Fluid Flow in HC Reservoirs : Exercises

Exercise1: Porosity & Permeability

The following table gives porosity and permeability measured on core plugs from a reservoir.
Depth
(ft)
2880
2881
2882
2883
2884
2885
2886
2887
2888
2889
2890
2891
2892
2893
2894
2895
2896
2897
2898
2899
2900
2901
2902
2903
2904
2905
2906
2907
2908
2909
2910
2911
2912
2913
2914
2915
2916
2917
2918
2919
2920

h
(ft)
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

Porosity
(%)
29,5
28,9
28,5
28,1
28,8
27,9
29,2
29,0
29,7
27,4
27,8
28,0
27,5
22,2
20,3
21,5
25,5
24,9
27,2
23,7
21,9
22,0
19,4
17,4
18,4
16,7
16,9
17,1
15,9
16,5
13,0
16,8
17,3
17,8
17,8
15,6
17,4
17,3
16,8
16,6
17,2

k
(md)
1500
1271
1239
1184
1891
1500
1271
1565
1325
967
717
728
600
554
130
218
466
684
600
336
150
277
78
101
82
82
49
36
23
20
0,1
56
49
26
33
26
36
42
33
39
52

2921
2922
2923
2924
2925
2926
2927
2928
2929

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

16,9
15,2
16,1
17,4
14,8
15,7
15,7
15,6
15,5

56
33
46
36
29
33
23
33
32

Find the mean, the median (P50), P90, P10 and the mode of the distribution of porosity (for
the mode lump by intervals of 1%).
Find a correlation between porosity and permeability.
Calculate the arithmetic, the harmonic and the geometric averages and the ratio VDP = ka/kh
(Dykstra-Parsons heterogeneity index) for porosity and permeability. Compare the averages.
Compare VDP for porosity and permeability.
Exercise 2: Darcys Law
1- Consider a cylindrical core plug that has a radius of 0.5 in. and a length of
2 in. Suppose the core is flooded with an oil that has viscosity = 0.5 cp,
formation volume factor = 1.0 RB/STB,
and a measured flow rate = 0.1 BOPD.
If the pressure drop from the inlet to the outlet is 20 psia, what is the
permeability of the plug?.
Hint: Express area A in sq. ft. and length L in ft. Solve Darcys Law for
permeability.
Q= C.k.A.P/(LB) where the coefficient C = 0,001127 with k in md, in cp,
A in sq.ft, P in psi, Lin ft, Q in BOPD, B in reservoir volume per surface
volume.
2- Suppose that water (viscosity = 1.0 cp, FVF = 1.0 RB/STB was used
instead of oil. Use the permeability calculated to estimate the water flow
rate, assuming the same permeability to single phase flow.
Exercise 3: Equivalent permeability
1- Calculate the equivalent linear permeability of 4 parallel beds having
equal widths & lengths:
Bed
Thickness (ft)
Permeability (md)
1
5
250
2
8
200
3
15
130
4
20
80
2- Calculate the equivalent permeability a radial system comprised of 3
zones with the following characteristics
Zone
Inner radius (ft)
Outer radius (ft)
Permeability (md)
1
0.25
5.0
10
2
5.0
150
80
3
150
750
150
Exercise 4: Darcys Law in a tilted reservoir

1- An incompressible fluid flows in a linear porous medium with the following

properties:
L = 2000 ft, h = 20 ft, width = 300 ft, k = 100 mD, = 15%, = 2 cp, P =
10 psi.
Calculate flowrate in bbl/d, apparent fluid velocity & its real velocity in ft/d.
2- Assume that this medium is tilted with a dip angle of 5. The
incompressible fluid has a density of 42 lb/ft3. Calculate the same as in 1.
Exercise 5: Skin Effect (Vertical or Horizontal well)
Calculate the skin factor due to radial damage with: rw (wellbore radius) =
0.328 ft, permeability impairment: k/ks = 5, damage penetration = 0.5 ft.
Exercise 6: Oil well
An oil well with a radius of 0.25 ft is producing at a stabilized rate of 600
stb/d at a stabilized bottom-hole flowing pressure of 1800 psi. The pay zone,
25 ft thick, has a permeability of 120 md, and the drainage area of about 40
acres is roughly circular. The oil has a Bo of 1.25 rb/stb and a viscosity of 2.5
cp at reservoir temperature. Calculate the pressure profile and list the
pressure drop across 1 ft at the intervals 4-5 ft, 19-20 ft, 99-100 ft, 1 ft
interval at the boundary of the drainage area.
Exercise 7: Gas well
The PVT data from a gas well is given below:
P (psia)
g (cp)
Z
1
0.01270
1.000
400
0.01286
0.937
800
0.01390
0.882
1200
0.01530
0.832
1600
0.01680
0.794
2000
0.01840
0.770
2400
0.02010
0.763
2800
0.02170
0.775
3200
0.02340
0.797
3600
0.02500
0.827
4000
0.02660
0.860
4400
0.02831
0.896
The well, with a radius of 0.3 ft, is producing at a stabilized flowing pressure
of 3600 psi and the pressure is 4400 psi at the boundary of the drainage
area which has a radius of 1000 ft. The reservoir is 15 ft thick; its
temperature is 140 F and its permeability is 65 md. Calculate the gas flow
rate in Mscf/d.
Exercise 8: Equivalent tube or fissure
A porous medium has a length of 100 ft, a section of 30ft10ft, a porosity of 10% and a
permeability of 10 md. Calculate the diameter of an equivalent tube or the aperture of an
equivalent fracture (parallel either to its width or to its height) and the equivalent porosity.