Lecture 9.

Mechanical Properties
of Metals (1)

Learning Objectives

After this lecture, you should be able to do the following:

1. Define engineering stress and strain.

2. Given an engineering stressstrain diagram, determine (a) the
modulus of elasticity, (b) the yield stress, and (c) the tensile strength and
(d) estimate the percentage elongation.

Reading
Chapter 6: Mechanical Properties of Metals (6.16.5)

Multimedia

Tensile tests: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZwTF_-JZgt8;

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=67fSwIjYJ-E;
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K28WiL21Sgs
Virtual Materials Science & Engineering (VMSE):
http://www.wiley.com/college/callister/CL_EWSTU01031_S/vmse/

MSE 3300 / 5300 UTA Spring 2015

Lecture 9 - 1

1. Concepts of Stress and Strain

StressStrain Diagram

Modulus of elasticity, the yield stress, and

the tensile strength
MSE 3300 / 5300 UTA Spring 2015

Lecture 9 - 2

Type of Loading

Schematic of how a load produces a deformation (strain): (a) tension, (b)

compression, (c) shear, and (d) torsion
MSE 3300 / 5300 UTA Spring 2015

Lecture 9 - 3

Tension Tests: Stress-Strain Testing

Typical tensile test
machine

extensometer

Typical tensile
specimen

specimen

Fig. 6.2,
Callister &
Rethwisch 9e.

gauge
length

Fig. 6.3, Callister & Rethwisch 9e.

(Taken from H.W. Hayden, W.G. Moffatt, and J. Wulff, The Structure and Properties of
Materials, Vol. III, Mechanical Behavior, p. 2, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1965.)

MSE 3300 / 5300 UTA Spring 2015

Lecture 9 - 4

Stress and Strain:

Tension and Compression Tests
Stress [N/m2 = Pa]

Strain [dimensionless]

By convention, a compressive
force (thus, stress and strain) is
taken to be negative
MSE 3300 / 5300 UTA Spring 2015

Lecture 9 - 5

Stress and Strain:

Shear and Torsional Tests
Shear stress [N/m2 = Pa]

Shear strain [dimensionless]

= tan

MSE 3300 / 5300 UTA Spring 2015

Lecture 9 - 6

Engineering Stress
Tensile stress, :

Ft

Ft

Area, Ao

Area, Ao

Ft
Ft
lb f
N
= 2 or
=
2
in
m
Ao
original cross-sectional area
before loading
MSE 3300 / 5300 UTA Spring 2015

Shear stress, :

F
Fs

Fs
Fs
=
Ao

Ft

Stress has units:

N/m2 or lbf /in2
Lecture 9 - 7

Engineering Strain

Tensile strain:

Lateral strain:

/2

e=
Lo

wo

Shear strain:

Lo

- L
eL =
wo

L /2

= x/y = tan

x
90 -

y
90
MSE 3300 / 5300 UTA Spring 2015

Strain is always
dimensionless.

Adapted from Fig. 6.1 (a) and (c), Callister & Rethwisch 9e.

Lecture 9 - 8

Common States of Stress

Simple tension: cable

A o = cross-sectional
area (when unloaded)

F
=

Ao

Torsion (a form of shear): drive shaft

Ac
M

2R

MSE 3300 / 5300 UTA Spring 2015

Fs

Ao

Fs
=
Ao

Ski lift

(photo courtesy
P.M. Anderson)

Note: = M/AcR here.

Lecture 9 - 9

OTHER COMMON STRESS STATES (i)

Simple compression:

Ao

Canyon Bridge, Los Alamos, NM

(photo courtesy P.M. Anderson)

Balanced Rock, Arches

National Park

(photo courtesy P.M. Anderson)

MSE 3300 / 5300 UTA Spring 2015

F
=
Ao

Note: compressive
structure member
( < 0 here).

Lecture 9 - 10

OTHER COMMON STRESS STATES (ii)

Bi-axial tension:

Pressurized tank
(photo courtesy
P.M. Anderson)

Fish under water

> 0
z > 0

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Hydrostatic compression:

(photo courtesy
P.M. Anderson)

h < 0
Lecture 9 - 11

2. Elastic Deformation

Elastic deformation is nonpermanent: when the applied load is released, the

piece returns to its original shape (not breaking atomic bonds).
Hookes Law
E [Pa]: Modulus of elasticity, or Youngs modulus
Linear elastic deformation

MSE 3300 / 5300 UTA Spring 2015

Nonlinear elastic deformation

Lecture 9 - 12

Elastic Deformation
1. Initial

2. Small load

3. Unload

bonds
stretch
return to
initial

F
Elastic means reversible!

Linearelastic

MSE 3300 / 5300 UTA Spring 2015

Non-Linearelastic

Lecture 9 - 13

Mechanical Properties
Slope of stress strain plot (which is proportional to the
elastic modulus) depends on bond strength of metal
Attraction

r0

Fig. 6.7, Callister & Rethwisch 9e.

Repulsion
MSE 3300 / 5300 UTA Spring 2015

Lecture 9 - 14

Elastic Deformation:
Shear Stress and Strain

Elastic deformation is nonpermanent: when the applied load is released, the

piece returns to its original shape.
Hookes Law
G [Pa]: Shear Modulus
Shear stress [N/m2 = Pa]

Shear strain [dimensionless]

= x/y = tan

90 -

= tan

90

MSE 3300 / 5300 UTA Spring 2015

Lecture 9 - 15

Poisson's ratio,

Relationship among elastic

parameters for isotropic materials

Axial (z) elongation (positive strain)

and lateral (x and y) contractions
(negative strains) in response to an
imposed tensile stress
MSE 3300 / 5300 UTA Spring 2015

Lecture 9 - 16

Poisson's ratio,
Poisson's ratio, :

eL

eL
=e
metals: ~ 0.33
ceramics: ~ 0.25
polymers: ~ 0.40

Units:
E: [GPa] or [psi]
: dimensionless
MSE 3300 / 5300 UTA Spring 2015

e
-

> 0.50 density increases

< 0.50 density decreases
(voids form)

Lecture 9 - 17

Table 6.1: Elastic and Shear

Moduli and Poissons Ratio

MSE 3300 / 5300 UTA Spring 2015

Lecture 9 - 18

Youngs Moduli: Comparison

Metals
Alloys
1200
10 00
800
600
400

E(GPa)

200
10 0
80
60
40

109 Pa

Graphite
Composites
Ceramics Polymers
/fibers
Semicond
Diamond

Tungsten
Molybdenum
Steel, Ni
Tantalum
Platinum
Cu alloys
Zinc, Ti
Silver, Gold
Aluminum
Magnesium,
Tin

Si carbide
Al oxide
Si nitride

Carbon fibers only

C FRE(|| fibers)*

<111>

Si crystal

Aramid fibers only

<100>

A FRE(|| fibers)*

Glass -soda

Glass fibers only

G FRE(|| fibers)*
Concrete
GFRE*

20
10
8
6
4
2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4

0.2
MSE 3300 / 5300 UTA Spring 2015

CFRE *
G FRE( fibers)*

G raphite
Polyester
PET
PS
PC

C FRE( fibers) *
AFRE( fibers) *
Epoxy only

Based on data in Table B.2,

Callister & Rethwisch 9e.
Composite data based on
reinforced epoxy with 60 vol%
of aligned
carbon (CFRE),
aramid (AFRE), or
glass (GFRE)
fibers.

PP
HDP E
PTF E
LDPE

Wood(

grain)

Lecture 9 - 19

MSE 3300 / 5300 UTA Spring 2015

Lecture 9 - 20

Summary
1. Concept of stress and strain
2. Mechanical testing: tensile, compression, shear and
torsional tests
3. Elastic deformation: Modulus of elasticity
4. Poissons ratio

MSE 3300 / 5300 UTA Spring 2015

Lecture 9 - 21

Linear Elastic Properties

Modulus of Elasticity, E:

(also known as Young's modulus)

Hooke's Law:

=Ee

F
E

Linearelastic

MSE 3300 / 5300 UTA Spring 2015

e
F

simple
tension
test
Lecture 9 - 22

Other Elastic Properties

Elastic Shear
modulus, G:

=G
Elastic Bulk
modulus, K:

V
P = -K
Vo

P
K

V P
Vo

Special relations for isotropic materials:

E
G=
2(1 + )
MSE 3300 / 5300 UTA Spring 2015

E
K=
3(1 - 2)

simple
torsion
test

P
P
pressure
test: Init.
vol =Vo.
Vol chg.
= V

Lecture 9 - 23

Useful Linear Elastic Relationships

Simple tension:

= FL o L = - Fw o
EA o
EA o
F
/2

Ao

wo

Lo

Simple torsion:

2ML o

r o4 G
M = moment
= angle of twist

Lo

2ro
L /2
Material, geometric, and loading parameters all
contribute to deflection.
Larger elastic moduli minimize elastic deflection.
MSE 3300 / 5300 UTA Spring 2015

Lecture 9 - 24