Comparative Study Discussing the Difference between Early

Development of Child While Having Working Mother (Nurses and

Other Profession)
A Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of The Islamia University of
Bahawalpur for the degree of Bachelors of Business Administration (BBA)

Submitted to: Sir Abdul Mannan Khan

Syeda Khizra Anum

BBA (HONS)
Roll No.78
Session 2011-15

Department of Management Sciences

THE ISLAMIA UNIVERSITY OF BAHAWALPUR.

Rights of the Thesis

The Islamia University of Bahawalpur.

All rights of the thesis entitled Comparative Study Discussing the Difference
between Early Development of Child While Having Working Mother (Nurses and
Other Profession)are reserved to the researcher. No part of this research may be
reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical
including photocopy, recording or any information storage and retrieval system,
without permission in writing from the researcher.

Syeda Khizra Anum

Roll No. 78
BBA (Hons.)
Session 2011-15

Student Signature: __________________

The Islamia University of Bahawalpur.

CERTIFICATE
This thesis submitted by Syeda Khizra Anum on topic, Comparative Study Discussing the
Difference between Early Development of Child While Having Working Mother (Nurses and
Other Profession)is accepted in this present form by the Department of Management Sciences,
The Islamia University of Bahawalpur as satisfying the thesis requirement for the degree of BBA
(Hons).

Supervisor:

______________________
Abdul Manan Khan
Lecturer
Department of Management Sciences
The Islamia University of Bahawalpur

External Examiner:

______________________

Chairman/HoD:
______________________
Dr. Jawad Iqbal
Department of Management Sciences
The Islamia University of Bahawalpur
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, I thankful to ALMIGHTY ALLAH, the most Beneficent and merciful, and his
Holy Prophet (Peace be upon him) who is forever a true torch of guidance for whole
humanity. I greatly obliged to ALLAH by whom grace I have been able to complete
this report successfully.
I would like to show my gratitude towards my dignified teacher Dr. Jawad Iqbal for
providing me with the opportunity to do research in my department with the support of
my supervisor.
A special thanks to my supervisor Mr. Abdul Manan Khan, Lecturer, for his guidance,
insight and encouragement in the writing and completion of this thesis. His valuable
support and patience throughout this journey has been unreal and is appreciated from
the bottom of my heart. I also want to thank my beloved mother, sisters, and friends.
They all supported me throughout this whole time. Thank you all. May Allah bless you
All. (Ameen)

The Islamia University of Bahawalpur.

The Islamia University of Bahawalpur.

Table of Contents
Abstract

Introduction (Chapter 1)
Background 1.1

Gap in Research 1.2...11

Problem Statement1.3

11

Research Objectives 1.4

11

Research Questions 1.5..12

Research Significance 1.6 12
Thesis Structure 1.713
Literature Review (Chapter 2)

14

Review 2.1 14
Societal Effects2.2..14
Economic Needs and Benefits2.3 16
Issues of Working Mother in child care2.4 18
Effect on Childrens Psychological Functioning2.5..20
Methodology (Chapter 3)

21

Type of Research 3.1

21

Method and Instrument 3.2 ..21

Data collection3.3..22
Population 3.4.22
Sample and Sample Size3.5...22
Data Analysis Techniques3.6.....23
Finding and Discussion (Chapter 4)

24

Data Analysis and Discussion 4.1 24

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Demographic

Portfolio4.2....

24
Comparative Analysis 4.3..31
Descriptive Statistic 4.4.....37
Two Sample T-Test4.539
Conclusion(Chapter 5)..41
Conclusion5.1
41
Suggestions5.2...41
Referencing.43
Appendix

46

Questionnaire47

The Islamia University of Bahawalpur.

Abstract

The selection between staying looking after children and going for work is very difficult for
Pakistani mothers. There are the arguments in favor and against the job of mothers. The
supporters of mothers work are of the opinion that working mothers create self confidence, social
awareness and sense of commitment, struggle and lot of monetary benefits. The opponents argue
that by working, mothers deprive their children from early development and training. Hence, it is
not immoral for a mother to have a job but it is probably not the encouraging activity for her
children. The study attempts to find out the comparison between the children of nurses and other
profession, their training and performance of children. There were two main themes of literature
review and four categorical variables. For this a sample of 100 mothers and 50 of them were
nurses and 50 belong to other professions. It was purposely selected from Bahawalpur South
Punjab; Pakistan. It was found that the trend of mothers employment is increasing day by day.
The children of other profession mothers have significant difference than children of nursing
staff. Childrens view about mothers employment is found positive.
Key words: Working mothers, children, effect, job of mothers

The Islamia University of Bahawalpur.

CHAPTER 1
1. INTRODUCTION:
1.1-BACKGROUND:
Today Pakistan is one of the emergent countries; the progress is because nation is working
together without gender biasness male and female both are standing side by side. Behind any
success they are the two significant pillars of growth and evolution. Without their mutual
contribution, it is not possible for any the country to progress. In the senior of Pakistan the
women are actively participating in every field of life. Pakistani females have dual contribution
to life they are eagerly supporting their families financially and morally at a time. A woman
reconstructs herself accordingly, at home she is a mother but at work place she acts the portion of
the task power.
In Pakistan, there is a trend settled from numbers of decades females are working on different
plate forms, as a teacher, administrative officer, female police, nurse and any other profession. In
Pakistan it can easily be observed that usually nurses are female. Females are comfortable with a
hectic job at both places.
The main focus of this study is to identify the reasons or causes which may bring ups and
downs in a relationship of a mother with her children. How she manages her duties and
responsibility both at home and at the work place, with her children and society and lot more
obligations.
There are many other situations like economic crisis; explains as rise and fall in economic effects
the relationship of a working mother and her children. As a matter of fact the relationship of
mother and her children depend upon love, care, affection, emotions, and feelings. The bonding
between mother and her children cant be expressed in words.
As Sattar Abdul et al say in 2012 In Pakistan, there is a debate on child development and
mothers employment. Different people have different views around the impact of mothers job
on child growth. Some suppose mothers employment, favorable for children while others
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disagree with it. The supporters are of the opinion that at the present time, the trend of mothers'
employment is increasing day by day. In real world women has multidimensional status. As the
womens has multidimensional status, which comprises multiple characteristics of women and
her relations with others, it is impossible to capture the influence and understand womens status
through a single step by Valerie & Zeba, 2000. It is a part of Mother Nature and takes charge of
her kids more at an early age. She must make secure childhood, early developmental age with
her children. The mother stays at home 24 hours with her youngsters. There are many reasons
that influence the relationship of mother and her children, especially in underdeveloped countries
like Pakistan and more specifically south Punjabs city Bahawalpur.
To check the ups and downs in a relation of a working woman and her child, the study comprises
on the comparison between mothers, related to nursing staff and other professions. Nursing is
one of the noble professions and it is quite a difficult job to do. They perform hard tasks, taught
duties, hours and rough routine. You cant judge how hard it is for a mother to sacrifice her
affection towards children at home; and struggle to go out for their better future or to accomplish
their demands. Parents report spending time with their kids, especially in recreation or
educational child care, to be among their more enjoyable activities, particularly when compared
with other standard home production activities. (Guryan Jonathan et al, 2008).
In the meanwhile economic conditions are bad in Pakistan. So the husband and wife need to
assist each other to create their lives work. Women are also more potential to be deprived than
men because of a frequently observed pattern whereby resources are not allocated fairly within
households and women take in less personal spending money than men: (Sharma V. 2005)
In the early stage of life, childhood needs more attention rather than adulthood. In the mean
while development of relationship changes on every stage of life. By keeping in mind the
sensitivity of relation, there are number of the issues which can affect the relation of a working
mother with their child such as income resources, standard of life, personal interest.
A mother is an important figure for child not because she has limited skills, but because she is
with her children for a much greater time than any other person. A mothers instruction reflects a
large influence on attitudes, abilities and conduct of youngsters. People who are successful and

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well-adjusted come from families where parental attitudes are friendly and a healthy relationship
existed between children and parents (Sattar A. et al 2012).
As well as mother is fulfilling her duties towards her children, she is a strong working woman,
her contribution leads to economic development and social effort is tremendously remarkable.
Participation of a woman in labor force remains huge due to development opportunities. (Sarwar
F., and Sattar A. 2013)

Fig. 1: Female Labor Force Participation, selected areas and countries of world, such: world
development indicator, World Bank, 2011. (SarwarF, and Sattar A. 2013)
Unfortunately women participation in the labor market is most often utter by necessity rather
than an aspect of womens autonomy. In rural areas, women mostly work as agricultural
employees or self-employed laborers, being often exploited in terms of earnings and working
times. Women living in urban areas are involved in more diversified activities and the
percentages of unpaid and occasional work is lower as compared to that of rural areas.
Another source of mothers empowerment is indeed paid employment. It is generally thought
that women who contribute to household resources have a higher command of them, since the
earnings from their own work should represent an easy resource to control. (Francavilla F.,
Claudia G. 2007)

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1.2-GAP IN RESEARCH:
Gaps in this study are, none have done any type of research in comparison of nursing staff
and other profession. And the factor affecting their relationship with the children. The
sample: south Punjab region I have selected of research specifically none have done any
research relating this topic. Nobody try to identify that there could be some factors that can
affect the relationship of a working mother with her children.

1.3-PROBLEM STATEMENT:
The study, discusses the theory of factors that pushes a mother to become a working mother, and
what difference it cause in their children specifically in their early growing age. Whereas
children needs more care, love, affection, attention of mother than ever again. On the other side it
is very hard for a mother to leave her child in this stage and go out for job, but there are certain
factors which force her to do so. It also cause stress for parents and as well as for children. In an
effort to find a way of releasing stress to such reasons, children grow different types of
relationships like they make new friends, or start trusting there care taker, that eventually forms
their personality. Development of such personality is hard to changes on every stage of life.
Because of this type of cases, there exists a range of relationship made throughout an age that
shape and change specific personality traits.(Cardillo M., 2001)
For every change in life there is a story at back end which causes differences. This study is to
identify such issues, which could be like lack of income resources, conscious about status,
personal interest. And what difference it makes between children of nursing staff and other
professions mother. The main purpose of this study topic is to identify the flaws of society

1.4-RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
The main purpose of study is to investigate what factors are pushing a mother to become
working women and due to job what difference it causes between the children of nursing staff
and other professions mothers. How they maintains a balance life to identify various strategies
that can serve in a better way to their well-being. The overall design is concerned with the
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improvement of mothers strategies to deal with her children and work-life. Even so, the study is
between two class nursing mothers and other working mothers. Therefore, the study has differed
in terms of populations, methods, and research queries that equate with the unique destinations of
literature. Therefore, the present research seeks to provide a comprehensive understanding of a
comparison of working mothers (nursing staff and other professions) and their children, worklife struggles.

1.5-RESEARCH QUESTIONS AND HYPOTHESIS:

Is there any difference between job hours of nurses and other professional mothers, which
one is harder?

Is there any difference between how nurses and other professional mothers interact with
their children?

What factors push nurses and other professional mothers towards doing job?

Is there any difference of societal effects on the children of nurses and other professional
mothers?

The psychological development of children of nurses and other professional mothers is

significantly different.

The self control of children of nurses and other professional mothers is significantly
different.

1.6-RESEARCH SIGNIFICANCE OF TOPIC

The significance of the study is; it will help to disclose the actual problems in a relationship of a
working mother and her children. This will also reveal factors which are affecting the
relationship. There are many studies which discuss the hardships of single parenting, single
parent earning issues, and the issues of working mother. The unique point of this study is a
comparison of nursing mothers and mothers of other profession, and difference between their
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children. The study discusses that how same variables affect both mothers differently and what
difference those factors make in their children.
This study thus contributes to the literature on the relationship between womens status and
demographic outcomes in three main ways. First, it informs us of potential factors that might
improve the situation of children in regard to their health and education in an area where change
is greatly needed. Not only is enhancing womens status important in its own right, it has
measurable benefits for the health and education of children.(Valerie L. Durrant and Zeba A.
Sathar, 2000)
This topic needs more search and research as there is no such comparative study. There are lots
of factors affecting the relationship of a working mother with her children. As well as the women
have a great participation in economy. It is important to have a greater focus on female
candidates in order to acquire an understanding of which grounds and reasons they base the
work/life choices they make as working mothers and how they perceive the work/life
decisions they have made and negotiated. This being the outcome of choices they make when
prioritizing between either work (career and ambition) on the one hand and life (pleasure, leisure,
family and spiritual development) on the other. It is such choices that either facilitates a
possibility of being a working mother with a career or not.(Nellemann K. , 2010)

1.7- THESIS STRUCTURE:

Chapter 1: This chapter gives a detailed overview of the whole research. It explains the aim of
research, fundamental objectives, background of the institutions that are studied and research
methodology that has been adopted to conduct the research.
Chapter 2: Chapter two is about the literature review and researches that are relevant to the
current research objectives. It defines the factor push a mother to become a working mother, and
its effect on their children.
Chapter 3: This chapter discusses research methodology in detail. It addresses issues like data
collection, data analysis, and the overall research strategy.
Chapter 4: This part discusses data analysis and results with the help of SPSS.

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Chapter 5: Here the conclusion, recommendations of the research has been presented based
upon the research objectives by linking them with the findings of research.

CHAPTER 2
2.1-LITERATURE REVIEW:
This study aims at summarizing research-findings in the field of early mother employment and
childrens psychological development. The study is concentrating on mothers job during the first
10 years of childrens life, and look at research finding linkages between mothers job and
various aspects of childrens psychological functioning in these early years or later.

2.2-SOCIETAL EFFECT:
Sharma V. 2005 have discussed the fundamental of societal effect on the relationship of working
women with her children. They are affected by the society as well. The social influence a peer
group exerts on its individual members, as each member tries to adapt to the anticipations of the
group.They need to keep the standard of actions, minimum requirements of a relationship and
also need to upgrade it. As the past studies explain that the relation is highly affecting mutual
relationship between mothers and children. It stresses the importance of paying attention to those
qualitative changes, which are more threatening and less easily captured than the hard
changes which are easily identiable and measurable (Sharma V. 2005)
The choices a woman makes with regard to suffering children are immediately affected, whether
she realizes it or not, by the policy. Adult females who decide to have it entirely by entering
the workforce whether she is part of a two-parent, two-earner family, or a lone-parent family
are growing in numbers. Jane Jenson cites that womens labor force participation in Canada is
up 39% since 1941. Species in Nova Scotia, womens participation in the paid labor force has
increased from 35.9% in 1976 to 53.2% in 2003. Of course, many social changes took place
over the utmost number of tens which have made womens choice to enter the workforce easier.
At the same time, increasing economic pressures, yet on two-earner families, means that couples
are having fewer children than desired.
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The logic implies that in order to best care for a youngster, including future university costs,
health care costs, and the like, parents prefer to have less kids. Households with children, faced
with the cost of nurturing kids, face greater risks than families without kids. As Jenson argues, in
that respect is a growing disconnectivity between existing social policy and evolving families
and labor markets. It is apparent that social insurance and infrastructure often do not support or
value the family. (Sullivan, 2006)
As Sattar A. ,2012 The job of mothers has not effect on childrens social development.
The statement was supported by 90% of mothers, 80% of students and 56% of teachers. Mothers
argued that in the absence of mothers children look for the company from others. This trend
of children is increasing day by day resulting in more stability in social development.
Teachers argued that children, in the absence of mothers, develop social interactions with
other people. They become socially strong, mentally alert and physically strong. This creates a
sense of commitment. Students explained that the children of employed mothers seek the
company from others. They make friends and this process of making friends is the sign of social
development. (Sattar A., 2012)
Whereas DeJong A., 2010 discussed in his study that a majority of working mothers 70% felt
that their employment had a positive impact on their child. In addition, 10% felt that their
employment had a negative effect and 20% felt it had no effect. But those mothers who stay-athome, 90% felt that not working had a positive effect on their children.
According to a study working mothers felt that they were helping to meet the needs of their
families by providing financially, but that at number of the events their family relationships did
suffer as a result of their employment. Many working mothers also felt that they were being good
role models for their children. Mothers also felt that at times working had a negative impact on
their children because after work mothers were sometimes too tired to interact as much with
children as the children would have liked. Also, working sometimes got in the way of completing
activities with children that mothers and children would have liked to do. (DeJong A. , 2010)
The societal affects shows the deficiency of maternal education and employment as indicators of
womens status no doubt provided motivation for the growing, but limited, number of studies
that incorporate measures of womens status separate from their education and work activity,
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especially in areas like South Asia where norms of female are an important aspect of womens
status, moreover societal barriers are also a hinder for a female to grow. In the few studies that
focus specifically on different measures of womens status and infant mortality and childrens
schooling, the preliminary evidence supports an influence of various dimensions of womens
status, including mobility and decision making autonomy, on investments in children.

2.3-ECONOMIC NEEDS AND BENEFITS:

According to Ara Nargis, 2012 economic instability has a great role on affecting the relationship
of working mother with her children. There is lot instability in economy, A term used to
describe the financial system of a nation that displays only minor fluctuations in output growth
and exhibits a consistently low inflation rate. Economic stability is usually seen as a desirable
state for a developed country that is often encouraged by the policies and actions of its central
bank. Which means its not possible for one partner to earn for living, better living. Where they
can fulfill all requirements of their family, either they are their kids, parents. Our economy
requires that are able to: Generate human capital Supplement the incomes of those who have a
job but do not earn enough to meet their familys needs. Ensure that care is available, in new
economic and family situations. (Coleman, 2005)
Jenson supports these ideas by pointing to several key facts. While employment rates in Canada
are high, earning a sufficient income often requires that both parents in a family work. (HRSDC,
2005) This reality means that single earner families often face financial difficulties, and that two
earner families often face difficulties related to the provision of care for children and other
dependents. (HRSDC, 2005) Jensons work affirms the idea that the development of supportive
policies in the areas of maternity/parental leave, childcare and family friendly workplaces helps
to contribute to economic sustainability, as well as more stable families. (Gelinaset. et al, 2006)
As Sandstrom H. and Huerta S. 2013 also referred to as income instability or economic
insecuritydescribes a drop in family income from which families may or may not recover.
Family income can include job earnings, public income support, such as temporary cash
assistance, and private income support, such as child support. Economic instability is largely
affected by involuntary job loss and by divorce or separation. Fluctuations in family income are
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common. Two in five adults living with children lose a quarter of their income at least once at
some during the course of a year.
When parents experience employment instability, their families are more likely to experience
material hardship and have fewer resources to support their childrens development. Factors such
as the length of unemployment, whether the unemployed parent is the familys sole earner, and
whether the family has any savings, assets, or social safety net also affect the familys situation.
Parental employment instability has been linked to poor academic outcomes, such as grade
retention and lower educational attainment. Parental job loss can also lead to poor socialemotional outcomes for young children. Children whose mothers experience employment
instability exhibit more problem behaviors, such as bullying or being withdrawn, and are more
likely to be absent from school than children whose mothers hold stable jobs or voluntarily
change jobs. (Sandstrom H. and Huerta S. 2013)
The latest Households below Average Income Statistics underline the importance of mothers
earnings in preventing poverty (although these particular statistics are not broken down by
gender). They show that, whereas the overall risk of poverty (measured as below 60 per cent of
the median after housing costs) among lone parents is 52 per cent, it is 15 per cent among lone
parents in full-time work, 33 per cent among those in part-time work and as high as 76 per cent
among those not in paid work Among couples the figures are: Both in full-time work

3%,

one in full-time work, one in part-time work 6%, one in full-time work, one not in work
21%, both in part-time work

58%, neither in work

80%.

Although the most significant gap among couples is between where neither is in work and where
at least one partner is in full-time work, the impact of a second earner either full or part time
is nevertheless considerable. As Marsh and Vegeris put it, work may well be the best form of
welfare and a familys first protection from poverty, but dual earning is a guarantee in most
cases(Sharma Vishal, 2005)

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2.4-ISSUES OF WORKING MOTHERS IN CHILD CARE:

By Dr, Sattar A. et al, 2012 they also explain the importance of supervision and monitoring of
children. Children need care, supervision and monitoring at every level of age, but mostly in
growing age. Supervision and monitoring of children having employed mothers suffer badly.
The idea was supported by 99% of women, 89% of students and 95% of teachers. Mothers
expressed that the responsibility of supervision and monitoring of children is associated with
mothers. They argued that when children are unmonitored and unsupervised they most likely
show the negative effects in conduct and behavior. Students argued that in the absence of proper
check and balance the deficiency comes with the habits children. In that case children, mostly
fail to develop the desired habits. Such children become naughty and mischievous. Teachers
argued that check and balance are a compulsory part of child development. In the absence of
supervision the character building of children will be inadequate.(Sattar A. 2012).
The issue of supervision and monitoring of children is associated with maternal employment.
Only a few studies have examined this issue. And relate it with the supervision a monitoring of
children and maternal employment. As Nan Crouter, at Penn State, conducted a study with a
sample of children from small communities and rural areas, found no relationship between the
mother's employment status and how well children were monitored. However, she also found
that when children were unmonitored, boys with employed mothers were the ones likely to show
negative effects in conduct and school grades.
So she also conducted the same study in our urban sample, we found only one effect of maternal
employment on supervision and monitoring: Boys in dual-wage working class families were
more likely to be left unsupervised and unmonitored. Maternal employment was not related to
supervision and monitoring in middle-class families, in single-mother families, or for workingclass girls. Being left unsupervised, but monitored by phone, showed no negative effects, but
being left unsupervised and unmonitored showed negative effects among lower income children.
(Gelinaset. et al, 2006)
On the other hand in the study of Sattar A., 2012 also discussed the childrens view about
mothers employment was found positive. The idea was supported by 90% of women, 51% of
teachers and 56% of students. There is a myth that a childs home life must be very bad if mother
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prefers to go out for work. The arguments found in this study are against this myth. In this regard
mothers expressed that their children have no objection on their work. Moreover mothers provide
a good day care to her children.
Here we have three aspects of a study, in different times and on different sample. In rural areas
there was no relation, while in urban areas it had negative results these both cases were in 2006.
On the other side in 2012 similar study conducted by Sattar A. and he found a positive
relationship of the study. And they use different variables to measure such study. In this study to
measure the issues of working mothers in child care, self control is the variable.

2.4.1- EFFECTS ON SELF CONTROL:

In this study, self control is taken to measure the variable supervision and monitoring of children
in comparisons of working mothers. It is a comparison of self control ability between the
children of nurses and other profession.
Self-control refers to the ability to manage or regulate emotion and behaviors, inhibit negative
responses, and delay gratification in ways considered socially appropriate for a given situation
(Bandy and Moore 2010). Having self-control enables children to focus and stay on task. In fact,
researchers have argued that self-control is as important for academic success as intelligence
(Blair 2002). Research has also found that self-control in childhood is associated with academic
and social competence, verbal fluency, healthier and more productive behaviors (e.g., avoiding
substance use and teen pregnancy, spending more time doing homework), and the ability to cope
successfully with frustration and stress later in adolescence (Mischel, Shoda et al. 1988; Tangney,
Baumeister et al. 2004; Duckworth and Seligman 2005; Moffitt, Arseneault et al. 2011). Some
researchers have defined persistence in children as the voluntary continuation of a goal-directed
action in spite of obstacles, difficulties, or discouragement (Peterson and Seligman 2004). The
term grit is also used in some instances to describe perseverance and passion for long-term
goals (Duckworth, Peterson et al. 2007).

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2.5-EFFECT ON CHILDRENS PSYCHOLOGICAL FUNCTIONING:

According to Blask Zsuzsa,2008: from the literature three key factors can be identified,
that significantly influence whether or not early maternal employment leaves a mark on
childrens psychological development. The very early years of childrens life constitute a
diverse phase of time, when extremely rapid development is taking place in countless
areas physically, mentally, psychologically as well as cognitively.(Blask Zsuzsa,2008)
The general development, a child goes through in her/his first three years of life is tremendous.
Secondly, nature and quality of alternative child-care is important. When mothers of young
children start employment, they can choose from a broad selection of alternative childcare
solutions. Young children can be looked after by friends, relatives, or a babysitter (informal
care), with or without peers in the company. (Blask Zsuzsa, 2008) Informal care can either be
home-based or happen in a different environment. Institutional child-care solutions differ in
number of children in a group, carer / children ratio, training given to the carer, general
philosophy of the institution on what young children need etc. In case of formal and also
informal care, physical environment provided to children might vary a lot as do amount and
nature of cognitive stimulus given to the child.
Thirdly, the nature of mothers job has to be investigated. Childrens early experiences vary
substantially according to the amount of time their mother spends working, and more importantly
according to the experiences mothers get on job.(Blask Zsuzsa, 2008) As it will be more
complex job causes more level of stress. That can influence both mothers mood and childcare
behavior, which in turn will have an impact on childrens development. Also, has perceived
important: mothers whose preferences for work and their actual life is dissimilar, experience
psychological difficulties themselves, which will then be reflected in their patenting
behavior, leading to behavior problems in their children.

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CHAPTER 3
3.1-TYPES OF RESEARCH:
This study involves a descriptive study which is one in which information is collected without
changing the environment (i.e., nothing is manipulated). The purpose of a using descriptive
research is to examine a phenomenon that is occurring due to the job of mothers. This descriptive
research is concerned with conditions, practices, differences or relationships that exist, opinions
held processes that are going on or trends that are evident.

3.2-METHOD AND INSTRUMENT:

Methodology is the systematic, theoretical analysis of the methods applied to a field of study. It
comprises the theoretical analysis of the body of methods and principles associated with a branch
of knowledge.(Ume Sukral, edition 3, 2009)
The survey method is used for the collection of data. The questionnaires for mothers, and
teachers were designed for the data collection. According to Ejaz Rana et al in 2012, my analysis
is worried with the societal effect, economic needs and benefits, and Supervision and care of
child and Psychological development in early stage of life; the working women in formal sector
a case study of female nurses in the government sector of Bahawalpur and working mothers of
other professions. The precise target is to calculate the causal factors affect the relationship of
female nurses in the government sector with her kids.
Author

Ejaz Rana (2012), Measuring Elementary

School

Selected items

Students

Social and Emotional Skills

Societal effect, Economic needs and benefits,
Supervision and child care, and psychological

Location

development
Government hospitals in Bahawalpur. And
private schools (near in the hospitals).

22

The Islamia University of Bahawalpur.

3.3-DATA COLLECTION:
Data collection is the process of gathering and measuring information on variables of interest,
in an established systematic fashion that enables one to answer stated research questions, test
hypotheses, and evaluate outcomes.
Multiple data collection methods are typically employed in case research studies (Benbas at et al.
1987) and this research do not make any exception. The main method used in data collection was
questionnaire Interview was selected since with it very targeted and insightful observations can
be perceived (Yin 1994).

3.4-POPULATION:
A research population is generally a large collection of individuals or objects that is the main
focus of a scientific query. It is for the benefit of the population that researches are done. (Ume
Sukral, edition 3, 2009)
The population is mother's southern Punjab of who is serving in the medical field. Random
sampling methodology is used in this study. A sample of 100 working mothers is collected from
city Bahawalpur. The population is all the mothers and teachers working in Civil hospital and in
private schools of South Punjab Bahawalpur Pakistan.

3.5-SAMPLE AND SAMPLE SIZE:

The sample of a study can have a profound impact on the outcome of a study. In this lesson,
we'll look at the procedure for drawing a sample and why it is so important to draw a sample that
represents the population. (Ume Sukral, edition 3, 2009)
A sample of 100 working mothers is collected from city Bahawalpur. The population is all the
mothers and teachers working in Civil hospital and in private schools of South Punjab
Bahawalpur Pakistan.

23

The Islamia University of Bahawalpur.

3.6-DATA ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES:

The study focus on the variables and trend of mothers employment in Pakistan. Four variables
are being selected for the analysis. The collected data were analyzed by applying descriptive
measure. The significant affect of different factors affecting the relationship of a working mother
with her children by applying Descriptive study using SPSS 16.

24

The Islamia University of Bahawalpur.

CHAPTER 4:
4.1-DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION:
In this chapter, the responses collected from the sample population is analyzed on the perspective
of celebrity endorsement and its impact on buying behavior of young female of Pakistan. The
responses were analyzed statistically by SPSS. The analyses were illustrated by using the tables,
charts and graphs from SPSS.

4.2-DEMOGRAPHIC PORTFOLIO:

What is your profession?

Column1

Nursing

50%

Others

50%
100%

For the study total population is 100. And the graph of analysis shows 50 percent
respondents are nurses and 50 percent are from other professions. Who participated to
fill questionnaire.

25

The Islamia University of Bahawalpur.

Age of respondent

Column1

below 25 years

16%

25-35 years

24%

35-45 Years

26%

45-55 Years

11%

55-65 years

15%

above 65 years

8%
100%

The results of this study shows that the age of the respondents is 16% Below 25 years, 24% 2535 years, 26% 35-45 Years, 11% 45-55 Years, 15% 55-65 years, 8% above 65 years. This graph
and table shows that respondents were from different age groups.

26

The Islamia University of Bahawalpur.

Education of respondent

Column1

Matriculation

3%

Intermediate

38%

Bachelor

29%

Master

19%

MS/M. Phil

11%
100%

The results shows education of the respondents lies between matriculations to MS/M.phill. in
which about 3% are matric, 38% intermediate, 29% bachelor, 19%Master and remaining 11% are
MS/M.phill. This graph and table shows that the educational level of respondents. Maximum
respondents have intermediate educatingnal degree.

27

The Islamia University of Bahawalpur.

Income of respondent

Column1

below 15000

14%

15000-25000

32%

25000-35000

21%

35000-45000

19%

45000-55000

11%

Above 55000

3%
100%

According to the results of this study the income of 14% respondents is below 15000, about 32%
respondents have income 15000-25000, 21% percent respondents have income 25000-35000,
19% respondents have 35000-45000, 11% respondents income lies in 45000-55000, and only 3%
respondents have their income Above 55000.

28

The Islamia University of Bahawalpur.

Number of children you have below the age of 10?

Column1

1 to 3

66%

4 to 6

30%

above 10

4%
100%

Mostly respondents of this study have 1-3 kids below the age of 10 years. As the study shows
about 66% respondents have 1-3 kids below the age of 10 years, about 30% respondents have 46 kids and about 4% kids above 10. This graph and tables explain the number of children blew
the age of 10.

29

The Islamia University of Bahawalpur.

How often do you get a chance to spend time with your children? Column1
Daily sufficient time

28%

Daily insufficient time

28%

After a week

9%

Fortnight

22%

Monthly

13%
100%

According to the results 28% respondents find daily sufficient time to spend with their children,
about 28% respondents find daily insufficient time to spend with their children, According to the
about 9% respondents they find sufficient time after a week to spend with their kids and about
13% respondents find monthly sufficient time to send with their children.

30

The Islamia University of Bahawalpur.

How many working hours you do job per day?

Column1

below 8 hours

30%

8-10 hours

25%

10-11 hours

20%

11-13 hours

19%

13-15 hours

6%
100%

The results of the study shows that about 30% respondents work below 8 hours a day and about
25% respondents work 8-10 hours a day. According to the results about 19% respondents work
11-13 hours a day and only 6% respondents work 13-15 hours a day.

4.3-COMPERATIVE ANALYSIS:
31

The Islamia University of Bahawalpur.

Is there any difference between job hours of nurses and other professional mothers, which
one is harder?

Total
Nurses
Others

Below 8
hours
40
15
25

8-10 hours

10-11hours

11-13 hours

13-15 hours

37
12
25

9
9
0

10
10
0

4
4
0

How many working hours you do job per day?

60
50
40

Nurses

30

Others

20
10
0
below 8 hours 8-10 hours

10-11 hours 11-13 hours 13-15 hours

From the above chart it is clear that the working hours of the nurses are more than that of other
professions as they have to do morning and night shifts and can even work upto 15 hours in
extreme cases but in case of other professions it is not seen.

32

The Islamia University of Bahawalpur.

Is there any difference between how much nurses and other professional mothers interact
with their children?

Total
Nurses
Others

Daily
(sufficient
time)
24
10
14

After a
week

Fortnight

Monthly

19
3
16

19
14
5

20
10
10

Daily
(insufficient
time)
18
13
5

How often do you get a chance to spend time with your children?
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0

Nurses
Others

The time spent with their children is also less in case of nurses but comparatively more when we
have asked it with the mothers doing jobs in other sectors.

33

The Islamia University of Bahawalpur.

Tot
al
Nu
rse
s
Ot
her

What factors push nurses and other professional mothers towards doing job?
Very
Unim
porta
nt

Unim
porta
nt

Imp
orta
nt

Ver
y
Imp
orta
nt

Neith
er
Unim
porta
nt or
Impor
tant
24

17

18

34

13

13

11

21

Very
Uni
mpo
rtant

Neit
her
Uni
mpo
rtant
or
Imp
orta
nt
12

Nur 7
ses
Oth 0
er

26

39

Tot
al

Economic needs/ benefits

50
40
30
20
10
0

Uni
mpo
rtant

Imp
orta
nt

Very
Imp
orta
nt

10

65

Society (to maintain a living standard)

100
80
60
40
20
0

Nurses
Others

Economic needs and benefits push more to the mothers doing job in other profession.

34

Nurses
Others

The Islamia University of Bahawalpur.

35

The Islamia University of Bahawalpur.

Tota
l
Nur
ses
Oth
er

Very
Uni
mpo
rtan
t

Unim
porta
nt

Neithe
r
Unimp
ortant
or
Import
ant

Impo
rtant

Very
Imp
orta
nt

18

11

38

10

23

15

16

10

23

Uni
mpo
rtant

Impo
rtant

Very
Impo
rtant

10

Neit
her
Uni
mpo
rtant
or
Impo
rtant
33

Total

20

16

21

Nurs
es
Othe
r

10

14

10

13

10

19

Family need

Personal interest
50
40
30
20
10
0

Very
Uni
mpo
rtant

40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0

Nurses
Others

Nurses

In this table it has been concluded that the women do jobs because of their economic needs but
not because of their personal interests. This results was identified same in both the cases.

36

The Islamia University of Bahawalpur.

Is there any difference of societal effects on the children of nurses and other

professional mothers?
Very
low

lo
w

neu
tral

Hig
h

Total

22

36

Extr
eme
ly
high
35

Nurs
es

14

20

Othe
r

13

22

15

Very
low

low

neu
tral

Hig
h

Tota
l
Nur
ses

11

29

30

Extr
eme
ly
high
29

18

14

13

Oth
er

11

16

16

How much is your child easily distracted from his or her work? How would you describe this child more as careful or careless?
50

40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0

40
30

Nurses

20

Others

10
0

Very
low
Tot
al
Nu
rse
s
Ot
her

low

neut
ral

Hig
h

Extre
mely
high

46

19

26

22

15

24

11

11

Nurses
Others

How much shyness does the child feel, dont interact with other people?
60
40

Nurses

20

Others

37

The Islamia University of Bahawalpur.

The results have found that children of the females of other profession suffer more
regarding care and attention although they give more time but they suffer more

The psychological development of children of nurses and other professional mothers is

significantly different.

Ve

(He/She) has sudden changes in mood or feeling.

80
60
40
20
0

Nurses
Others

(He/She) feels or complains that no one loves him/her.

80
60
40
20
0

Nurses
Others

38

The Islamia University of Bahawalpur.

1
V

28

20

28

(He/She) is rather high strung and nervous.

60
50
40
30
20
10
0

(He/She) cheats or tells lies.

60
50
40
30
20
10
0

Nurses
Others

39

Nurses

ne

Ex

25

40

15

18

10

32

The Islamia University of Bahawalpur.

The psychological effects have been found

inverse on the children of nurses. They
suffer more.

40

ne

Ex

28

29

19

13

16

(He/She) is too fearful or anxious.

80
60
40
20
0

Nurses
Others

(He/She) argues too much?

60
Nurses

40

others

20
0

low neutral high very high

The self control of children of nurses and other professional mothers is significantly
different.

41

Ve

42

Tot

Nu

Ot

How much your child switches from activity to activity rather than sticking to one thing at a time?
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

Nurses

Others

very low low neutral high very high

If a task is at first too difficult for the child, how often will he or she get frustrated and quit?
40
30
20
10
0

Nurses
Others

Ve

43

44

How often the children disrupt games?

60
40
20
0

Nurses
Others

How much your child has self control

?
Nurses
100
50
0

Others

45

The response of self control of children is not so much different in both groups and found
almost same. It means the children suffer from the job of mother. But in some questions
the more responses are neutral.

4.4-DESCRIPTIVE STATISTIC:

Descriptive Statistics Of (Name of Variable)

a living standard)

M
aximum

1.45

1.36

3.09

Family need

1.27

3.45

100

100
Personal interest

Deviation

Std.

4.20

benefits

Mean

100

Economic needs/

nimum

Society (to maintain

Mi

100

1.38

3.08

Descriptive Statistics Of (Name of Variable)

(He/She) has sudden

nimum

changes in mood or feeling.

Mi

aximum

Mean

100

complains that no one loves

Std.
Deviation

1.26

4.05

(He/She) feels or

100

1.02

4.22

him/her.

(He/She) is rather

high strung and nervous.

100

fearful or anxious.

1.13
2

1.31

3.90

much

100

(He/She) argues too

1.17

4.03

(He/She) is too

4.06

tells lies.

100

(He/She) cheats or

100

.833

Std.

3.95

Descriptive Statistics Of (Name of Variable)

Mi
nimum

aximum

Mean

Deviation

Is the child easily

distracted from his or her

100

1.00

3.96

work or chores?

Would you describe

this child more as careful or

100

.929

1.07

3.81

careless?

Does the child play

well with peers (follows rules,

100

4.00

waits turn, cooperates) ?

Does the child jump

or switch from activity to

100

.947

1.02

3.85

activity rather than sticking to

one thing at a time?

If a task is at first too

difficult for the child, will he or

100

3.75

she get frustrated and quit, or

first seek help with the
problem?

Descriptive Statistics Of (Name of Variable)

inimum

Does the child

disrupt games?

Does the child

aximum
1

M
ean

think before he or she

Std.
Deviation

00

.994

1.01

.61

00

.43

acts?

According to the results of descriptive statistics the mean of responses varies and it lies
between 1 to 5. The response whose mean is more than 4 and equal to 5 that response
indicates very important the responses which are more than 3 and equal to 4 are
considered as important, the responses which are more than 2 and equal to 3 are
considered as neutral, the responses which are more than 1 and equal to 2 are considered
as unimportant lastly the responses which are equal to 1 are considered as very
unimportant.
3

4.5-2SAMPLE T-TEST:

Group Statistics

What is your

profession?

ean

Nursing

EN

Others

Nursing

Others

Others

Nursing

Others

1.400

.198

1.318

.186

.753

.106

.596

.084

.720

.102

.501

.071

.70

SD

.119

.63

.839

.35

SC

.155

.76

Nursing

1.097

Error Mean

.51

PD

Std.

.40

Std.
Deviation

.89

.00

Independent Samples Test

Levene

t-test for Equality of Means

's Test for

Equality of
Variances

Sig.

Sig.

ean

Std.

Confidence Interval

(2-

Difference

Error

of the Difference

tailed)

Differe

nce

EN

variances

Equal

5.371

.023

-.563

95%

.575

-.

110

L
ower

.195

Upper

.498

.278

assumed

Equal

variances not

-.563

9
1.701

.575

-.
110

.195

.498

.278

assumed

PD

variances

Equal

1.487

.226

-2.188

.031

-.

595

.272

1.135

-.055

assumed

Equal

variances not

-2.188

7.644

.031

-.

595

.272

1.135

-.055

assumed

SC

variances

Equal

2.679

.105

-.515

.607

-.

070

.136

.340

.200

assumed

Equal

variances not

-.515

3.098

.607

-.

070

.136

.340

.200

assumed

SD

variances

Equal

8.638

.004

-.846

.399

-.

105

.124

.351

.141

assumed

Equal

variances not

-.846

8
7.469

.400

-.
105

.124

.352

assumed

According to the results of T-test the result indicates that psychological development has
significant results but the rest have insignificant results. These values have determined
that the results shown are more reliable and may differ in this study due to the selected
sample of the population.

.142

 Chapter-5
5.1-Conclusions:

Women join the workforce for multiple reasons, to maintain a minimum living
standard; to fulfill the economic needs, which is the most important among all.
Education empowers and polishes their potentials and incidental reason provides
them opportunities to accumulate experience. A written report has its own
demands which are quite different from family responsibilities. The real challenge
is how working mothers respond to work and family pressures amicably and
efficiently by applying diverse schemes and adjustments. Since Pakistani society
has accepted women as an additional financial resource, however, the role of the
male still needs to be redefined. As a matter of fact, in the process of organizing
successful and workable adjustments, family support and husband co-operation
plays a vital role. The children of other profession mothers have significant difference
than children of nursing staff.

5.2-Suggestions

It has been observed that the childs infant period suffers badly due to mothers
employment. In that case mothers should be thriftier. They should recognize the fact
that the quality of time they expend with their children is a lot more significant than
the amount of time. They should care for the youngsters as they treat their clients. They
should schedule time with them and perform everything for them. While coming
back from office as their first priority should be to sit with children either working with
them or listening to them interestingly whatever they say is it interesting or dull. Mothers
should give them individual attention. They really should turn it off

Phone while sitting I the company of children. They should relish the company of each
other.

It has also been noted that emotional development and attachment of infants
suffers badly due to employment of mothers. When the study is over working mothers
should spend remaining whole time with their kids. They should prioritize the company
of their youngsters. They should wind up all their extra activities. They should spend less
time with others. Kids like games very much and mothers should spend the most of the
7

time playing with youngsters. This will decrease the isolation of children and enhance
the emotional growth and adherence.

Lack of monitoring and supervision is observed in most of the households where

mothers are engaged. In that case mothers should monitor and supervise the youngsters
through the phone. They should phone the children after every hour to make children
realize that their mothers are with them. Such step of mothers will infuse in children the
sense of monitoring. While speaking on phone mothers should appreciate and encourage
the youngsters.

Referencing

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Working Mothers on the Development of Children in Pakistan."International Journal of

Humanities and Social Science 2.11 (2012): 164-171.

Agha, Sohail. 2000. The determinants of infant mortality in Pakistan, Social Science
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Amin, Sajeda. 1997. The poverty-purdah trap in rural Bangladesh: Implications for
womens roles in the family, Development and Change 28: 213233.

Alamasi(2010). Labor force participation of married women in Punjab (Pakistan),

International Journal of Social Economics, Vol. 37 No. 8, 2010, pp. 592-612, Emerald Group
Publishing Limited.

Balk, Deborah. 1994. Individual and community aspects of womens status and fertility
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Durrant, Valerie L., and Zeba A. Sathar. Greater Investments in Children Through

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Guryan, Jonathan, Erik Hurst, and Melissa Schettini Kearney. Parental education and

parental time with children. No. w13993. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2008.

Lister, Ruth. "Women's and Children's Poverty: Making the links." (2005): 42.

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11

Annexure

12

Assalam-O-Alaikum!

I am the students of BBA (Hons) 8th semester, I am doing a study of Factors affecting
the relationship of working women with her children, so I need your help to do this
research. For that I need your true opinion.

Section-I

Please Tick any one of the options.

Profession

Nursing

Other

Age

below 25 years

25-35 years

35-45 Years

45-55 Years

55-65 years

above 65 years

Bachelor

Education

Matriculation

Intermediate

Master

M. Phil

15000-25000

25000-35000

45000-55000

Above 55000

Personal Salary (Rs/month)

below 15000
35000-45000

Number of children you have below the age of 10?

13

1-3 children

4-6 children

above 10 years

How often do you get a chance to spend time with your children?

Daily (sufficient time)

After a week

Monthly

Daily
(insufficient
time)

Fortnight

How many working hours you do job per day?

below 8 hours

8-10 hours

11-13 hours

13-15 hours

10-11 hours

Section-II

How important each of the following factors is to push you for doing job?
Hint: 1= Very Unimportant, 2=Unimportant, 3=Neutral, 4=Important,5=Very Important

Questionnaire

Society (to maintain a living standard)

Economic needs/ benefits

Personal interest

Family need

14

To what extent each of the following influences your relationship with your kids:
Hint:1 =Very low 2 = Low 3 = Neutral, 4 = High 5 = Extremely high

How much is your child easily distracted from

his or her work or chores?

How would you describe this child more as

careful or careless?

How much shyness does the child feel, dont

interact with other people?

(He/She) has sudden changes in mood or

feeling.

(He/She) feels or complains that no one loves

him/her.

(He/She) is rather high strung and nervous.

(He/She) cheats or tells lies.

(He/She) is too fearful or anxious.

(He/She) argues too much

How much your child switches from activity

to activity rather than sticking to one thing at
a time?

If a task is at first too difficult for the child,

how often will he or she get frustrated and
quit?

How often the children disrupt games?

1
15

How much your child has self control?

16