EE292 Ch06 Filter Part1 Signals Part 2 Filters em v2

EE292
CHAPTER 6
FREQUENCY RESPONSE,
BODE PLOTS, AND
RESONANCE
Electrical Engineering: Principles and Applications, 6e

Allan R. Hambley
Copyright 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc.

All rights reserved.
EE292
Capacitor complex impedance

t
qt i t dt qt0
q Cv
t0
dv
iC
dt
1
v t i t dt v t0
C t0
VC Z C I C
1
ZC
exp( j )
90
jC
2
C
Pavg VYrms I Lrms cos 0

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EE292
Inductor
di
v t L
dt
1
i t v t dt i t0
L t0
VL Z L I L
Z L jL L exp( j ) L90
2
Pavg VYrms I Lrms cos 0

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EE292
5.3 Complex Impedance
Z L R R0
1
1
ZC
90
jC C
ZL jL L90

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Second Order Circuit:

RLC serial circuits
di t
1
Ri t i t dt vC 0 v s t
dt
C0
t

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Second Order Circuit:

RLC parallel circuits
v t
dv t 1
C
v t dt i 0 is t
R
dt
L0
t

SECOND-ORDER CIRCUIT EQUATION ANALYSIS
di t
1
L
Ri t i t dt vC 0 v s t
dt
C0
t
d i t
di t
2
2
0 i t f t
2
dt
dt
1
R

0
0
2L
LC
2

Allan R. Hambley

d i t
di t
2
0 i t f t
2
dt
dt
2
xc t K1e K 2 e
s1t
s1 2 02
s1 jn
and
s2t
s2
2
2
0
s2 jn
n 02 2
xc t K1e t cos n t K 2 e t sin n t
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EE292
6.1 Fourier Analysis, Filters and

Transfer functions
The short segment of a music waveform shown in (a) is the
sum of the sinusoidal components shown in (b).

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EE292 Figure 6.2 A square wave and some of its

components.
All real-world
signals are sums
of sinusoidal
components
having various
frequencies,
amplitudes, and
phases.
Allan R. Hambley

Filters and Transfer Functions

Filters process the sinusoid components of an input signal differently
depending of the frequency of each component. Often, the goal of the filter
is to retain the components in certain frequency ranges and to reject
components in other ranges.
The transfer function H(f ) of the two-port filter is defined to be the ratio
of the phasor output voltage to the phasor input voltage as a function of
frequency:
Vout
Hf
Vin
The magnitude of the transfer function shows how the amplitude of each
frequency component is affected by the filter. Similarly, the phase of the
transfer function shows how the phase of each
frequency component is affected by the filter.
Allan R. Hambley

EE292
Two-Port Network
When an input signal vin(t) is applied to the input port of a filter, some components
are passed to the output port while others are not, depending on their frequencies.
Thus, vout(t) contains some of the components of vin(t), but not others. Usually, the
amplitudes and phases of the components are altered in passing through the filter.

Allan R. Hambley

EE292
The transfer function

of a filter.

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Filters behave as if they separate the

input into components, modify the
amplitudes and phases of the
components, and add the altered
components to produce the output.

EE292Determining the output of a filter for an input with

multiple components:
1. Determine the frequency and phasor representation for each input component.
2. Determine the (complex) value of the transfer function for each component.
3. Obtain the phasor for each output component by multiplying the phasor for each input
component by the corresponding transfer-function value.
4. Convert the phasors for the output components into time functions of various frequencies. Add
these time functions to produce the output.
To measure the transfer function we apply a sinusoidal input signal, measure the
amplitudes and phases of input and output in steady state, and then divide the phasor
output by the phasor input. The procedure is repeated for each frequency of interest.

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EE292
Figure PA6.1 Active Noise Cancellation

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EE292
6.2 First-Order Lowpass Filters
A first-order lowpass filter.

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EE292
Characteristics of First-Order Lowpass Filters

Hf
1
fB
2RC
Hf
1
1 j f f B
1
1 f fB
f
H f arctan
fB
Figure 6.8 Magnitude and phase of

the first-order lowpass transfer function versus frequency.

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EE292
Figure 6.10 Another first-order lowpass filter;

see Exercise 6.4.

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EE292
6.3 DECIBELS, THE CASCADE CONNECTION,

AND LOGARITHMIC FREQUENCY SCALES
H f dB 20 log H f
Table 6.2 TransferFunction Magnitudes and
Their Decibel Equivalents

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EE292
Notch Filters
Figure 6.12 Stop-band transfer-function magnitude of

a notch filter used to reduce hum in audio signals.

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Cascaded Two-Port Networks
H f H1 f H 2 f
H f dB H1 f dB H 2 f dB

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EE292
Figure 6.13 Cascade connection of two twoport circuits.
H f H1 f H 2 f
H f dB H1 f dB H 2 f dB

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6.4 Bode Plot
A Bode plot shows the magnitude of a network function in

decibels versus frequency using a logarithmic scale for
frequency.
1
Hf
1 j f f B
H f dB
f
10 log 1
f B

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EE292
Logarithmic frequency scale.
f
number of decades log 2
f1
f log f 2 f1
number of octaves log 2 2
f1 log2

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EE292
Figure 6.15 Magnitude Bode plot for the firstorder lowpass filter.

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EE292
Figure 6.16 Phase Bode plot for the first-order

lowpass filter.

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EE292
Figure 6.17
Circuit for Exercise 6.11.

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EE292
Figure 6.18
Answers for Exercise 6.11.

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EE292
6.5 Highpass filter.
Ref: Lowpass filter
Highpass filter
Vout
j f f B
Hf
Vin 1 j f f B
1
fB
2RC
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EE292
Figure 6.20 Magnitude and phase for the firstorder highpass transfer function.

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EE292
Table 6.4 Values of the

Approximate Expression
Given in Equation 6.26 for
Selected Frequencies

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EE292
Figure 6.21 Bode plots for the first-order

highpass filter.

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EE292
Figure 6.22
Circuit for Exercise 6.13.

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EE292
6.6 The series resonant circuit.

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AC Power Review
Apparent power
P Vrms I rms
[VA]
Power
P Vrms I rms cos
[W]
Effective Power
Real Power
Power Factor
PF cos
Power Angle
v i
Reactive power
Q Vrms I rms sin

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[VAR]

Phasor / Power Analysis for Resonance
Reactive power
Vrms I rms sin 0, or, 0
Series Circuit Phasor diagram
1
Z L ZC jL
0
jC
1
L
C
1
0
Resonance
LC
Frequency
f0
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1
2 LC

EE292
Figure 6.24 Plots of normalized magnitude

and phase for the impedance of the series
resonant circuit versus frequency.

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EE292
Figure 6.25 Plots of the transfer-function

magnitude |VR / Vs| for the series resonant
bandpass-filter circuit.
VR
1
Vs 1 jQ s f f 0 f 0 f
f0
1
2 LC
Quality Factor
1
Qs
2f 0CR
2f 0 L
Qs
R
f
f 0
Z s f R 1 jQ s
f
f0

Allan R. Hambley

EE292
The bandwidth B is equal to the difference

between the half-power frequencies.
B fH fL
f0
B
Qs
B
f H f0
2
B
f L f0
2

Allan R. Hambley

EE292
6.7 The parallel resonant circuit.
Resonance is a phenomenon that can be

observed in mechanical systems and
electrical circuits.

Allan R. Hambley

EE292
Phasor / Power Analysis for Resonance
1
Zp
1 R j 2fC j1 2fL
Parallel Circuit Phasor diagram reactive
power = 0
1 1
1
jC 0
Z L Z C jL
1
L
C
1
Resonance
0
LC
Frequency
f0
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1
2 LC

EE292
Figure 6.30 Voltage across the parallel

resonant circuit for a constant-amplitude
variable-frequency current source.
Q p 2f 0CR
R
Qp
2f 0 L
R
Zp
1 jQ p f f 0 f 0 f

Allan R. Hambley

EE292
Figure 6.27 Series resonant circuit of Example

6.5. (The component values have been selected
so the resonant frequency and Qs turn out to be
round numbers.)

Allan R. Hambley

EE292
Summary
Phasor approach suitable for steady state
AC circuit analysis
Phasor approach simplifies circuit analysis
Connection to AC Power formulation
Mastering R, L, C complex impedances
facilitates further understanding of many
circuit characteristics

Allan R. Hambley


EE292 Ch06 Filter Part1 Signals Part 2 Filters em v2

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Electrical Engineering: Principles and Applications, 6e

Copyright 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Capacitor complex impedance

Pavg VYrms I Lrms cos 0

Copyright 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Pavg VYrms I Lrms cos 0

Electrical Engineering: Principles and Applications, 6e

Copyright 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc.

5.3 Complex Impedance

Electrical Engineering: Principles and Applications, 6e

Copyright 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Second Order Circuit:

Electrical Engineering: Principles and Applications, 6e

Second Order Circuit:

Copyright 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc.

SECOND-ORDER CIRCUIT EQUATION ANALYSIS

Electrical Engineering: Principles and Applications, 6e

Copyright 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc.

6.1 Fourier Analysis, Filters and

Electrical Engineering: Principles and Applications, 6e

Copyright 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc.

EE292 Figure 6.2 A square wave and some of its

Copyright 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Filters and Transfer Functions

Copyright 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Electrical Engineering: Principles and Applications, 6e

Copyright 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc.

The transfer function

Electrical Engineering: Principles and Applications, 6e

Filters behave as if they separate the

Copyright 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc.

EE292Determining the output of a filter for an input with

Electrical Engineering: Principles and Applications, 6e

Copyright 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure PA6.1 Active Noise Cancellation

Electrical Engineering: Principles and Applications, 6e

Copyright 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc.

6.2 First-Order Lowpass Filters

A first-order lowpass filter.

Electrical Engineering: Principles and Applications, 6e

Copyright 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Characteristics of First-Order Lowpass Filters

Figure 6.8 Magnitude and phase of

Electrical Engineering: Principles and Applications, 6e

Copyright 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 6.10 Another first-order lowpass filter;

Electrical Engineering: Principles and Applications, 6e

Copyright 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc.

6.3 DECIBELS, THE CASCADE CONNECTION,

Electrical Engineering: Principles and Applications, 6e

Copyright 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 6.12 Stop-band transfer-function magnitude of

Electrical Engineering: Principles and Applications, 6e

Copyright 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Cascaded Two-Port Networks

Electrical Engineering: Principles and Applications, 6e

Copyright 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 6.13 Cascade connection of two twoport circuits.

Electrical Engineering: Principles and Applications, 6e

Copyright 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc.

6.4 Bode Plot