ii)
Heavy Mass
(c)
A/L >0.15
A/L >0.10
A
A/L >0.25
L
d1
d2
(d)
d3
395
Force
Force
ki
ki
ki
d
Displacement
rki
(a)
(b)
Force
F
rki
ki
ki
Displacement
ki
No yield in compression
rki
(c)
Force
ki
ki
ki
rki
Previous yield
ku
ki
dy
dm
Displacement
ku
No yield
rki
(d)
Fig. 3 a) Elasto-plastic model b) Bi-linear hysteresis models
c) Cloughs degrading stiffness model d) Takedas
hysteresis model
396
e.m
C.M
C.M
C.S
C.S
(a)
C.V
Model Name
Description
S1
S2
C.M
(c)
397
TABLE 4
Code
Results
NEHRP [59]
ATC [6]
NBCC [56]
Same as NEHRP.
Inadequate for buildings with low
time periods (T<0.5S)
Over-conservative for higher time
periods at all eccentricities.
EC8 [24]
TABLE 5
RESULTS OBTAINED CONSIDERING DIFFERENT CODES
S.No
Code Name
Results
NZS [58]
UBC [79]
NBCC [56]
398
E4
nb
E2
E5
E1
E3
C.M
C.R
E6
Displacement
Deteriorated loading
branch
= 1-3
= 1-2
= 1-
F
- Rate of strength deterioration
(a)
Force
k(1-2)
Displacement
k(1-3)
k(1-)
(b)
Fig. 6 (a, b): Second Hysteretic model proposed by Dutta and Das
(2002)
399
0-1
<1
400
Cv
Cm
Cr
Cr
Model 1
Model 2
Cr
d
Cm
Cv
Model 5
Cv
Cv
d
Cm
Cr Cv
Model 3
Model 4
d
Cm
Cr
d
Cr
Cm
Cv
Model 6
Cm
Cr Cv
Model 7
Cm
Cr Cv
Model 8
Model Number
Model Name
ev/ed
Symmetric
Stiffness Symmetric
Balance
0.75
Balance
0.5
Balance
0.25
Strength Symmetric
-0.33
-1
401
TABLE 8
SUMMARY OF RESEARCH WORK REGARDING SINGLE STOREY PLAN IRREGULAR BUILDING MODELS
S.No
Researcher
Year
Main conclusion
Tso Sadek
1985
es = 0 - 0.25b
Sadek Tso
1989
es and ep = 0 -0.2b
Duan Chandler
1991
ea= 0 - 0.1b
Chandler Hutchinson
1992
es = 0.05b-0.2b
Chandler et al.
1995
ea = 0.05b
De-La colina
1999
es = 0 - 0.20b R =1,3,6
Dutta Das
2002
es = 0.05b - 0.2b
Strength
Fujii et al.
2004
Drift
2007
es = 0.09b -0.01b
ev = 0.03b - 0.06b
10
Ladinovic
2008
em-0.1b -0.5b
11
Aziminejad Moghadam
2010
es = 0.025b - 0.10b,
12
Luchinni et al.
2011
es = 0 0.3 b
stiffness
irregularities
interdependent.
are
es = ev -0.12b
ev = 0 0.2b
and
402
Description
F1
F2
403
models was different from those obtained from multistorey models. From results of analytical study it was
found that for e/r 0.5 and 0.4, number of resistant
planes in direction of seismic response had no influence
on seismic response and the lateral displacements
decrease with increase in ductility demand. Finally the
Parameters like degree of torsional coupling, uncoupled
lateral time period and eccentricity had larger influence
on seismic response.
Ghersi et al. (2007) determined the effectiveness
of modal analysis procedure in evaluating the inelastic
seismic response of multistorey plan asymmetric
structure. A six storey steel framed building and
asymmetry was induced by variation of applying load
at 0.15L away from geometric center inducing mass
eccentricity. Results of modal analysis was compared
with that of static analysis and by chandler procedure
to check the proposed procedure. The proposed method
leads to good seismic performance of buildings as
compared to other methods of analysis. However the
strength distribution along plan given by the proposed
method is comparable with method suggested by Ghersi
and Rossi but it is simpler in application as compared
to the latter method.
TABLE 10
DIFFERENT MODEL CONFIGURATIONS PROPOSED
S.No
Model Name
Ratio of Stiffness to
Yield displacement
eccentricity (ev/ed)
Symmetric
Stiffness Symmetric
0.75
0.5
0.25
Strength Symmetric
De-Stefano (0.25Cm-Cr)
-0.33
De-Stefano (0.5Cm-Cr)
-1
404
TABLE 11
SUMMARY OF RESEARCH WORKS REGARDING MULTI STOREY PLAN ASYMMETRIC STRUCTURES
S.No
1
Researcher
Year
Stahthopoulos
2003
3 5
Anagnopoulos
Type
and extent of
eccentricity
Main conclusion
The Building Systems with biaxial eccentricity
showed the increased ductility demand.
The displacements at flexible edge was found
to be greater for SB models as compared to PH
models. SB models were found inefficient in
assessment of codal provisions.
Chopra Goel
2004
em = 4.57m
Fernandez et al.
2005
es = 0.25r - 0.75r
Stefano et al.
2006
em = 0.15b
Ghersi et al.
2007
em = 0.05b - 0.30b
Luchinni et al.
2009
es = 0, 0.5b
Aziaenmizad
Moghadam
2010
Stahthopoulos
Anagnopoulos
2010
1 3 5
10
Anangnopoulos
et al.
2010
3 5
em es= 0-0.30 b ea = For models SIMP1 and SIMP2 the flexible edges
0.05b
were the critical elements. In SIMP3 models the
stiff edges were critical elements.
405
406
AND
S.No
Model Name
No. of Stories
Model Description
Beam Hinge
3,10,20,30,40
Column Hinge
3,10,20,30,40
Model 3
3,10,20,30,40
Time period
Influence ratio
Ductility Demand
Low
Increase from
1.0 to 3.0
Increase by 30 %
Medium
No impact
No impact
High
407
TYPE A
TYPE B
TYPE C
(a) TYPE A,B,C Taller first, intermediate and top storey
TYPE t
TYPE m
TYPE b
TYPE E1 - E2
TYPE E3 - E6
(c) E1-E2 Open ground floor, E3 E6 Partial infill
408
409
410
TABLE 14
SUMMARY OF RESEARCH WORKS REGARDING VERTICAL IRREGULARITY
S.No
Name of Researcher
Year
Key Parameters
Main conclusion
1989
Sr 4,0.9
Sr - 0.65-2.0
1.0-2.0
1990
50 % setback
Mr 300 % to 900%
1997
Mr - 0.1,0.5,1.5,2,5
Sr - 0.5- 0.9
STr - 0.5-0.9
5,
10,
20
1997
Mr - 0.25,0.5,2,4
Sr - 0.1,0.25,0.5, 2,4,10
STr -0.5
10
Das Nau
2003
Mr - 2.5-5.0
Sr - 0.09 -1.6
- 0.09 - 1.7
- 0.08 - 1.81
STr - 0.27-1.05
5
10
20
Chintanpakdee Chopra
2004
Sr 0.25,0.5, 2.0,5.0
STr -0.25,0.5, 2.0,5.0
12
Fragiadakis
2006
Sr - 0.5,2.0
STr - 0.5,2.0
Ayidin
2007
Mr 0.1,0.5,1,1.5,2,5
5 10 20
Karavallis et al
2008
Mr = 2,4,6
3 9 15
10
Sadasiva et.al.
2008
Mr = 2.5,5
411
TABLE 15
TABLE 16
Reference
Advantages
Disadvantages
Simple
S.
no.
No
Reference
Advantages
Disadvantages
no.
SS
Represents
actual structure.
Seismic response
obtained much
closer to reality.
MS 1, 2, 3, 4,
8, 9, 10, 11,
12, 16, 18,
19, 28, 29,
30, 31, 32,
36, 40, 41,
42, 43, 47,
48, 50, 52,
53, 62, 63,
64, 67, 68,
69, 72, 82,
83, 84.
Need
of
Can involve large s o p h i s t i c a t e d
no. of degree of softwares.
freedom.
SS - Single-storey models
MS Multi-storey models
TABLE 17
SECOND SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION OF MODELS USED BY DIFFERENT RESEARCHERS
S.No
Reference no.
Advantages
Disadvantages
SB
Simple
Easy idealization and formulation.
PH
3D
Non linear analysis. Inelastic seismic More complex and difficult to model as compared
response prediction. Plastic hinges to SB models. Seismic response depends on
formed at ends of beams and columns. location of plastic hinge. Plastic hinge assumed to
occur at ends of beams and columns only.
Closer to actual buildings.
412
SB - Shear Beam
PH - Plastic hinge
3D - 3D frame models
Some authors also have used two or more than two
models so same reference number in some cases appears
against two model names in classification 1, 2 and 3.
DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSIONS
The presence of structural irregularity changes the
seismic response and the change in the seismic
response depends upon type of structural irregularities.
As mentioned previously structural irregularities may
be classified into horizontal and vertical irregularities.
On comparing research works regarding plan and
vertical irregularity, it was found that large number of
research works were conducted on Plan irregularities
as compared to vertical irregularities.
In Plan irregularities some researchers used single
storey models and others used multistorey building
models as described in Table 16. The uses of former
models were larger in comparison to the latter. Most
of the building models in recent years are single storey
building models, so the expressions for seismic response
parameters and design philosophies formulated are not
valid for multistorey building models. So most of the
design codes which use expressions were formulated
on basis of single storey models need to be revised.
The expressions obtained considering a particular
multistorey model needs to be generalized so that it is
applicable to all kinds of multistorey structures.
Different centers of buildings like CM, CV and
CR have a huge impact on seismic response of
building systems as torsion generated depends upon
positions of these centers with respect to each other.
Several researchers10,73,74 have proposed the concept
of balanced CV-CR location to generate minimum
torsional response. One of the main issues in this
concept is that the previous researchers have not been
able to find a CV-CR location which gives optimum
values for all the seismic response parameters like
drift, ductility and rotation etc. In general it was found
that if some position of CV, CR, CM reduces drift and
ductility, then other portion reduces rotation i.e. no
particular position of CV, CR and CM result in optimum
values of seismic response parameters. So, selection of
413
rx, ry
REFERENCES
1.
2.
3.
NOTATIONS
ci
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
414
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
415
416
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
417
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
418