International Journal of Computer Applications Technology and Research

Volume 5Issue 3, 151-155, 2016, ISSN:23198656

Methodology of Implementing the Pulse code

techniques for Distributed Optical Fiber Sensors by
using FPGA: Cyclic Simplex Coding
Yelkal Mulualem
Lecturer, Department of Information Technology,
College of Natural and Computational Science,
University of Gondar, Ethiopia.

ABSTRACT: In recent researches Coding techniques are used in OTDR approach improve Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR). For
example, the use of simplex coding (S-coding) in conjunction with OTDR can be effectively used to enhance the Signal-toNoise Ratio (SNR) of the backscattered detected light without sacrificing the spatial resolution; In particular, simplex codes
have been demonstrated to be the most efficient among other suitable coding techniques, allowing for a good improvement in
SNR even at short code lengths. Coding techniques based on Simplex or Golay codes exploit a set of different sequences (i.e.
codes) of short (about 10 ns) NRZ laser pulses to increase the launched energy without impairing the spatial resolution using
longer pulse width. However, the required high repetition rate of the laser pulses, hundreds of MHz for meter-scale spatial
resolution, is not achievable by high peak power lasers, such as rare-earth doped fibre or passive Q-switched ones, which
feature a maximum repetition rate of few hundred kHz. New coding technique, cyclic simplex coding (a subclass of simplex
coding), tailored to high-power pulsed lasers has been proposed. The basic idea is to periodically sense the probing fibre with
a multi-pulse pattern, the repetition period of which is equal to the fibre round-trip time. This way, the pattern results as a code
spread along the whole fibre, with a bit time inversely proportional to the code length. The pulse width can be kept in the order
of 10 ns to guarantee a meter-scale spatial resolution and the peak power can be set close to the nonlinear effect threshold.

Keywords: Signal, Noise, Ratio, Laser and Pulse.

B. Read-Codeword Module:
I.

INTRODUCTION

The purpose of this research work is to present the design

and analysis of new FPGA architectures, aiming to
address the main design issues related to Decoding of the
averaged Stoke and Anti-Stoke traces. The main task
performed by the new architecture implemented on the
FPGA is to decode Stokes and anti-Stokes trace samples
coming from the ADC[1][2]. The whole FPGA
architecture has been developed using the Verilog
hardware description language. This new FPGA
architectures has three different sub-modules. Each
module varies with respect to each other in terms of their
functionality. The goal of the analysis is to develop FPGA
architecture that can be able to decode averaged Stock and
Anti-Stoke traces using minimum resource utilization.
The following list is an overview of the Top-module and
its three sub-module architecture considered.

A. Top Module:
The total operation of the system is performed in a single
clock cycle. It is referred to as Top Module because it is
the outer interface interacting with FPGA board. It takes
averaged coded Stoke and Anti-Stoke trace data and
codeword bit pattern, and then it returns the decoded Stoke
and Anti-Stoke sampled trace data.

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All reading operations are performed in a single clock

cycle. It is referred to as Read-Codeword Module because
we have code word bits stored in the register. It takes code
patterns and returns the code words bit by bit.

C. Read-RAM Module:
All reading operations are performed in a single clock
cycle. It is referred to as Read RAM Module because there
is averaged coded Stoke and Anti-Stoke sampled traces
stored in the Dual port RAM. It reads the averaged Stoke
and Anti-Stoke sampled traces from the Dual port RAM
and returns one averaged sample per clock cycle.

D. Decoder Module
All Decoding operations are performed in a single clock
cycle. It is referred to as Decoder Module because it
decodes averaged coded Stoke and Anti-Stoke sampled
traces. It takes both single bit codeword and single
averaged Coded Stoke and Anti-Stoke sampled trace data
and returns the Decoded Stoke and Anti Stoke trace data.
The contributions made by this research work include a
synthesizable Verilog description of each of the module
architectures described above, a synthesizable top module
Verilog interface between the FPGA and the development
platform used for this research.

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Volume 5Issue 3, 151-155, 2016, ISSN:23198656

The energy of the probing laser pulse cannot be freely

increased. The energy of the launched pulse is indeed
bounded by the targeted spatial resolution, which implies
a small pulse width, and by the threshold for the onset of
the fibre nonlinearities, which upper bounds the pulse
peak power level. [11]

II.

RELATED WORK

Pulse coding is the typical solution adopted to address the

issues of averaging. Its basic principle is, launching proper
laser pulse sequences instead of a single pulse, so as to
increase the probing energy without impairing the spatial
resolution.
These sequences are the optical representation of binary
linear algebraic codes, which are widely used in
communication theory for error detection and correction.
[3]
Different codes families are grouped in to classes, each of
them containing codes of the same length. Once a code
class of length M is selected, a code set of M codes is built.
Then, each code of the set is launched, and its Stokes and
anti-Stokes responses are acquired. Finally, the set of
responses is decoded to obtain a couple of Stokes and
Anti-Stokes traces to be used for the temperature
assessment. As described in the above, the most important
aspect of pulse coding is that the SNR of decoded traces
increases with M.
In particular, it had been shown that for such applications
Simplex codes provide the best performance in terms of
coding gain, i.e. for a given M they allow to achieve the
best SNR enhancement with respect to other coding
schemes [3]. It is possible to build a simplex code set for
any M = 4n + 1, with n = 1, 2,3,4,....In Figure 1.1 a
qualitative example for M = 3 is reported[3][4][5].
The code set is [011], [101], [110]. Whenever a laser pulse
is launched, i.e. whenever the code bit is 1, a new
backscattered trace starts. This means that the response R
(t) to the code c acquired by the receiver is given by the
overlapping of some delayed replicas of the trace (t) to be
recovered [7][8][9]. The delay is a multiple of the chosen
code bit time. In the reported example, the code responses
are given by [10][11],

Figure 1.1. Example for Conventional Simplex Coding

M=3
Rearranging the above equations in matrix form, it
follows,

.... [1]
III.

IMPLEMENTATION

In order to evaluate the performance of FPGA based

implementation, the algorithm was coded in Verilog
hardware description language and implemented on
Virtex4 (family using Xilinx ISE 10.0.3 tool). To test
the new developed FPGA architecture and to see the
real SNR improvement provided by the cyclic
coding, measurements with coding are compared to
the ones obtained by the conventional technique
using the same acquisition time and the same peak

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Volume 5Issue 3, 151-155, 2016, ISSN:23198656
power, the whole DTS system has been configured.
The simulation have been performed by allocating 71
bits of code words along 26 km of SMF and the
repetition rate of the laser has been set to constant
value. Then, extraction of the averaged Coded Stokes
and Anti-Stokes trace data after 100k acquisitions
(100 time-averaged traces) has been done using Lab
VIEW software. Figure 1.2 shows experimental
setup to acquire the coded Stokes and Anti-Stokes
traces.

Figure 1.4. Acquired Waveform of Averaged Coded

Anti-Stokes Trace, with 71 bit cyclic Simplex codes

Figure 1.2. Experimental Setup to

Acquire Coded Stokes and Anti-Stokes
Traces
As described in the chapter two, Multi pulse pattern can
be obtained by triggering the laser at the fixed rate and by
implementing the cyclic code through an external
modulator (acousto-optic Modulator), which allows
to filter out a pulse if the corresponding bit code is equal
to 0. This way, the pulsed laser operates at a constant
frequency, which guarantees a good repeatability of the
generated pulse shape and peak power.
Figure
Stokes
blocks
others

The new FPGA architecture modules have been developed

using the Verilog hardware description language. Each
step of the design flow, i.e. the logical synthesis thesis, the
functional simulations, the implementation and the final
post place and route simulations; have been carried out
within the Xilinx Integrated Software Environment (ISE)
10.1.03. Test Bench architecture that has been
implemented to test multi-pulse patterns in newly
developed FPGA architecture modules were carried out
using Xilinx integrated Software Environment (ISE)
10.1.03. The simulation has been done with code word
pattern length of 71 bit, Number of Samples per
slot(number of samples for each single pulse trace in a
multi-pulse technique) is 304, total number of samples
(multiple of code word pattern length and Number of
Samples per slot) 21584 and with working clk-frequency
of 150 MHz (6 ns). Figure 1.5, 1.6 and 1.7 shows the
simulation waveforms of each modules of new developed
FPGA architecture.

1.3 and 1.4 shows diagram of acquired coded

and anti-Stokes trace. Most of the trace recovery
have been implemented using Lab VIEW and
softwares the likes of Microsoft-Excel

Figure 1.5 Simulation Waveform of Read-Codeword

Module

Figure 1.3. Acquired Waveform of Averaged Coded

Stokes Trace, with 71 bit cyclic Simplex codes

Figure 1.6 Simulation Waveform of Read-RAM Module

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Volume 5Issue 3, 151-155, 2016, ISSN:23198656

Figure 1.7 Simulation Waveform of Decoder Module

Figure 1.5, shows Simulation Waveform of ReadCodeword Module, which com- prises input of codeword
bit patterns (e.g. 71 codeword bit pattern) and single bit
output called output-bit.
In Figure 1.6, Simulation Waveform of Read-RAM
Module is shown. It has 3 input called Number codeword
bit pattern which is defined in the design phase of this
thesis report, Number of Sample per Slot, (e.g 304) and
clock frequency (clk). It has one output called Sample
Data-out which will serve as an input for Decoder Module.
Figure 1.7, shows Simulation Waveform of Decoder
Module which is the core of the new developed FPGA
architecture. It takes an input from the output of the other
two modules, Read-Codeword Module and Read-RAM
Module. Finally it returns an output called Decoded Data,
final decoded data of Averaged coded stoke and anti-stoke
trace data. As a common all the three modules have an
input called clock frequency (clk) which is 150 MHz (6
ns).
In figure 1.8, the utilization statistics of the Top Module
(i.e. main FPGA logic resources) are shown. It can be
noted that the IO Blocks are the most used which is 18%,
whereas only the 2% of the available slices are occupied.
This means that there is still a great room for the future
development of other functionalities.

principles of Distributed Temperature Sensor (DTS)

systems, an overview of FPGA(Field Programmable Gate
Array) and Verilog High level Description language has
been provided, and also a new FPGA architecture which
used to decode averaged coded Stokes and Anti-Stokes
traces has been designed and examined in detail. Finally,
the trade o s between their performance parameters has
been analyzed. The new developed FPGA architecture to
decode averaged coded Stoke and Anti-Stoke traces has
been experimentally demonstrated and preliminary test
results showed the expected performance confirming the
validity of the result of embedded FPGA decoding. It lets
to DTS systems an embedded decoding with less PC
resources and less Overhead time for the communication
to the PC. In general, laser pulse coding technique allows
to significantly improving the SNR of the acquired traces.
This advanced coding technique based on cyclic coding is
well suited for long range DTS systems, as it can easily be
implemented also with high power pulsed lasers featuring
limited repetition rates.

V. REFERENCES
[1]. A. H. Hartog, "Progress in distributed fiber optic
temperature sensing," in Proc. of Fiber Optic Sensor
Technology and Applications Conference 2001, M. A.
Marcus and B. Culshaw, Eds., vol. 4578. SPIE, 2002, pp.
4352.
[2]. D. A. Krohn, "Fiber Optical Sensors, Fundamentals
and Applications, 3rd Ed" Research Triangle Park, NC,
Instrument Society of America, 2000.
[3]. F. Di Pasquale "SNR enhancement of Raman based
long-range distributed temperature sensors using cyclic
Simplex codes" F. Baronti, A. Lazzeri, R.Roncella, R.
Saletti A. Signorini, M. A. Soto, G. Bolognini,
[4].
http:
==en:wikipedia:org=wiki=Distributed
Temperature Sensing.
[5]. J. M. Lopez-Higuera Ed., Handbook of Optical Fiber
Sensing Technology, Chichester,U.K., John Wiley and
Sons Ltd., 2001.
[6]. A. Rogers, Distributed optical fiber sensing, in
Handbook of Optical Fiber Sensing Technology", J. M.
Lopez-Higuera Ed. Chichester, U.K., John Wiley and
Sons Ltd., 2001, ch. 14, p.271-312.
[7]. J. P. Dakin, Distributed optical fiber systems, in
Optical Fiber Sensors: systems and Applications", B.
Culshaw, J. Dakin, Eds. Norwood, MA, Artech House,
1988, vol.2, ch. 15, p. 575-598.

Figure 1.8 FPGA Device Utilization Summary

IV.

CONCLUSION

The main issues related to the design of new FPGA

architecture to decode the averaged coded Stokes and
Anti-Stokes multi-pulse traces data have been analyzed
and addressed. This research is a small part of a large
project which is undergoing at the TECIP labs of School
Superior SantAnna. The primary focus has been on the
design and implementation of decoding algorithmic
module on FPGA. After describing the basic working

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[8]. S. Adachi, "Distributed optical fiber sensors and their

applications," in Proc.SICE Annual Conference, 2008, pp.
329333.
[9]. A. H. Hartog, A distributed temperature sensor based
on liquid-core optical fibers, J. Lightwave Technol. 1(3),
pp. 498 - 509, 1983.
[10]. S. V. Shatalin, V. N. Treschikov, A. J. Rogers,
Interferometric Optical Time- Domain Reectometry for
Distributed Optical-Fiber Sensing, Applied Optics.
[11]. "Raman-based distributed temperature sensor with
1m spatial resolution over 26km SMF using low-

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Volume 5Issue 3, 151-155, 2016, ISSN:23198656
repetition-rate cyclic pulse coding " Marcelo A. Soto,1
Tiziano Nannipieri,1 Alessandro Signorini,1 Andrea

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Lazzeri,2 Federico Baronti,2 Roberto Roncella,2 Gabriele

Bolognini,1,* and Fabrizio Di Pasquale1.

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