Experiment 1: Vapour Compression Cycle diagram at various condition

Experiment 2: Energy Balance for refrigerator

ENERGY BALANCE
The first law of thermodynamics demands that energy be neither created nor
destroyed. The following is a systematic energy balance performed for each unit of
the process. The datum temperature for calculation is taken as 0 C. The different
properties like specific heat, heat of reaction, heat of vaporization, etc. are taken to
be constant over the temperature range. This does not however, introduce
significant error in the calculations.
The units are as depicted in the flow sheet (Ch-3, Fig. 3.3) Energy balance around
the refrigeration unit Inputs:
Temperature of make-up water = 30 C
Temperature of recycled water = 30 C
Sensible heat of make up water = m.CP.T = 0.40004.18(30-0)= 50 kW
Sensible heat of recycled water = m.CP.T = 7.90344.18(30-0)= 991 kW
Total heat in = 1041 kW Outputs:
Temperature of water exiting = 11 C
Sensible heat of the exit stream = m.CP.T = 8.30344.18(11-0)= 382 kW
Rate of heat removal in the refrigeration unit = 1041-382 = 659 kW

Experiment: 3 the effect of Different condensing temperature on

refrigerator duty or cooling ability: on refrigerator performance
coefficient.
Conclusions: Any gas or vapor has a maximum temperature at which it
may be condensed into liquid. Above this temperature it remains a gas
regardless of the pressure applied. Example: Critical Temperature of
carbon dioxide (CO2) is 87.8 deg. F. If condensing water is at or above
this temperature, it is impossible to condense the carbon dioxide gas.
Therefore it is not practical to operate a CO2 system where reasonable
cool condensing water is not available.
The COP of a refrigerator is given by the following equation:

COP = Desired Output/Required Input = Cooling Effect/Work Input = Q L/Wnet,in

Experiment : 4 Effect of different motor power on performance coefficient

The efficiency of refrigeration systems and heat pumps is denoted by its Coefficient Of Performance
(COP). The COP is determined by the ratio between energy usage of the compressor and the
amount of useful cooling at the evaporator (for a refrigeration instalation) or useful heat extracted
from the condensor (for a heat pump). A high COP value represents a high efficiency.
Most of the electric energy needed to drive the compressor is released to the refrigerant as heat.
Therefore more heat is available at the condensor than is extracted at the evaporator of the heat
pump.
For a heat pump a COP value of 4 means that the addition of 1 kW of electric energy is needed to
have a release of 4 kW of heat at the condensor. At the evaporator side 3,0-3,5 kW of heat is
extracted. The additional heat is generated by the compressor. On the other hand: For a refrigeration
system a COP of 4 indicates that 1 kW of electricity is needed for a evaporator to extract 4 kW of
heat. Due to this important difference in COP definition, for a heat pump one often speaks of COPh.
In this abbreviation 'h' means heating.

The efficiency of a heat pump, COPh, depends on several factors. Especially the temperature
difference between waste heat source and potential user is an important factor. The temperature

difference between condensation and evaporation temperature mainly determines the efficiency: the
smaller the difference, the higher the COPh.
The figure on the left shows the influence of this temperature difference on the COPh value. These
values are based on figures from a Grasso 65HP compressor with the refrigerant Ammonia.
The figure shows an increase in COPh with an increasing evaporation temperature. Futhermore it
shows a decrease in COPh with a decreasing condensation temperature. In general the COPh
decreases with an increase in temperature difference between condensation and evaporation.
The figure below gives an indication of the dependence of the COPh of an Ammonia heat pump as
a function of this temperature difference.
Another important factor that influences efficiency is the appliedrefrigerant. Ammonia, for example, is
a very efficient refrigerant with a COPh of 6 for a evaportion temperature of 30 C and condensation
temperature of 70 C. These same conditions only give a COPh of 4,5 for refrigerant R134A. Other
factors that will effect the efficiency of a heat pump are system controls, efficiency of pheripheral
equipement like fans, pumps, etc.

Carnot efficiency
The theoretical maximum efficiency of a heat pump is described by the Carnot-efficiency:

The equation shows that the Carnot-efficiency depends on the condensation and evaporation
temperature. With an ideal compression cycle without losses it is possible to achieve the Carnot
efficiency. However, in practice there are a lot of parameters that have a negative influence on the
efficiency. Therefore the real COPh is given by the product of the Carnot efficiency and the system
efficiency:

The system efficiency is usually 50% to 70%

Lorentz efficiency
With a transcritical heat pump the Carnot-efficiency can not be used, because there is no
condensation temperature, but a temperature range in the gas cooler. The theoretic maximum
efficiency of a transcritical heat pump is described by the Lorentz efficiency.

Tm is the mean temperature in the gas cooler. This temperature is calculated from the temperature
at the inlet and the outlet of the gas cooler:

Similar to Carnot, the Lorentz efficiency will not be reached in practice due to all kind of losses. To
determine the real COP, a system efficiency must be taken into account:

Coefficient of performance (COP), is an expression of the efficiency of a heat

pump. When calculating the COP for a heat pump, the heat output from the
condenser (Q) is compared to the power supplied to the compressor (W).
Coefficient of performance (COP), is an expression of the efficiency of a heat pump. When
calculating the COP for a heat pump, the heat output from the condenser (Q) is compared to
the power supplied to the compressor (W).
The formula to the right can be used to calculate COP.
In other words, COP is defined as the relationship between the power (kW) that is drawn out
of the heat pump as cooling or heat, and the power (kW) that is supplied to the compressor.
For example:
A given heat pump used for air cooling has a COP = 2. This means that 2 kW of cooling

power
is achieved for each kW of power consumed by the pumps compressor.
COP is indicated without units. Therefore the produced heat and the supplied power employ
the same units during COP calculation.

Experiment: 5 Overall heat Transfer coefficient for the condenser cooling

coil

Experiment: 6 Performance of the thermostatic expansion valve

The thermostatic expansion valve performs following functions:

1) Reduce the pressure of the refrigerant: The first and the foremost
function of the thermostatic expansion valve is to reduce the pressure of the
refrigerant from the condenser pressure to the evaporator pressure. In the
condenser the refrigerant is at very high pressure. The thermostatic
expansion valve has a constriction or orifice due to which the pressure of the
refrigerant passing through it drops down suddenly to the level of the
evaporator pressure. Due this the temperature of the refrigerant also drops
down suddenly and it produces cooling effect inside the evaporator.
2) Keep the evaporator active: The thermostatic expansion valve allows
the flow of the refrigerant as per the cooling load inside it. At higher load the
flow of the refrigerant is increased and at the lower loads the flow is reduced.
It wont happen that the load on the evaporator is high and the flow of the
refrigerant is low thereby reducing the capacity of the evaporator. The
thermostatic expansion valve allows the evaporator to run as per the
requirements and there wont be any wastage of the capacity of the
evaporator. The TEV constantly modulates the flow to maintain the
superheat for which it has been adjusted.
3) Allow the flow of the refrigerant as per the requirements: This is another
important function of the thermostatic expansion valve. It allows the flow of
the refrigerant to the evaporator as per the load on it. This prevents the
flooding of the liquid refrigerant to the compressor and efficient working of
the evaporator and the compressor and the whole refrigeration plant.
Experiment: 7 The effect of different condensing temperatures on the heat
delivered to the cooling water.

Experiment : 8 The effect of different condensing temperature on

performance coefficient as a heat pump.
The COP of a heat pump is given by the following equation:
COP = Desired Output/Required Input = Heating Effect/Work Input = QH/Wnet,in

Efficiency and Coefficient of Performance of Carnot Cycles

A Carnot Cycle operates between thermal reservoirs at 55oC and 560oC. Calculate

4 pts

a.) The thermal efficiency, , if it is a power cycle

b.) The COP if it is a refrigerator
c.) The COP if it is a heat pump

Read :

This is a straightforward application of the definitions of efficiency and coefficient of performance.

Given:

TH
TH

560
833.15

???

Find:

TC
TC

K
COPR

???

COPHP

55
328.15

???

Diagram: Not necessary for this problem.

Assumptions:

None.

Equations / Data / Solve:

Part a.)

The thermal efficiency of a Carnot Cycle depends only on the temperatures of the thermal reservoirs with
which it interacts. The equation that defines this relationship is :

Eqn 1

Just be sure to use absolute temperature in Eqn 1 ! In this case, convert

to Kelvin. Temperatures inRankine will work also.

Part b.)

60.6%

The coefficient of performance of a Carnot Refrigeration Cycle also depends only on

the temperaturesof the thermal reservoirs with which it interacts. The equation that defines this relationship
is :

Eqn 2

Using T in Kelvin yields :

COPR

0.6498

This is an exceptionally BAD COPR because it is less than 1. This isn't terribly surprising when you consider
that the refrigerator must reject heat to a thermal reservoir at 560oC !!

Part c.)

The coefficient of performance of a Carnot Heat Pump Cycle also depends only on the temperatures of
the thermal reservoirs with which it interacts. The equation that defines this relationship is :

Eqn 3

Using T in Kelvin yields :

COPHP

1.6498

This is a BAD COPHP because it is just barely greater than 1. This isn't terribly surprising when you consider
that the heat pump must put out heat to a reservoir at 560oC !!

Notice also that :

Eqn 4

This is always true for Carnot Cycles.

Verify:

No assumptions to verify that were not given in the problem statement.

Answers :

1.65
60.6%

COPR

0.650

COPHP

Experiment: 9 Power Supply Input Study

Energy Efficiency Ratio

The efficiencies of air conditioners and heat pumps sold in the United States are often
stated in terms of an energy efficiency ratio (EER):

This peculiar ratio can be compared to the more straightforward coefficient of

performance by converting BTU/hr to watts:

Therefore CP = EER x 0.292. The range of EER's for air conditioners is typically
about 5.5 to 10.5 with those units for which EER>7.5 being classified as "high
efficiency" units. This is a range of 1.6 to 3.1 in CP.