Abstract
Ballistic impact behaviour of typical woven fabric E-glass/epoxy thick composites is presented in this paper. Specically, energy
absorbed by dierent mechanisms, ballistic limit velocity and contact duration are determined. The studies are carried out using the analytical method presented for the prediction of ballistic impact behaviour of thick composites in our earlier work [Naik NK, Doshi AV.
Ballistic impact behaviour of thick composites: analytical formulation. AIAA J 2005;43(7):152536.]. The analytical method is based on
wave theory and energy balance between the projectile and the target. The inputs required for the analytical method are: diameter, mass
and velocity of the projectile; thickness and material properties of the target. Analytical predictions are compared with typical experimental results. A good match between analytical predictions and experimental results is observed. Further, eect of incident ballistic
impact velocity on contact duration and residual velocity, eect of projectile diameter and mass on ballistic limit velocity and eect
of target thickness on ballistic limit velocity and contact duration are studied. It is observed that shear plugging is the major energy
absorbing mechanism.
1. Introduction
Composite materials are nding increasing uses in general engineering applications along with high performance
aerospace and defence applications during the last few decades because of their high specic strength and high specic
stiness. This led to usage of more thick section composites
for dierent applications. Such composite structures
undergo dierent loading conditions during their service
life. Impact/ballistic impact is one of the typical loading
conditions. Thick composites behave dierently compared
with thin composites under impact/ballistic impact loading
conditions.
When an impact load is applied to a body, instantaneous stresses are produced. But the stresses are not immediately transmitted to all parts of the body. The remote
portions of the body remain undisturbed for sometime.
448
Nomenclature
A, Ap
Aql
d
dci
dh
E
Ebb
Ecf
Ecsy
Edl
Efr
Ehg
Emc
Emt
Ep
Erb
Esp
Etf
ETotal
F
Fc
Fi
G
GIIcd
h
hl
hlc
hp
K
KEp
KEp0
l
m
m0
nlfs, ns
nlft
nlsc
tion. For such cases the analysis is based on also considering the wave propagation along the thickness direction.
There are typical studies on ballistic impact behaviour of
thick composites [58].
Pd
Pm
Ssp
t
V
VBL
Vf
Vi
Vm
VR
Vzl
Vzt
xd
xl
xll, rp
xllc
xt
xtl, rt
z
zi
zl
zpl
zt
Dhlc
Dt
ecz
emax
et
etxl
c
m
q
rcz
rmax
rt
rtx
s
449
in [1]. Analytical studies are based on considering the projectile is rigid, cylindrical and at-ended. The studies are
carried out to evaluate energy absorbed by dierent mechanisms, ballistic limit velocity, contact duration and damage shape and size. Analytical predictions are compared
with typical experimental results. The analytical method
[1] used is presented in brief in Appendix A.
2. Experimental studies
Typical experimental studies were carried out. The projectile and target information is given below:
Projectile: Cylindrical, at-ended hardened steel projectile of diameter, d = 6.33 mm; mass, m = 5.84 gm and
length, l = 24 mm.
Target: Woven fabric E-glass/epoxy, unsupported area
of the target 125 mm 125 mm, thickness 47 mm.
Ballistic impact behaviour of typical woven fabric Eglass/epoxy composites is studied. Mechanical properties
of the target plate and the other details are given in Table
2 for a typical woven fabric E-glass/epoxy composite studied. The same set of mechanical properties is used in the
present study to predict the ballistic impact behaviour of
the woven fabric E-glass/epoxy laminates. Also, the same
set of mechanical properties is used for the prediction of
Ballistic impact behaviour of thick composites is evaluated using the analytical method. The energy absorbed by
dierent energy absorbing mechanisms, projectile kinetic
energy, projectile velocity, contact force, distance traveled
by the projectile and longitudinal and shear waves along
the thickness direction are evaluated as a function of time.
Further, tensile strain at the failure of the layer is obtained
as a function of time and target thickness. Distances upto
which longitudinal and transverse waves have traveled
Table 1
Ballistic impact test results and analytical predictions for typical woven fabric E-glass/epoxy composites
Projectile mass,
m (gm)
Projectile diameter,
d (mm)
Target thickness,
h (mm)
Predicted
VBL (m/s)
Expt.
VBL (m/s)
Expt. results
Remarks
3.84
3.84
3.33
3.33
3.33
5.84
5.84
5.00
6.35
6.35
4.76
4.76
4.76
6.33
6.33
6.00
19
14.5
19
14
9
7
5
25
550.894
452.546
508.80
392.98
269.03
174.29
142.50
559.112
563
473
505
389
293
173
148
547
Penetrated
Penetrated
Penetrated
Penetrated
Penetrated
Not penetrated
Penetrated
Penetrated
450
Table 2
Input parameters required for the analytical predictions of ballistic impact behaviour
Reference
Present study
Mass (gm)
Shape
Diameter (mm)
5.84
Flat ended
6.33
Target details
Material
Vf (%)
Thickness (mm)
No. of layers
Density (kg/m3)
Tensile failure strain (%)
Compressive failure strain (%)
Shear plugging strength (MPa)
E-glass/epoxy
50
5
19
1850
3.5
13.5
90
Other details
Fig. 20
Fig. 21
0.9
100
100
1000
0.9
Fig. 22
Fig. 1. Energy absorbed by dierent energy absorbing mechanisms during ballistic impact event, V = 550.894 m/s, m = 3.84 gm, d = 6.35 mm,
h = 19 mm, woven fabric E-glass/epoxy laminate.
along the radial direction until the failure of the layer and
damage variation along the thickness direction are also
presented.
4.1. Case I
Figs. 15 are with the following data:
451
Fig. 2. Energy absorbed by dierent energy absorbing mechanisms and tensile strain at failure of layer during ballistic impact event, V = 550.894 m/s,
m = 3.84 gm, d = 6.35 mm, h = 19 mm, woven fabric E-glass/epoxy laminate.
Fig. 3. Projectile velocity and contact force during ballistic impact event, V = 550.894 m/s, m = 3.84 gm, d = 6.35 mm, h = 19 mm, woven fabric
E-glass/epoxy laminate.
452
Fig. 4. Distance traveled by projectile and waves along thickness direction during ballistic impact event, V = 550.894 m/s, m = 3.84 gm, d = 6.35 mm,
h = 19 mm, woven fabric E-glass/epoxy laminate.
Fig. 5. Distance upto which transverse and longitudinal waves have traveled along radial direction and damage variation along thickness direction during
ballistic impact event, V = 550.894 m/s, m = 3.84 gm, d = 6.35 mm, h = 19 mm, woven fabric E-glass/epoxy laminate.
453
Table 3
Percentage energy absorbed by dierent mechanisms with dierent incident ballistic impact velocities, m = 3.84 gm, d = 6.35 mm, h = 19 mm, woven
fabric E-glass/epoxy laminate
Incident ballistic impact velocity (m/s)
600
550.894
500
Energy (%)
Total kinetic energy of projectile, KEpo
Energy absorbed due to compression: Region 1, Ecf
Energy absorbed due to compression: Region 2, Ecsy
Energy absorbed due to tension in yarns, Etf
Energy absorbed due to shear plugging, Esp
Energy absorbed due to matrix cracking, Emc
Energy absorbed due to delamination, Edl
Energy absorbed due to friction, Efr
Kinetic energy of projectile at exit, Ep
100.0
7.1
2.2
1.4
58.0
3.0
0.4
6.0
22.1
100.0
8.4
2.5
2.3
76.4
2.9
0.5
7.3
0
100.0
8.0
3.1
0.8
87.0
0.7
0.1
0
0
454
Fig. 6. Energy absorbed by dierent energy absorbing mechanisms during ballistic impact event, V = 600 m/s, m = 3.84 gm, d = 6.35 mm, h = 19 mm,
woven fabric E-glass/epoxy laminate.
Fig. 7. Energy absorbed by dierent energy absorbing mechanisms and tensile strain at failure of layer during ballistic impact event, V = 600 m/s,
m = 3.84 gm, d = 6.35 mm, h = 19 mm, woven fabric E-glass/epoxy laminate.
455
Fig. 8. Projectile velocity and contact force during ballistic impact event, V = 600 m/s, m = 3.84 gm, d = 6.35 mm, h = 19 mm, woven fabric E-glass/
epoxy laminate.
Fig. 9. Distance traveled by projectile and waves along thickness direction during ballistic impact event, V = 600 m/s, m = 3.84 gm, d = 6.35 mm,
h = 19 mm, woven fabric E-glass/epoxy laminate.
456
Fig. 10. Distance upto which transverse and longitudinal waves have traveled along radial direction and damage variation along thickness direction
during ballistic impact event, V = 600 m/s, m = 3.84 gm, d = 6.35 mm, h = 19 mm, woven fabric E-glass/epoxy laminate.
Fig. 11. Energy absorbed by dierent energy absorbing mechanisms during ballistic impact event, V = 500 m/s, m = 3.84 gm, d = 6.35 mm, h = 19 mm,
woven fabric E-glass/epoxy laminate.
457
Fig. 13. Projectile velocity and contact force during ballistic impact event,
V = 500 m/s, m = 3.84 gm, d = 6.35 mm, h = 19 mm, woven fabric
E-glass/epoxy laminate.
458
Fig. 15. Distance upto which transverse and longitudinal waves have traveled along radial direction and damage variation along thickness direction
during ballistic impact event, V = 500 m/s, m = 3.84 gm, d = 6.35 mm, h = 19 mm, woven fabric E-glass/epoxy laminate.
Table 4
Comparison of ballistic impact parameters with dierent incident ballistic
impact velocities, m = 3.84 gm, d = 6.35 mm, h = 19 mm, woven fabric
E-glass/epoxy laminate
Incident ballistic impact velocity, V (m/s)
500
550.894
600
7.1
8.1
359
7.1
59
708
356
179
2.4
3.1
3.4
304
As the velocity increases, the time required for the projectile to reach to zero velocity would be more. Also, at higher
velocities some energy is absorbed due to friction. During
this phase, the deceleration of the projectile is very slow
leading to larger contact duration. The maximum contact
duration is with ballistic limit velocity.
Part 2: Incident ballistic impact velocity is more than
the ballistic limit velocity.
As the incident ballistic impact velocity increases the
contact duration decreases. This is because, as the incident
ballistic impact velocity increases, the exit velocity of the
projectile increases. This also means that the velocity of
459
Fig. 19. Ballistic limit velocity and contact duration at ballistic limit
velocity as a function of target thickness, m = 3.84 gm, d = 6.35 mm,
woven fabric E-glass/epoxy laminate.
460
461
d
mV F i F c
dt
d
dm
dV
1
mV V
m
KqAV 2 rcz A
dt
dt
dt
2
V
dt
dz dt
dz
Substituting Eq. (6) into Eq. (5), following relation is
obtained:
dV
1
KqAV 2 rcz A:
qAV 2 m0 qAzV
7
dz 2
The above equation is solved by separation of variables
to calculate the velocity [14] and the expression for velocity
is obtained as
V z
rcz z
V
q1 0:5K
2
i
!1=2
2K
m0 =qA
rcz z
:
m0 =qA z
q1 0:5K
8
The time required for the projectile to penetrate distance
z is calculated by the following expression:
t
Z
0
1
dz
V z
V 2i
!1=2
2K
rcz z
m0 =qA
rcz z
dz:
q1 0:5K m0 =qA z
q1 0:5K
9
The velocity calculated by this method is used only for
the rst time interval. After the calculation of the velocity,
the energy absorbed by dierent energy absorbing mechanisms during the rst time interval is calculated. Knowing
the initial kinetic energy of the projectile and the energy
absorbed during the rst time interval, the velocity of the
projectile for the next time interval is calculated. By knowing the velocity, various parameters such as displacement
of the projectile, strain, contact force and energy absorbed
by dierent mechanisms are calculated for the given time
interval. This procedure is continued until the compressive
wave reaches to the back face of the target. The shear wave
follows the compressive wave along the thickness direction.
The wave velocities along the thickness direction are
given by
s
1 drcz
V zl k
;
10
q decz
s
1 ds
;
11
V zt k
q dc
s
1 t
k
:
12
1 t1 2t
For the elastic waves, E and G are used instead of the
local slopes as given in Eqs. (10) and (11). The distance
traveled by compressive wave and shear wave along the
thickness direction at any instant of time is
462
zl V zl t;
zt V zt t:
13
14
17
18
or
V i1 V i
:
Dt
22
24
d=2
e0
19
Here,
27
e0
1
1
mi1 V 2i1 Ei1 mi V 2i
2
2
28
dci
20
The terms on the right-hand side of Eq. (20) can be calculated for each time interval. Hence, the velocity of the
projectile for the next time interval is calculated as
s
1
m V 2 Ei1
2 i1 i1
Vi
:
21
1
m
2 i
The deceleration of the projectile during ith time interval
is obtained as
30
463
emax = 13.5%.
rmax = 1350 MPa.
Area under the stress strain curve = 127.57 MPa.
The compressive stressstrain curve is represented by the
equation,
y 0:0496x4 2:0004x3 31:956x2 288:86x:
Fig. 21. Tensile stressstrain curve along radial direction for woven fabric
E-glass/epoxy laminates at high strain rate.
Fig. 22. Loaddisplacement plot under quasi-static loading: penetration of a cylindrical projectile into a composite target with a hole, h = 19 mm,
d = 8 mm, dh = 8 mm, woven fabric E-glass/epoxy laminate.
464
emax = 3.5%.
rmax = 560 MPa.
Area under the stress strain curve = 13.72 MPa.
The tensile stressstrain curve is represented by the
equation,
y 1:0884x4 16:003x3 106:09x2 381:9x:
present study, the plot given in Fig. 22 is used for calculating frictional energy absorbed during ballistic impact event
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