EE511: PRELIM REVIEWER

Lec1: Introduction to power system

analysis
Power system: comprised of a complex
interconnected network of electrical
components used to supply, transmit and
use electric power.
Generation: produce electricity by
converting mechanical energy into
electrical energy
1. Thermal plant
A. nuclear
B. geothermal
C. coal- fired
D. oil- fired
E. gas turbine
2. hydro-electric plant
3. Diesel plant
4. Ocean/ tidal plant
5. Windmill plant
6. Solar pv plant
Transmission: carry electric power (at
high voltages) over long distances from
the generating units to the distribution
system.

AAC : ALL- ALUMINUM

CONDUCTORS
AAAC: ALL- ALUMINUM-ALLOY
CONDUCTORS
ACSR: ALUMINUM CONDUCTOR,
STEEL- REINFORCED
ACAR: ALUMINUM CONDUCTOR,
ALLOY- REINFORCED

No. of strands = 3x2 3x + 1

x = number of layer
PARAMETERS OF TRANSMISSION LINES
RESISTANCE
INDUCTANCE
CAPACITANCE
CONDUCTANCE
Transmission Kilometer
Miles
Line (TL)
(km)
(mi)
Short TL
80 below
50 below
Medium TL
80-240
50-150
Long TL
Above 240
Above 150
Short TL: No capacitance and conductance
Medium TL: No conductance
Distribution: carry power the last few
miles from transmission or sub
transmission to consumers.
Types:
Single Fed
Double Fed
Ring/ Loop

Consumption:
Residential
Industrial
Commercial

Lec2: Resistance of Transmission Line

For a UNIFORM cross-sectional area,

Resistivity @ 20 degrees Celsius:

Factors affecting Resistance:

1. SPIRALING OF STRANDED CONDUCTORS
- Spiraling makes the strands of the
conductor longer than the actual
conductor length

Skin effect: a phenomenon where the

current tends to crowd toward the
conductor surface

2. TEMPERATURE

Cross Sectional Area:

Where:
n= temperature coefficient at nC
T= temperature constant

Conversion:
4. CURRENT MAGNITUDE

3. FREQUENCY (SKIN EFFECT)

LEC3: Inductance of Transmission Lines

TWO FUNDAMENTAL EQUATIONS for
INDUCTANCE:

e = induced voltage (volts)

= flux linkage of the circuit (Wb-t)
L= inductance of the circuit (H)
di/dt = rate of change of current (A/s)
SELF INDUCTANCE: The generation by
changing current of an electromotive force
in the same circuit.
MUTUAL INDUCTANCE: The production
of an electromotive force in a circuit
resulting from a change of current in a
neighboring circuit.
SKIN EFFECT: The tendency of an
alternating electric current to become
distributed within a conductor.
INDUCTANCE DUE TO INTERNAL FLUX

FLUX LINGKAGES BETWEEN TWO

POINTS EXTERNAL TO AN ISOLATED
CONDUCTOR

Formula for inductance:

1. For 1 phase, 2 wire lane

2. For composite conductor lines

(H/m)
(mH/mi)
GMD: mnth root of the mn term which are
products of the distances from all the
filaments of the conductor to the other
filaments of the conductor
GMR: nthroot of nth term which are
products of distances of conductor to itself
and each filament
Use of tables:
XL=Xa+Xd /mi/conductor
Xa = Table A.1
= 0.2794 log
Xd = Table A.2
= 0.2794 log GMD

XL=2fl
Symmetrical and Unsymmetrical
Spacing:
- Symmetrical Spacing: Use conventional
formula
- Unsymmetrical Spacing: Change Dm to
Deq

Bundled Conductors
Use conventional formula but change
GMR to Dsb
Dsb = n2th root of (GMR of each bundled n
conductors times spacing)
Parallel Conductors
-Change Dm to
Deqp =
Dabp =
Dbcp =
Dcap =
-Change Ds to Dsp
Dsp =
Dsap =
Ds = Gmr of conductor
d= distance from n to n

Parallel Bundled Conductors:

-Same GMD: Deqp = Deqpb
-Change Dsp to Dspb
Dspb=
=
Dsb = nth root of nth (GMR of bundled
conductors times spacing)
d= distance from n to n
***NOTE:
-GMD and GMR must have same unit
-When 1phase, inductance x 2
LEC4: Capacitance of Transmission lines
Capacitance of 1phase, 2 wire line:
Cab =
Cab=

(F/m)
(F/mi)

K=ro(permittivity of median)
r = 1.00354
o= constant 32
D = distance between center
r = outermost radius
Line to neutral capacitance:
Cn = 2Cab
Use of tables

Xc = Xa + Xd
Xa = Table A.1
Xd = Table A.3

LEC5: Voltage and Current Relationships

on a Transmission Line:
Short Transmission Line(50mi and
80km)
Line to Neutral Analysis:

Symmetrical and Unsymmetrical

Spacing:
Same as inductance change D to Deq
Bundled Conductors:
Use conventional formula but change r to
rb
rb = n2th root of (r of each bundled n
conductors times spacing)
Parallel Conductors and Parallel
Bundled Conductor:
Same as inductance change GMR to
outermost radius
***NOTE:
- When 3phase, use Line to neutral
capacitance

Vsn = A*Vrn + B*Is

Is = C*Vrn + D*Is
A=1
B = ZL = R+jX
C=0
D=1
When Line to line Chang Vsn to Vs and Vrn
to Vr and B = 2ZL

Medium Transmission Line

(50-150 mi and 80 -240 km)
- Representation:

C=

D=

Ic = Is - Ir

=
(propagation constant)
z = r + jxL
yc = 1/xc
x = x+ jx
= attenuation constant
= phase constant

Ploss = 3(Is)2 + 3(Ir)2

^Both and T
Long Transmission Line (150mi and
240km )

Vsn = A*Vrn + B*Is

Is = C*Vrn + D*Is
A=

B = ZL

C=

D=

Zc = (Characteristic impedance)

cosh (x) = cosh (x) cos (x) + jsinh (x)

sin(x)
sinh (x) = sinh (x) cos (x) + jcosh (x)
sin(x)
^solve in radian mode then convert to
degrees

Ic = Vrn(Y/2)
Ploss = 3(Is+Ic)2R

(VR + ZC IR)el 2: incident voltage

(VR - ZC IR)e-l 2: reflected voltage

-T Representation:

Surge Impedance Load (SIL)

Wavelength

Vsn = A*Vrn + B*Is

Is = C*Vrn + D*Is
A=

Vsn = A*Vrn + B*Is

Is = C*Vrn + D*Is
A = cosh (x)

B = Zc sinh (x)

C=

D = cosh (x)

mi

X = distance from receiving end

B=

Velocity
V = f mi/s