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Procedia Manufacturing 3 (2015) 4472 4479

6th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2015) and the
Affiliated Conferences, AHFE 2015

Blue light: A blessing or a curse?

Cristina Caramelo Gomes, Sandra Pretob,*
a

Faculdade de Arquitectura e Artes, Universidade Lusada de Lisboa, Portugal

b
Faculdade de Arquitectura da Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal

Abstract
In workplaces environments, a well-planned lighting design requires a multidisciplinary knowledge and interdisciplinary
involvement. This involves more than economic issues. Today we are forced to decrease the energy consumption which can be
achieved throughout the use of LED lighting. Architects/designers have to have in mind when creating or remodeling a
workplace is the simple fact that they are not designing for themselves, to their own aesthetic values, culture, and preferences.
Environment evokes different emotions and light could, and should be used to, elicit the best and avoid the worst impact. It
seems to be that we spend almost 90% of our lifetime in an indoor environment of some kind. However, visible light goes from
360 nm to 780 nm which influence us in different ways. Light affects our body and mind, both visual and non-visually and they
are essential to keep our biological needs in balance. These non-visual functions depend on the intrinsically photosensitive retinal
ganglion cells (ipRGCs). The lighting layout principal concern is providing a good light for seeing, however, the non-visual
functions are the ones that regulate and synchronize our biological functions such as our circadian entrainment, pupillary light
reflex, melatonin regulation, cognitive performance, mood, locomotors activity, memory, body temperature, etc We must have
in mind that blue light, for instance, is present in natural light but also in artificial light. Nowadays, there are plenty of blue-rich
light sources particularly in technological gadgets. Blue light is essential since it triggers physiological responses and is important
to visual processes including color perception in spite of studies that indicate the opposite. Blue light is used to induce
physiological rest. Memory, alertness, attention span, reaction times, learning ability and cognitive performance all perform
much better under blue light; but it can also suppress melatonin secretion. The present paper aims to study the dos and donts
of lighting design in a workplace. To achieve such goals the research will be conducted throughout literature review.
2015
Published
by by
Elsevier
B.V.B.V.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
2015The
TheAuthors.
Authors.
Published
Elsevier
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of AHFE Conference.
Peer-review under responsibility of AHFE Conference
Keywords: Blue light; Visual; Non-visual; Wavelength/spectral; Circadian rhythm; Wellbeing; Emotion

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +351 964113174.

E-mail address: sandrapreto@hotmail.com

2351-9789 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of AHFE Conference
doi:10.1016/j.promfg.2015.07.459

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1. Introduction
Nowadays we are moving from the idea that light is only for enabling us to see to the idea that light is more than
that, since it is responsible for maintaining, and have a profound impact, on our circadian rhythm synchronisation.
And this simple fact alerts us for the quality and quantity of light that we need in order to accomplish a good vision
and, also, improve our health and wellbeing, not forgetting about our emotions. And we must ask the question: What
is more important, our health or economic issues? The car industry offers a solution in which the price of the car
changes [1, 2] if it is a luxury or a city car. But when the issue is health of human beings we cannot agree with this
way of thinking.
The actual concerning about sustainability, costs associated with the energy consumption and the necessity of
improving indoor environment are all important but to achieve them we need to increase the light levels during the
day, especially in the morning and then decreasing it gradually towards the end of the day when all the lights must
be off, once there are no users around. And this could balance the energy costs.
Fortunately, or not, the lighting industry provide us with more lighting options that solve, or at least minimize,
some of the problems that fluorescent lamps present such as the mercury steam and the low levels of CRI (Color
Rendering Color). Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are the new lighting system that is trying to solve many issues,
especially regarding to energy consumption, lifetime and temperature; the LEDs will gradually replace older type or
lamps, fluorescent, and incandescent. With Kyoto Protocol they all will be replaced by September 1st 2016, at least
in Europe [3]. LEDs are becoming very popular in technical equipment like digital monitor, smartphones, TV sets,
computers, traffic lights, coffee makers and all modern electronic equipment and other domestic appliances. [4, 5]
We spend most of our lifetime in indoor environments, thus we are under longer and more intense exposures to
artificial light, and nowadays it is almost the same that saying that we are under blue light which has a significant
impact in human wellbeing. Moreover we spend more and more hours in front of screens (TV, computer, etc.) [6].
Nevertheless, new problems has come to the surface, the radiation emitted from LEDs may cause ocular damage
[3], and the flickering effect, which is noticeable with measurements, since LEDs operates regularly on low
frequencies (below 100 Hz). There is a misunderstanding about the fact that LEDs show a narrow band but do not
emit monochromatic light like LASER (Light Amplification Simulated Emission of Radiation) does [7]. The
flickering effect causes headaches and visual discomfort. In spite of that fact, LEDs could help in the treatment of
SAD (seasonal affective disorder) with the use of blue light [7], and since the LEDs can reproduce alterations of
light it could aid our biological clock. [5]
But it is important that we analyze the effects of visual, and non-visual, of the different spectrum/wavelength of
light.
2. Blue light
Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) radiation has a downside on our visual system, in retinal epithelium cells (RPE).
And nowadays, we are exposed to many sources of LEDs irradiation like the one incorporated in screens of PCs,
smartphones and TV sets. Nonetheless, they contribute to the development of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and
could lead to degenerative eye diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD). A high level of ROS
production could be expected in RPE cells exposed to short wavelength (blue). [3]
Before we go further it is necessary to understand what exactly blue light is.
Between ultraviolet (UV) and infrared (IR) radiation is the visible spectrum which is goes from 360 to 720 nm.
Visible light is mentioned to as short- (blue), medium- (green), and long-wavelength (red) radiation. Blue light and
UV-A are mentioned to as near UV or HEV (high-energy visible) due to the high photon energy, but in this paper
we will use the term blue light. And blue light begins at 380 nm and ends at 500 nm (Figure 1a) [8]. Blue light can
be found in both natural source (sun) and artificial lighting. The fact of being high photon energy makes it skilled to
induce photochemical damage. On the other hand blue light has an significant impact on the non-visual function. [6,
9, 4]

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Fig. 1. (a) The electromagnetic spectrum and optical radiation. [6]; (b) Absorption and transmission of solar radiation in the eye. The cornea and
crystalline lens filter out UVB and most UVA, so that the most energetic light reaching the retina is short wavelength blue-violet light. [6]

3. Visual
The cornea blocks ultraviolet (UV) radiation in wavelengths below 300 nm which is then absorbed by the iris
where it passes through the pupillary aperture; the crystalline lens blocks most UV radiation between 300 nm and
400 nm (Figure 1b), both contributing to the defense of the retina against the dangers of UV light. [4, 10]
But as the eye ages, light transmission and absorption change, primarily due to the yellowing of the crystalline
lens, so less blue light reaches the retina in elderly eyes which natural defenses and repair mechanisms become less
operative [6], thus, the pupil decreases in size with age and these two factors make older age groups more
susceptible to disorders in the photo-entrainment of circadian rhythm. [11]
Since childhood the eye is protected by a self-defense process from blue light but this defense loses efficiency
over the years due to the yellowing of the crystalline and it makes the retina more sensitive to blue light. One of the
blue light absorbers is RPE (retinal pigmental epithelial) cells, since they supply the photoreceptors with nutrients,
such as melanin. The RPE cells are not photoreceptive, but are vital to the renewal of visual pigments and contribute
to the normal function of cones and rods (photoreceptors). [6, 8] On the other hand, Lipofuscin, also known as the

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age pigment, starts to build up in childhood by the 10 years of age and becoming apparent in the RPE cells of
healthy human retinas, and its accumulation all over the years can lead to permanent cellular damage. So, although
RPE helps to regenerate visual pigments, lipofuscin affect negatively this process. [9, 6, 10]
Shorter wavelength light is the most hazardous component of the visible spectrum, and is known to generate ROS
(reactive oxygen species) in the retina and that happens when an incident photon of light is absorbed by an
intermediate molecule in the presence of oxygen. ROS like lipofuscin also accumulates over the years. [4] ROS
(Figure 2) has been associated in the pathogenesis of retinal degenerative diseases such as AMD (age-related
macular degeneration), it can also cause photochemical damage, leading to the death by apoptosis first of RPE cells
and afterwards of photoreceptors. [6, 8] ROS, such as free radicals, hydrogen peroxide, or singlet oxygen, they are
highly reactive and capable of inducing damage to local and surrounding cells, and macromolecules, such as
proteins, lipids, and DNA. [8]
Going back to LEDs, since they are mainly blue-enriched light, and the power-peak of the damaging process
discussed above is within the range of blue light, at 450 nm. The ONL (outer nuclear layer) after 39 weeks of
exposure (450 nm) to LEDs is also compromised, only 4/5 layers, from the 12/13 layers (Figure 3). The destruction
of photoreceptors leads to loss of visual and night blindness. [4, 8]

Fig. 2. Risk of increased ROS. [11]

Fig. 3. Representative images of hematoxylin staining for retina section in control and LED-exposure mice. Light micrographs were taken from
the mouse retinas. Sections of control and light-exposed retinas stained with hematoxylin. In control retinas (A and B), the ONL shows the
photoreceptor nuclei normally (B). The arrangement of photoreceptor cells in the outer nuclear layer was slightly distorted and the thickness of
the outer nuclear layer was decreased after 2 weeks (C and D) and 4 weeks (E and F) exposure. At 39 weeks after light exposure (G and H), with
a significant reduction in the thickness of the outer nuclear layer (G), and the photoreceptor cell loss is evident (H). After light exposure, noted
that the outer nuclear layer becomes thinner over time. ONL, outer nuclear layer. Scale bars= 50 um. [4].

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Fig. 4. Diagram of the biological functions controlled by the circadian biological clock (non exhaustive list). The structures indicated in colour
are respectively in red: the suprachiasmatic nucleus, in orange: the pineal gland, in blue: the hypothalamus (containing the VLPO) [ventrolateral
preoptic area], known as the sleep switch), in beige: the brain stem (containing the ascending activator cortical pathway and the slow wave /
paradoxical sleep sleep switch), in green: the thalamus (responsible for cortical activation and synchronization of the EEG. (Modified diagram by
[16] and [15]. [15]

One way of avoiding this problems in the eye is with lens that block the entry of blue light in, especially in the
four 10-nm sub-bands within the blue-violet spectrum between 415 nm and 455 nm, but blue light is essential for
physiological responses which include pupil constriction and circadian rhythm synchronization, could be with IOLs
(Intraocular Lens) but they could negatively influence the photo-entrainment of circadian rhythm. These filters
could help but they will not eliminate the risk for retinal damage from phototoxicity. [12, 10, 6]
4. Non-visual
Light is essential (Figure 4) for visual (image formation) functions by the visual system, but is also crucial for the
regulation of numerous non-visual (non-image-forming) functions. Light is responsible for the synchronization of
circadian cycles, which are influenced by the external world. Circadian rhythmicity is more than just psychological
since it is present in thermoregulation, endocrine and cardiovascular functions, sleep, alertness, immune system and
cognitive abilities. Lack of light has a negative impact on mood (SAD - seasonal affective disorders), on
neurocognitive processes (cognitive performance, memory) and could be a disturbance of sleep and alertness. But
light also induces strong and severe changes in alertness, sleep propensity, attention, cognitive performance,
cognitive brain function, body temperature, heart rate, melatonin and cortisol secretion, gene expression, and pupil
constriction [13, 14, 15].
The ipRGCs (intrinsically photopigment retinal ganglion cell) contain melanopsin and have a maximum
sensitivity between 420 to 480 nm and are implicated in non-visual responses to light. [17, 6]. Cones and rods have
their peak sensibility at 505 nm and 555 nm, respectively. So, light responses is different on each photoreceptor, in
the strength and wavelength sensitivity of light on non-visual functions that vary with irradiance level, duration of
light exposure and prior light history [4], and this is extremely vital in winter, when our exposure to blue light
decreases [13, 17].
The cones when combined with ipRGCs contribute to the non-visual responses, especially in the beginning of a
light exposure. IpRGCS are more sluggish than other photoreceptors [18], besides the fact that melanopsin
dominates the responses to light longer exposures and irradiance. During the continued exposure to light, ipRGCs
controls the light responses however this contribution decreases in the course of time [19]. The longer exposure to
light to short-wavelengths more effective is the alertness and performance. [20]

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Fig. 5. (a) Circadian rhythms are determined particularly by melatonin and cortisol because they impact on the body in opposite cycles [22]; (b)
Circadian rhythm rise and fall like a wave during the 24 hour day. Misaligned rhythms (shown in purple) may cause the body clock to regulate
the wrong hormones at the wrong time of day. [14]

5. Circadian
Circadian rhythm manages the main light reactive brain chemicals; melatonin and serotonin (Figure 5a, 5b). [22]
Melatonin (sleep hormone) secretion usually increases when the lights are off, peaks in the middle of the night and
gradually falls until the sunrise. Sleep usually takes place when the melatonin level is high, and wakefulness
happens when plasma melatonin levels are low, and no suppression of melatonin occur when the eyes are covered
[21, 23]. The secretion of melatonin is followed by cortisol (stress hormone) emission from the adrenal cortex
(which affects the breaking own of carbohydrates, protein and fat, the development of white blood cells, the activity
of the nervous system, and the regulation of blood pressure). [21, 24] On the other hand, a healthy level of serotonin
(mood hormone), which regulate mood, appetite, sleep, as well as muscle contraction, throughout our lifetime
decreases by 10% per decade, drawing attention to the linking of the circadian system neurodegenerative disorders.
[21, 22] We must have in mind that the length of the clocks period is an individual characteristic, it does not vary in
adults, but is flexible during childhood and youth. [16]
Melatonin in addition of sleep-improving also reduce alertness. Blue light could induce the decrease of
melatonin, and thus enhance alertness and improve the speed of information processing. [23]
6. Wavelength/spectral
By comparing the two curves (Figure 6a, 6b) it is evident that the biological and visual sensitivity have different
wavelengths of light, while circadian peak sensitivity is at 460 nm the visual sensitivity is at 550 nm. [25]
It has not been easy to have clinical data with benefits of short-wavelength exposure, but blue light has been
superior than red, in the treatment of SAD. So, it could happen due to the absence of exposure to blue sky in the
short, often overcast days of winter. Blue-enriched white lighting in offices has beneficial effects on daytime
alertness, performance, mood, eye strain, as well as on nighttime sleep quality and duration. Thus, visual comfort,
and sleep quality can be better by light sources with short wavelengths. [26, 13]

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Fig. 6. (a) Spectral biological action curve (based on melatonin suppression), in blue, source: Brainard [7], and the visual eye sensitivity curve, in
red. [26]; (b) In 2001, Dr. Brainard and colleagues identified the action spectrum of light as most effective from 447-476 nm. Subsequent studies
have updated this region to ~460-485. [14]

7. Wellbeing and emotion

Well-being is defined by Websters dictionary as a good or satisfactory condition of existence; a state
characterized by health, happiness and prosperity. [28]
Blue light strengthens and stimulates connections between areas of the brain that process emotion and language
and this may help people to better handle emotional challenges and regulate mood over time. [13]
During the exposure to blue light there is a significant reduction in both breath rate and the diastolic blood
pressure, thus blue light reduces physiological arousal, supporting the claim that blue light can be used to induce
physiological rest. And this facts turns possible that in chromotherapy blue light is used in the management of
insomnia. [27]
Emotional tasks were shown to be stronger with blue light exposure (473nm or 480 nm, to which melanopsin
ipRGCs and the non-image-forming system is maximally sensitive. [13]
8. Conclusions
From all that has been stated we can conclude that blue light is not blessing nor a curse, but instead is something
that, we must learn how to balance to protect our eyes, nevertheless we can take benefits from the good influence on
the non-visual functions. However, it is essential to respect the circadian rhythms and do not override the balance of
the two hormones: melatonin and serotonin.
One way that we can protect ourselves, somewhat, from the maladies of blue light could be the use of indirect
lighting systems and in that way we do not look directly to the artificial sources of blue light. Another way to not
ignore our non-visual functions is the change the way that we conceive indoor environments, especially when it
comes to the lighting system. If we use a dynamic, instead of a static, lighting system that varies, along the day,
from a cool light to a warm one, we can respect our circadian rhythms, improve our performance and protect our
eyes.
9. Discussion
It is worth to conduct more studies in order to perceive other forms of protecting our eyes. As for the million
dollar question, balance is the key. As we stated we need blue light and lenses that block the short wavelength is not
the best way, since it jeopardizes our non-visual needs.

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