HISTORY
e a ti Nets
e e fi st i e ted fo o pute s Ri ha d H. Ri he
of the Cambridge Language Research Unit in 1956 as a i te li gua fo
machine translation of natural language. They were developed by Robert
.F.Simmons as System Development Corporation, California in the early
1960s.Later improved in the work of M.Ross Quilian in 1966 to use a sa
modal of human mind.
Computer implementations of semantic networks were first developed for
artificial intelligence and machine translation, but before using in
computers and machine language it have long been used in philosophy
and psychology.
Semantic Net
Human memory is a network of associations between
different pieces of knowledge. Thus we need a satisfactory
knowledge representation language which reflect the high
degree of interconnectivity between the pieces of information
contained in the human memory.
Semantic net is one of the important way of graph based
representation of knowledge.
In the semantic net the information is represented as a set of
nodes connected to each other by a set of labeled arcs, which
represent the relationship among them.
This network contains examples of both the isa and instance
relations
Semantic Net(contd.)
Nodes represent the objects and descriptive information
about those objects.
Links describe the relationships between the nodes
Object can be any physical item such as book, car, desk, or
even a person.
Objects can also be concepts, events, or actions.
Attributes of an object can also be used as nodes. These may
represent size, color, class, age etc.
Following are the rules for nodes in most of semantic nets:1. Nodes in a Semantic net represent either:
a) Entities
b) Attributes
c) States or
d) Events
Two-wheeler
Is-a
Motor-bike
Is-a
Brakes
has
Moving-vehicle
has
has
Engine
has
Electrical-system
Fuel-system
Line -printer
has-a
Delhi University
Mini Computer
has-a
Computer
System
Centre
Is-a
HCL
Horizon III
has-a
has-part
Speed
Dumb-terminal
Part-of
Hammer-bank
has-part
Key Board
Delhi
Is-in
Delhi University
has-departments
has-part
Monitor
1. This semantic net has two variables X and Y as a part of the node.
2. This implies that the speed of the line printer could be 300 or 600
lines per minute.
3. Delhi university could have 18 or 25 or 30 departments.
Classification of Nodes in a Semantic Net:
Generally, the nodes in the semantic net are classified as:
1. Generic Nodes: It is a very general node. In the semantic network
on previous slide, for the semantic network of Delhi University centre,
the mini computer system is a generic node because many mini
computer systems exist and that node has to cater to all of them.
2. Individual or Instance nodes : Individual or instance nodes explicitly
state that they are specific instances of a generic node. HCLs
Horizon III is an individual node because it is a very specific instance
of the mini-computer system.
Many link structures are being used today in semantic nets , some of
them are:
1. is_a
2. has_a 3. has_dept 4. contains 5. part_of
6. is_in etc.
Two -wheeler
Moving-vehicle
2. Individual Node:Is_a
Mini-Computer
System
Vehicle
Land-Vehicle
Road
Vehicle
Kawasaki
Bajaj
Water-Vehicle
Rail-Vehicle
Eicher
Mitsubishi
Shatabdi
Express
RiverVehicle
TGV of
France
Air-Vehicle
Sea-Vehicle
Canoe/boat
INS
Vikrant
Aircraft
Space-Vehicle
IAFs
Baaz
Sputnik
F-16
Challenger
Example
Animal
isa
Bird
hasPart
isa
Robin
isa
Rusty
isa
Red
Wings
Example
Sue
mother
John
age
father
34
Max
Example(Contd.)
Mammal
isa
Has-part
Person
Uniform
color
Blue
Nose
Instance
team
Sachin
India
isa
INDIA
Visiting
team
GT
score
Home team
USA
7-2
Give
Book
instance
agent
John
EV11
instance
object
beneficiary
Mary
BK22
Is_a
Person
has_part
Brain
instance
Blue
Uniform_color
Tendulkar
team
India
Eg.: Score(England,India,250-300)
Game
Is_a
250-300
score
Cricket
visiting_team
England
home_team
India
Man
ako
Car
Cat
colour
Is_a
Instance of
Vehicle
Tendulkar
owns
Cap
colour
Blue
There should be difference between a link that defines a new entity and
one that relates two existing entities.
a)
b)
height
John
John
72
Bill
height
height
greater_than
H1
H2
c)
John
Bill
height
height
greater_than
H1
H2
value
72
Conceptual Graphs
Conceptual graphs are semantic nets representing the meaning of (simple)
sentences in natural language
It is a technique for representing the content of a declarative sentence
describe the several aspects of a particular event.
It contains the two types of nodes
Concept node
Relation node( binary relation between concepts)
Example:
GO
NEW YORK
JOHN
Who
How
BUS
Where
isa
Not isa
Quakers
republican
isa
Nixon
isa
Delhi University
Delhi College of
Engineering
C1
NSIT
C2
Dogs
Is-a
assailant
Bite
Mail-carrier
Is-a
Is-a
victim
Dogs
form
Bite
Mail-carrier
Is-a
Is-a
S1 Is-a
assailant
victim
d
b
m
SA
Dogs
GS
Is-a
g
Town-Dogs
form
Bite
Constables
Is-a
S1 Is-a
assailant
victim
d
b
Is-a
C
SA
Dogs
Bite
Is-a
S1
d
Mail-carrier
Is-a
assailant
victim
b
form
GS
Is-a g
Is-a
m
Advantaages
Disadvantages
Facts placed inappropriately may cause the misconception.
There is no standard about node and arc values.
Multiple inheritance (Particularly from multiple sources when inheritance
are wanted) can cause the conflict.
There is no standard definition of link and node names. This make it
diffi ult to u de sta d the et o k thats h it is ot desig ed i the
consistent manner.
Initially semantic network was proposed as a modal of human associative
memory. But the human brain contain 1010 neurons and 1015 links.
Co side ho lo g it take fo the hu a to a s e NO to a uestio
A e the e t ee o the oo ? O e iousl hu a p o ess i fo atio is i
very different way. It is not as modeled by the semantic net.
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