Xi
X i 1
n
X1 X 2 X n
n
X
i 1
X1 X 2 L X N
N
mean = (1+3+5+7+9)/5 = 5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Mean = 5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 14
Mean = 6
Chapter 3 - 1
1. b Median
Raw data is arrayed in ascending order. The MEDIAN is the
middle of the data, i.e., a value such that half of the observations
lie below and half lie above the value.
If n or N is odd, the median is the middle number
If n or N is even, the median is the average of the two middle
numbers.
Example: a sample of 10 house prices (in thousands) yields:
144 98 204 177 155 316 100 177 177 170
to find median, arrange in ascending order:
98 100 144 155 170 177 177 177 204 316
Since even number of observations: median = (170+177)/2 =
173.5
Note: arithmetic mean = 171.8
Median is often preferred when data are skewed, since not
affected by extreme values:
Ex. Housing prices: 98 100 100 102 110 125 350
Median = 102
Mean = 140.7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Median = 5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 14
Median = 5
1. c. Mode
Value that occurs most often
There may be no mode or there may be more than one mode.
Chapter 3 - 2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
No Mode
Mode = 9
Range = 9
Range = 9
Chapter 3 - 3
MAD
X i
i 1
Population Variance:
( X i ) 2
i 1
N
n
Sample Variance:
s2
(X i X )2
i 1
n 1
Chapter 3 - 4
Example of calculation:
Observation Deviation from Mean
3
-1.5
4
-0.5
5
0.5
6
1.5
Total
Squared Deviation
2.25
0.25
0.25
2.25
5
In Sample
s2
Data A
11 12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20 21
Data B
11 12
21
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Mean = 15.5
s = 3.338
20
Mean = 15.5
s = .9258
20 21
Mean = 15.5
s = 4.57
Data C
11 12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Chapter 3 - 5
to 72 + 9 = 81
Stock A:
Stock B:
3. Measures of Shape
Measures of skewness indicate shape of distribution.
Left-Skewed
Symmetric
Mean = Median =Mode
Right-Skewed
Mode < Median < Mean
4. Measures of Correlation
Require measure of how closely correlated two variables are.
Coefficient of Correlation indicates type and strength of linear
relationship in bivariate data.
Denoted r
n
( xi x)( yi y)
i 1
i 1
i 1
( xi x) 2 ( yi y ) 2
Chapter 3 - 7
r = -1
r = -.6
r=0
r = .6
r=1
Chapter 3 - 8