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Howdoesanearbyelectricalconductoraffecttheamplitudeofapendulum

(formedbyamagnetandthread)?

BackgroundInfo/Research
Apendulumundergoessimpleharmonicmotion,thatis,itoscillatesbetween
twoendpointsrepetitively.Inthediagrambelow,theendpointsareAandC,
andBisknownasthefiducialpointorthecentreofmotion.Inavacuum,
apendulumwilloscillatebetweenpointsAandCconstantly,asthereareno
externalfactorsaffectingthetrajectoryofthemassbob.Furthermore,it
reinforcesnewtonsfirstlawofmotionallobjectswillremainatrestorat
uniformmotionunlessacteduponanexternalforce

However,withinthepresenceofamagnet,thetrajectoryofthependulumwillalter,andasa
result,alteritsendpoints,amplitude,thespeedatwhichittravelsandgiventhatit'snota
vacuum,otherexternalfactors
suchasairdrag/resistancealso
affectsit..Thisisknownas
DampedSimpleHarmonic
motion.
Thediagramshowsthegraphof
thechangeindisplacementas
timeprogresses,supportingour
backgroundinformation.

Consideringthepresenceofanelectromagneticcoil,it
hasanmagneticfield,andthatifapendulumwereto
swingcloselytoit,itwillcomeincontactwiththemagnetic
fieldandthereforeachangeinmagneticfluxdensityinthe
pendulum.Faradayslawstatesthat,achangein
magneticflux,willinduceanemfwhichwill
giverisetoa
current
Consequently,
Lenzslawstatesthatthis
inducedcurrentwillalwaysopposetheoriginal
changeinflux
.Thesecurrents,knownaseddycurrents,
andutilising
Lenzslawwillopposethechangeinflux
thatgeneratedthem
.Hence,applyingtheselawsof

physics,asthependulumswingsacross,itwillgenerate
eddycurrents
whichwillopposethe
motionofpendulumduetothechangeinfluxasitentersthevicinityofthecoilandasitleaves
thecoil,affectingitsspeedandtherebyitsendpoints.Hence,asaresult,astimeprogresses
andmoreoscillationsoccur,themoreeddycurrentsarecreatedwhichwillcounteractthe
motionandtherebyaffectingtheamplitude.
Factorsthatcontributetochangeinflux:
Decreasingtherelativedistancebetweentheconductorandthebarmagnet
Increasingthestrengthofthebarmagnetortheelectricalconductor(different
conductors)
Therelativemotionbetweentheconductorandthemagnet

Thematerialoftheelectricalconductoralsoaffectstheamplitudeofthependulum.
Ferromagneticmaterials(iron)
arecharacterisedbypossessingahighlevelofmagnetism
andstillpersistsaftertheremovaloftheirmagneticfield,andinthiscontext,ferromagnetic
materialswillhavea
noticeablylargereffect
onthependulumsamplitudeasmoreeddy
currentsareinducedthatopposeitsmotion.Contrastingly,
paramagneticmaterials
suchas
aluminium,areeasilymagnetisedbutlosesitsmagneticfieldaftertheyleaveanexternal
magneticfield.Thus,whileitstillinduceseddycurrentsthatopposeitsmotion,itwillhavea
severelyweakereffect
thanferromagneticmaterialsbutstillinhibitthependulumsamplitude
overtime.

Otherkeyfactorsthatwillaffecttheamplitudeofthependulumincludethelengthofthe
pendulum(inourcase,wearekeepingthisconstantsothiswillnotbeanissue),asthelonger
thelength,thefurtherthependulumfalls.Theangulardisplacement(angleatwhichitisletgo)
alsotakeseffectontheperiodofapendulumandhencethenwillaffecttheamplitudeofa
pendulum(asmoreeddycurrentsbeingproducedwithinthemagneticfieldregion)however,
thisisnegligibleforsmallangledifferencesandtrulytakeseffectonsubstantialanglechanges.
Theformulafortheperiodofapendulumis

(T = 2

l ),
sowecanseethat
g

gravitationalforcealsoplaysaneffectbuttheinvestigationisconductedatthesameplacesoit
isnotanissue.

InvestigationOutline
Themainpurposeofthisexperimentistoinvestigatetheeffectofanelectricalconductor
(coppersheet)onanpendulum'samplitudeovertime.Assuch,wearechangingthenumberof
oscillations(independentvariable)andmeasuringtheamplitudeofthependulum(theangle
betweenthenormalandtheendpoints)whilstkeepingothersfactorsascontrolledsuchasthe
angleofrelease,sameconductor,samebarmagnetetc.

Aim:
Toinvestigatetheeffectofanelectricalconductoronthependulumsamplitudeovertime.

Hypothesis:
Asthenumberofoscillationincreases,theamplitudeofthependulumwill
decreasefasterwhenthereisnopresenceofanelectricalconductor.Thisisduetothe
generationofeddycurrents,whichwillopposethemotion(slowingitdown),decreasingthe
amplitudeasaresult.

IndependentVariable

DependentVariable

Controlled

Numberofoscillations(e.g
4,6,8,10oscillations)

Amplitude(
c)

RetortStand
String
PositionoftheElectrical
conductor(Copper)
MaterialoftheElectrical
conductor(Copper)
Stickytape
Stopwatch
Samemagnet
Angleofrelease

Equipment:
30cmstringx1
BarMagnetx1
Electricalconductor(Coppersheet)x1
Retortstandx1
Stickytapex1
Protractorx1
Phone(SlowmotionCamera)
Markerpenx1

Justification:The
30cmstring
wasanarbitrarynumberselected,nottoolongbutnottooshort,
justtherightsizeinordertodemonstratetheeffectofanelectricalconductoranditsmotion.
The
magnet
,
attachedtothestringisrequiredasourinvestigationrevolvesaroundtheeffectof
theamplitudeofthependulumandtheelectricalconductor.Inasimilarvein,theelectrical
conductor
(coppersheet)
isneededasourinvestigationrevolvesaroundthepresenceofan
electricalconductoranditseffectonthependulumsamplitude.The
retortstand

allowsthe
motionofthependulumtobeinalmostsimpleharmonicmotion,allowingittooscillatebetween
twopointsinsteadofitmovinginanerraticmotion.
Stickytape
isusedduetominimiseany
externalfactors,suchasthestringsmovementbeingaffectedbecausethestringwasnottied
properlyintotheretortstand,andstickytapeminimisesthisfactorasitkeepsitinplace.
A
phone
isrequiredasitrecordsthewholeprocedureandcanbeplaybackedtorecordourresults

fortheappropriatesections.The
protractor
isneededtomeasuretheangleitcreatesbetween
theendpointandthenormal.Markerpentomarkthestartingpositionwhichwillbeusedfor
subsequentexperiments.

Riskassessment

Risk

Howtoprevent/minimise

Thependulumswingingandhittingan
individualinitstrajectoryandcausingpain

Whenconductingtheexperiment,stand
30cmawayfromthependulum'strajectoryto
ensurethereisnophysicalcontact.

Theretortstandfallingoutofthetableand
causinginjurytoanindividual

Ensurethatpriortotheexperiment,theretort
standisafairdistanceawayfromtheedgeof
thetablesoitwontfalldown.

Themagnetfallingoutofitsattachment(from Ensurethatallequipmentisproperly
thethreadandretortstand)andhitting
tightenedandsecurepriortoconductingthe
someonecausinginjury
experiment.

Method
:
1.Setuptheequipmentshowninthediagram,making
surethecameraisfocusedwithinthependulumsrange
ofmotion
2.Alignthependulum60fromthenormalwhichwillbe
thestartingposition.
3.Startrecordinginslowmotion.
4.Releasethependulumfromthestartingposition.
5.Stoprecordingvideoafter10oscillations,oruntilthe
pendulumstopsswinging.
6.Playbackthevideotoobtainresults.
7.Recordtheamplitudecreatedbythethread,fromthe
protractoreachtimethependulumcompletes2,4,6,8,10
oscillation(whereamplitudeistheangleformedbetweenthenormalandendpoints).
8.Repeatsteps37twomoretimesforreliability.
9.Taketheaveragefortheresultstoensuregreaterreliability
10.Repeatsteps19withouttheconductorforthecontrolledexperiment
11.Plotthegraph,numberofoscillations(xaxis)vsamplitude(yaxis)
12.Repeattheentireexperimentforgreaterreliability,rangeofresultsandmoreaccurate
averages.

Presenceof
anElectrical
conductor
(Copper
sheet)

Numberof
Oscillations

Amplitude(
)
Trial1

Trial2

Trial3

Average

YES

10

Presenceof
anElectrical
conductor
(Copper
sheet)

Numberof
Oscillations

Amplitude(
)
Trial1

Trial2

Trial3

Average

NO

10

Bibliography:
D.Paradics(DateN/A),FerromagnetismandParamagnetism(Internet),
http://www.physlink.com/Education/AskExperts/ae595.cfm
(accessed14thmarch,2016)
AuthorN/A(DateN/A),Oscillations(Internet)
http://teacher.pas.rochester.edu/phy121/lecturenotes/Chapter15/Chapter15.html
accessed14th
march2016)
AuthorN/A(DateN/A)Simpleharmonicmotion(Internet)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_harmonic_motion
(accessed14thmarch2016)
AuthorN/A(2011)Lenzslawonelectromagneticinduction(internet)
AuthorN/A(DateN/A)Exploringpendulums
http://sciencenetlinks.com/lessons/exploringpendulums/
(accessed15/03/16)
Gale,T.(2006)Oscillation[Internet].Availablefrom:
<
http://www.scienceclarified.com/everyday/RealLifeChemistryVol4/Oscillation.html
(accessed
14thmarch2016)
http://www.electrical4u.com/lenzlawofelectromagneticinduction/
accessed14thmarch2016
AuthorN/A(2011)Faradayslawonelectromagneticinduction(Internet)
http://www.electrical4u.com/faradaylawofelectromagneticinduction/
accessed14thmarch
2016
AuthorN/A(DateN/A)Doubochinskispendulum(Internet)
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Doubochinski_pendulum.svg/250p
xDoubochinski_pendulum.svg.png
(accessed14/03/16)

Book
Andriessen,M.,&Pentland,P(2008)Physics2Thirdedition.PublishedbyJohnWiley&Sons
Australia,Ltd42McDougallStreet,Milton,Qld4064.

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