Bronchopneumonia

Exudate

Inflammatory
Cells

Necrotic Tissue
Alveolar Wall

(Bronchopneumonia of lung, X4mag)

Bronchopneumonia is a common community acquired pneumonia which is an exudative
suppurative inflammation of the lungs characterized by foci of consolidation surrounded by normal
parenchyma. Bronchopneumonia affects one or more lobes. It is generally caused by an infectio n
of viruses, bacteria, or fungi.
Microscopically, there are many presence of inflammatory cells in alveolar spaces and there are
also some inflammatory cells in the alveolar wall as well. There is also presence of exudate inside

the lining of the alveoli. The inflammatory cells may contain neutrophils on closer inspection.
There is also presence of necrotic tissues which is without any nuclei inside the cells.

Lobarpneumonia
Damaged capillaries

Exudate

with

inflammator y

cells

Thickening of alveoli wall

(lobar pneumonia of lung x4mag)

Lobar pneumonia is an acute exudative inflammation of an entire pulmonary lobe it is commonly

caused by 95 % of cases by acquired Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococci) infection. It is
commonly a disease of healthy young to middle-aged adults and the elderly, and is considerably
more common in men than in women. Lobar pneumonia usually affects an entire segment of a
single lobe.

Microscopically, in this slide we can observe that the whole parenchyma of an alveoli is filled with
inflammatory cells and exudate. We can also observe some thickening of the alveoli wall which
does not occur in bronchopneumonia. There are also some damaged and congested capillar ies
observed in this slide as well.

Bronchiestatis

Ulceration of bronchiol
wall

Inflammatory cells

Enlargement

of

bronchiol space

(Bronchoiectatis of lung, x4 mag)

Bronchiectasis is a chronic necrotizing infection of bronchi & bronchioles causing abnormal

permanent dilation of these airways. It usually occurs because of chronic airway infection and
inflammation. Bronchiectasis is also characterized by mild to moderate airflow obstruction.

Microscopic examination reveals inflammation of bronchial wall causing ulceration of the

bronchial wall. This results in necrosis which destroys bronchial walls, producing lung abscess
and in chronic cases it shows peribronchial fibrosis. In this slide we can observe the enlarge me nt
of the bronchiol space. We can observe presence of inflammatory cells particularly at the
ulceration site.

Tuberculosis

Collar of lymphocytes

Giant Multinucleated cell

Caseous Necrosis

(Tuberculosis of lung, x4 mag)

Tuberculosis is a chronic inflammation caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The most affected

organ by tuberculosis is the lungs. There are two major patterns of disease with Tuberculosis which
is primary tuberculosis which is seen as an initial infection usually found in children. The initia l
focus of infection is a small subpleural granuloma accompanied by granulomatous hilar lymph
node infection. Together these make up the Ghon complex which is a lesion seen in the lung that
is caused by tuberculosis. The lesions consist of a calcified focus of infection and an associated
lymph node in nearly all the cases, these granulomas resolve and there is no further spread of the
infection. In other type which is secondary tuberculosis which seen mostly in adults as a
reactivation of previous infection or reinfection, particularly when health status declines such as
having a chronic disease or impaired immune system.
Microscopically, we can observe an obvious giant multinucleated giant cell on the slide where
there is a formation of nuclei circle arranged tightly together and at the center of the tubercle which
is the right lower end of the slide there is a presence of caseous necrosis where there is lacking of
nucleoli presence, we can also observe collar of lymphocytes at the edges of the slide.

Adenocarcinoma

Inflammatory cells

Tightly arranged nucle i

Hyperchromatic nuclei

Acinar pattern on cancer

cells

(Gastric Adenocarcinoma, x4mag)

Adenocarcinoma is a malignant neoplasm with glandular differentiation, pneumocyte phenotype
or mucin production. Lung carcinomas are mainly divided into two groups of non-small cell
carcinoma and small cell carcinoma. Adenocarcinoma is a type of non-small cell carcinoma arising
from the bronchi,

bronchioles

and alveolar

cells with or without

mucin

production.

Adenocarcinoma represents the most common type of lung cancer in females, nonsmokers and
younger males.
Microscopically in this slide, there are presence of some large and hyperchromatic nucleus which
is shown by excessive pink colored nucleus staining by hematoxylin and eosin stain. We can also

observe that the nucleus is also arranged tightly to each other. We can also observe that from the
size of the nuclei, the nuclei to cytoplasm is high. We can also observe many inflammatory cells.
In this slide we can also observe acinar pattern from the formation of the cancerous cells.

Benign prostate Hyperplasia

Prominence

of smooth

muscle tissue
Papillary like Infoldings
Damaged

blood

vessel and blood

clogging
(Benign Prostate Hyperplasia, x4mag)
Benign Prostate Hyperplasia or Benign nodular hypersplasia of prostate involves the hyperplasia
of glandular and stromal tissue with papillary buds infoldings. It begins around the urethra where
ejaculatory ducts enter prostate. The mechanism for hyperplasia may be related to accumula tio n
of dihydrotestosterone in the prostate, which binds to nuclear hormone receptors that triggers the
growth of the prostate tissue.
Microscopically, we can observe many infoldings of the lining of the epithelium glands and
prominence of smooth muscle cells across the slide which demonstrate hyperplasia of the tissue is

taking place and an increased number of cells, we can also observe some damaged blood vessels
and clogging of blood in this slide.

Prostate Adenocarcinoma
Hyperchromatic cells

Neoplastic cell

Lacking of basal layer

connecting

to

connective tissue
(prostate adenocarcinoma, x10mag)

Prostate cancer is a type malignant tumor. Most of these tumors are adenocarcinoma origina ting
from the glands and ducts in the prostate.

Microscopically, we can observe that there are small crowded glands lined by a single layer of
cells, presence of large nucleus size and hyperchromatism. The nucleus is also seen packed
together and has a large nucleus to cytoplasm ratio. The cells shown in this slide has a differe nt
morphology than normal cell. The neoplastic glands seen in this slide is lacking of basal layer and
is directly connected to interstitial connective tissue

Squamous carcinoma of cervix

Neoplastic cell

Keratin
pearls
Inflammatory cells

(Squamous cell carcinoma of cervix, x4mag)

Squamous cell carcinoma is a malignant epithelial tumor which originates in epidermis, squamous
mucosa or areas of squamous metaplasia. In the skin, the carcinoma destroys the basement
membrane and form sheets or compact masses which invades adjacent connective tissue. In a well
differentiated carcinoma, the tumor cells appear pleomorphic due to varieties in the size, shape
and staining of nuclei but still resembling normal keratinocytes.
Microscopically, the slide shows presence of keratin pearl inside the neoplastic cell which is larger
than the normal surrounding inflammatory cells and the presence of keratin pearls shows that the
neoplastic cell is well differentiated. We can also observe presence of inflammatory cells in this
slide.

Salpingitis

Granuloma tissue

Inflammatory cells

Exudate

(Salpingitis, x4 mag)
Salpingitis is inflammation of the fallopian tubes. In almost all cases it is caused by bacterial
infection, including sexually transmitted diseases such as gonorrhoea and chlamydia. The
inflammation prompts extra fluid secretion or even pus to collect inside the fallopian tube.
Infection of one tube normally leads to infection of the other, since the bacteria migrates via the
nearby lymph vessels. Salpingitis is one of the most common causes of female infertility. Without
prompt treatment, the infection may permanently damage the fallopian tube so that the eggs
released each menstrual cycle can't meet up with sperm.

Microscopically, we can see that the mucosal folds are thickened and contains the presence of
many inflammatory cells. In this slide, the lumen of the fallopian tube contains exudate, there is
also presence of some granuloma tissue formation. Because of the presence of granuloma this
salpingitis can categorized as acute salpingitis

Leiyomyoma of uterus

Longitudinal incidence

Transverse incidence

(Leiyomyoma of uterus, x4 mag)

Uterine leiomyomas also known as fibroids are the most common pelvic tumor in women. They
are benign monoclonal tumors arising from the smooth muscle cells of the myometr ium.
Microscopically, Leiomyomas are dense, well-circumscribed nodules consisting of myometr ia l
derived from smooth muscle cells and extracellular matrix like collagen, fibronectin and
proteoglycan. Microscopically, they consist of whorled, uniform, spindle-shaped smooth muscle
cells.

In this slide, microscopically, we can observe some whirl- like shape bundles of smooth muscle
cells of transversal and longitudinal incidence of smooth muscle. The observed cell structure is
normal and the nucleus size and shape is also normal.

Renal Infarct

Inflammatory cells

White infarct( pale area and lacking many nuclei)

(Renal Infarction, x4mag)

Renal infarction results from the interruption of the normal blood supply to part of, or to the whole
kidney. The interruption of the blood supply to the kidney causes interruption of oxygen and
nutrient delivery to the affected tissue area. In this infarction, there is lack of blood hemorrhaging
and lack of RBC accumulation on the damaged tissue which is called white infarct.
Microscopically, we can see a pale area at the center of this slide and there is loss of much nuclei
in this area which is called karyolysis. In the infarcted area of the kidney, the tubules and the
glomeruli are dead which is acute coagulative necrosis, which leaves a pale outline on the infarcted
cells. There are also observable many inflammatory cells in this slide.

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