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ORIENTAL UNIVERSITY, INDORE
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
COURSE: B-TECH VIII SEMESTER
STUDENT REFERENCE MANUAL

(SESSION: JAN-JUNE/2016)
Oriental University, Indore

Mechanical Engineering Department
Our Vision and Mission

Vision
To provide a distinctively Indian environment of educational excellence while challenging the
academically accelerated individual and accelerating the academically challenged individual.
Mission
To promote the value of learning, self growth among students and staff, quality performance among
students and staff, and transition for students to productive and responsible participation in society.
To promote a safe and stimulating environment for bright and curious students to interact with and
learn from each other.
To entertain students with educational offerings that provides fun learning opportunities.
To provide a creative and rewarding work environment for all employees.
CODE OF CONDUCT FOR STUDENTS:

(i)All students must attend classes in right earnest immediately after registration. The minimum required
attendance for each semester is 75%.
(ii)All students must fill up correct entries in the registration form on the date specified for registration.
(iii)All students must attend college in proper uniform. This is required to keep up their position as a
bonafide student of Diploma Course.
(iv)Students must show their Identity cards on demand to the Institute Authorities at any time in the
Oriental University campus.
(v)Student must take care that they do not damage the Institute furniture, fixtures and property as a
whole. They must maintain cleanliness in the premises.
(vi)Students are advised to notify any changes in their addresses, telephone/mobile number & e-mail
address.
(vii)Unit Test and Mid Semester Examination will be conducted for all course covered up to the date
given in the Academic Calendar. All Students must attend these tests. The Unit Tests/Mid Sem
examinations have a definite bearing upon the award of internal assessment marks to be sent at the end
of semester to the University.
(viii)All Students are expected to remain in their classroom and not wander about aimlessly in the
Campus.
(ix)Students should not visit Canteen during working hours/class time.
(x)Tobacco, cigarettes liquor, drugs and intoxicants are banned in the College Campus. Students should
not be found having consumed or possessing it.
(xi)Students should not carry valuables to the college. If they do, it will be at their own risk and
responsibility. The Cell phones in any case, should be switched off by them within the ORIENTAL
UNIVERSITY Campus and in the Classroom.
(xii)Students will not skip classes or leave College during the college timings. They are expected to
utilize their free time in the library, computer laboratory or similar constructive activities.
(xiii)Students are expected to maintain standards of professionalism in regard to their academic
performance and are expected to protect the integrity of their work at all times. Incidents of cheating in
examinations; plagiarism in the preparation of written work or assignments; misrepresentation or
falsification of data; theft, or destruction of the academic work of other students; and alteration, theft, or
destruction of academic records, library materials, laboratory materials, or other Institute equipment or
property related to instructional matters or research will not be tolerated.
(xiv)Students are expected to conduct themselves responsibly and professionally when dealing with all
members of the ORIENTAL UNIVERSITY as well as in Training & Placement activities in the
Auditorium and in other events where they are representing ORIENTAL UNIVERSITY. Failure to
abide with the rules may lead to stern action from Management.
Contents
S No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Particulars
Academic Calendar
Scheme
Syllabus with Topic Outcome
List Of Experiment
Topic wise References
References
Useful Websites
Related Journals
Question Bank
Previous Question Papers
Glossary
Oriental University, Indore (MP)

Semester VIII
Branch MECHANICAL Engineering

Course: - BTech
SCHEME
Maximum Marks Allotted
Theory Slot
S.No
Subjects
Subject
Code
Practical Slot
Credits
Allotted
Subject
wise
Total
Marks
Total
Credits
End Mid Sem.

Sem. MST
(Two
tests
average)
Quiz,
Assignment
70
20
10
100
End
Sem
Term work
Assignm
Lab
work & ent/ quiz
Period per
week
sessional
BTME-801
Elective III
BTME-802
Refrigeration &
Air Conditioning
70
20
10
30
10
10
150
BTME-803
Machine Design III
70
20
10
30
10
10
150
BTME -804
Computer Integrated
Manufacturing
70
20
10
30
10
10
150
BTCS -805
100
50
50
200
BTME -806
Seminar / Group Discussion (Internal Evaluation )
50
50
80
40
190
80
130
800
12
16
Major Project
Total
280
Remark
MST: Mid Semester Tests Taken at Least twice Per Semester L: Lecture -T: Tutorial -P: Practical
MTME- 801 Elective III

BTME 801(A) Energy Management & Audit
BTME 801 (B) Tools Design and Machine Tools
BTME 801 (C) Work Study & Ergonomics
BTME 801 (D) Simulation & Process Modeling
32
Grand
Total
800
BTME 801
RELIABILITY AND MAINTENANCE ENGINEERING
BTME 801: Reliability and Maintenance

SYLLABUS
Unit 1 Maintenance Concepts and Strategies: Introduction, maintenance functions and objectives,
maintenance planning and scheduling, maintenance organization.
General Introduction to Maintenance Types: Breakdown, emergency, corrective, predictive, and
preventive; maintenance prevention; design-out maintenance, productive maintenance, shutdown
maintenance and scheduled maintenance.
Topic Outcome: - Maintenance is work that is carried out to preserve an asset in order to enable its
continued use and function, above a minimum acceptable level of performance, over its design service
life, without unforeseen renewal or major repair activities. This unit reflects on the importance, need and
benefit of Maintenance activity in an industry. This topic includes significance of various types of
maintenance like Breakdown, emergency, corrective, predictive, preventive; design-out maintenance,
productive maintenance, shutdown maintenance and scheduled maintenance. Also learn when which
types maintenance should use.
Unit 2 Condition Based Maintenance: Principles of CBM, pillars of condition monitoring, CBM
Implementation and benefits, condition monitoring techniques- visual monitoring, vibration monitoring,
wear debris monitoring, corrosion monitoring, performance monitoring.
Topic outcome:- Condition monitoring means determining the health and condition of equipments,
machines and system by observing, checking , monitoring and measuring certain parameter and signals.
The maintenance activity in which the condition monitoring equipments are used known as condition
based maintenance. This unit mainly focuses on working of various condition monitoring techniques
like vibration monitoring, wear debris monitoring and corrosion monitoring etc. A number of strategies
and tactics will learn for collecting condition data and interpreting it for taking corrective actions
Unit 3 Reliability Centered Maintenance (RCM): Concept, methodology, benefits;

Total Productive Maintenance: Evolution of TPM, TPM objectives, concept, pillars of TPM.
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA)/ Failure Modes, Effects and Criticality Analysis
(FMECA):
Overview, elements of FMECA, applications and benefits, risk evaluation, risk priority numbers,
Criticality analysis, process FMEA, qualitative and quantitative approach to FMECA; design FMEA and
steps for carrying out design FMEA.
Topic Outcome: - Reliability Centered Maintenance (RCM) is the process that is used to determine the
most effective approach to maintenance. It involves identifying actions that, when taken, will reduce the
probability of failure and which are the most cost effective. It seeks the optimal mix of Condition-Based
Actions, other Time- or Cycle-Based actions, or a Run-to-Failure approach. RCM is an ongoing process
that gathers data from operating systems performance and uses this data to improve design and future
maintenance. These maintenance strategies, rather than being applied independently, are integrated to
take advantage of their respective strengths in order to optimize facility and equipment operability and
efficiency while minimizing life-cycle costs.
Total productive maintenance (TPM) is a system of maintaining and improving the
integrity of production and quality systems through the machines, equipments, processes and employees
that add business value to the organization. One of the main objectives of TPM is to increase the
productivity of plant and equipment with a modest investment in maintenance. Total quality
management (TQM) and total productive maintenance (TPM) are considered as the key operational
activities of the quality management system.
Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) was one of the first systematic techniques for
failure analysis. It was developed by reliability engineers in the 1950s to study problems that might arise
from malfunctions of military systems. An FMEA is often the first step of a system reliability study. It
involves reviewing as many components, assemblies, and subsystems as possible to identify failure
modes, and their causes and effects. For each component, the failure modes and their resulting effects on
the rest of the system are recorded in a specific FMEA worksheet. There are numerous variations of
such worksheets. An FMEA is mainly a qualitative analysis. A successful FMEA activity helps to
identify potential failure modes based on experience with similar products and processes - or based on
common physics of failure logic. It is widely used in development and manufacturing industries in
various phases of the product life cycle. Effects analysis refers to studying the consequences of those
failures on different system levels.
Unit 4 Basic Concepts of Reliability: Probability distributions used in maintenance engineeringBinomial, Poisson, Exponential, Normal, Log-normal, Gamma and Weibull distribution; failure rate,
hazard rate, failure modes, MTTR, MTBF, MTTF.
Topic Outcome: - The probability that an item will perform a required function without failure under
stated conditions for a stated period of time. Reliability engineering is engineering that emphasizes
dependability in the lifecycle management of a product. Dependability, or reliability, describes the
ability of a system or component to function under stated conditions for a specified period of time.
Failure of items represents unreliability. Failure Rate, Mean time between failure (MTBF) , Mean Time
to failure (MTTF) and Mean time to Repair (MTTR) formula that measure Reliability.
Unit 5 System Reliability Models: System reliability-component series systems, m-component parallel
systems and combined system; standby systems; K-out-of-m systems; redundancy techniques in system
design; event space, decomposition (Key Stone), cut and tie sets, Markov analysis, reliability and
quality, unreliability, maintainability, availability.
Topic Outcome: - In Series system consist of large number of components connected in series. The
successful operation of the system depends on the proper operation of all components connected in
series. If one of these components fails, the system fails. Reliability engineering represents a subdiscipline within systems engineering. Reliability is theoretically defined as the probability of failure, as
the frequency of failures, or in terms of availability, as a probability derived from reliability and
maintainability. Maintainability and maintenance is often defined as a part of "reliability engineering" in
Reliability Programs. Reliability plays a key role in the cost-effectiveness of systems. Maintainability is
used to provide high effective reliability.
Maintainability measures the ease and speed with which a system can be restored to
operational status after a failure occurs. A characteristic of design and installation, expressed as the
probability that an item will be retained in or restored to a specified condition within a given period of
time, when the maintenance is performed in accordance with prescribed procedures and resources.
Availability depends on both reliability and maintainability. It is the probability that a
system or component is performing its required functions at a given point in time or over a stated period
of time when operated and maintained in prescribed manner.
References:
1. Maintenance Engineering and Management by Sushil Kumar Srivastava. S. Chand
2. Industrial Engineering Management by Martand Telsang. S. Chand.
TOPIC WISE REFERENCES

Lect.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Topics
UNIT I
Introduction
Maintenance Functions
Various Faults in Machineries
Aim & objective Of Maintenance
Breakdown & Corrective maintenance
Predictive & preventive maintenance
Proactive & Design out maintenance
Shutdown & Schedule maintenance
Job Planning
Job Scheduling
Maintenance organization
References
R1-1
R1-3
R1-4
R1-4
R1-59, R1-60
R1-62, R1-64
R1-68, R1-70
R1-73
R1-105
R1-108
R1-181
UNIT II
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
What is CBM
Principles of CBM
Pillars of condition monitoring
CBM implementation & benefit
Condition Monitoring techniques visual monitoring
Vibration monitoring
Wear debris monitoring
Corrosion monitoring
Performance monitoring
Leakage monitoring
Lubricants monitoring
Thickness monitoring
UNIT III
Concept Of Reliability Center red Maintenance
TPM
TPM objective and pillars
FMEA Modes
FMECA
Qualitative Approach of FMCA
Steps carrying Out FMEA
UNIT IV
Probability distribution used in maintenance engg
Failure Rate & failure mode
System reliability(Series & Parallel)
Redundancy techniques
MIIR,MTBF & MTTF
UNIT V
Component in Series
Component in Parallel
Combined system and stand by system
Redundancy Technique in System
R1-75, R1-76
R1-66
R1-66
R1-67
R1-77
R1-83
R1-94
R1-101
R1-103
R1-81
R1-94
R1-100
R1-172
R1-163
R1-165
R1-44
R1-52
R1-53
R2-485
R2-486
R2-501
R2-508
R2-488
R2-501
R2-502
R2-506
R2-509
K out of m system
Reliability & Quality
Maintainability & Availability
39
40
41
Reference Books:
1. Maintenance Engineering and Management by Sushil Kumar Srivastava. S. Chand
2. Industrial Engineering Management by Martand Telsang. S. Chand.
Websites:www.plant-maintenance.com
www.me-dtc.com
Journals:International Journal of Reliability and Maintenance by serial Publications
Some Important Question:UNIT 1

1
Explain breakdown maintenance in brief (RGPV May 2011)
Write a note on Job Planning (RGPV Dec 2013)
What are various methods of job Scheduling
What is role of maintenance engineer in industry? (RGPV Dec 2010)
Which are the various faults in Machinery?
UNIT II
1
What is CBM? State its need. (RGPV Dec 2013)
Explain Vibration analysis (RGPV June 2011, 2013 )
Explain Thickness & Leakage monitoring
What is signature analysis?
Explain lubricant monitoring techniques (RGPV May 2009)
UNIT III
1
What is TPM? State its advantage (RGPV June 2013)
R2-506
R2-513
R2-512
What are various steps involved in FMEA (RGPV Dec 2010, June 2011)
Explain FMEA work sheet (RGPV June 2011, 2013 )
What is FTA?
What are the various failure analysis methods?
UNIT IV
1
What is the difference between Quality and Reliability in maintenance?
What do you mean by Failure of item? What are its Causes?
Explain Bath tub curve. (RGPV Dec 2010)
Describe the following term a) Failure Rate b) MTBF c) MTTF d) MTTR (RGPV Dec 2012)
5) Write an expression for Weibull distribution
UNIT V
1
What is the difference between Reliability, Maintainability & Availability? (RGPV June 2014)
Write a note on System Reliability in series and parallel (RGPV Dec 2009,2010, 2013)
What do you mean by Redundancy? State its techniques.
Explain Reliability of K- out of m system
Write a note on Reliability Improvement.
GLOSSARY
Asset - unlike in the accounting definition, in maintenance this is commonly taken to be any item of
physical plant or equipment.
Availability - the proportion of total time that an item of equipment is capable of performing its
specified functions, normally expressed as a percentage. It can be calculated by dividing the equipment
available hours by the total number of hours in any given period.
Available Hours - the total number of hours that an item of equipment is capable of performing its
specified functions. It is equal to the total hours in any given period, less the downtime hours.
Average Life - how long, on average, a component will last before it suffers a failure. Commonly
measured by Mean Time between Failures.
Breakdown - a specific type of failure, where an item of plant or equipment is completely unable to
function.
Component - a subassembly of an Asset, usually removable in one piece and interchangeable with
other, standard components (eg. Truck engine).
Computerized Maintenance Management System - A computerized system to assist with the
effective and efficient management of maintenance activities through the application of computer
technology.
Condition Based Maintenance - an equipment maintenance strategy based on measuring the condition
of equipment in order to assess whether it will fail during some future period, and then taking
appropriate action to avoid the consequences of that failure
Condition Monitoring The use of specialist equipment to measure the condition of equipment.
Vibration Analysis, Tribology and Thermography are all examples of Condition Monitoring techniques.
Conditional Probability of Failure - The probability that an item will fail during a particular age
interval, given that it survives to enter that age.
Corrective Maintenance - Any maintenance activity which is required to correct a failure that has
occurred or is in the process of occurring. This activity may consist of repair, restoration or replacement
of components.
Criticality - The priority rank of a failure mode based on some assessment criteria.
Defect - A term typically used in the maintenance of mobile equipment. A defect is typically a potential
failure or other condition that will require maintenance attention at some time in the future, but which is
not currently preventing the equipment from fulfilling its functions.
Downtime - The time that an item of equipment is out of service, as a result of equipment failure. The
time that an item of equipment is available, but not utilized is generally not included in the calculation of
downtime.
Economic Life - The total length of time that an asset is expected to remain actively in service before it
is expected that it would be cheaper to replace the equipment rather than continuing to maintain it.
Emergency Maintenance Task - A maintenance task carried out in order to avert an immediate safety
or environmental hazard, or to correct a failure with significant economic impact.
Engineering Work Order - The prime document used to initiate an engineering investigation,
engineering design activity or engineering modifications to an item of equipment.
Environmental Consequences - A failure has environmental consequences if it could cause a breach of
any known environmental standard or regulation.
Equipment Maintenance Strategies - The choice of routine maintenance tasks and the timing of those
tasks, designed to ensure that an item of equipment continues to fulfill its intended functions.
Estimated Plant Replacement Value - The estimated cost of capital works required to replace all the
existing assets with new assets capable of producing the same quantity and quality of output. This is a
key value often used in benchmarking activities.
Failure - An item of equipment has suffered a failure when it is no longer capable of fulfilling one or
more of its intended functions. Note that an item does not need to be completely unable to function to
have suffered a failure.
Failure Code - A code typically entered against a Work Order in a CMMS which indicates the cause of
failure (eg. lack of lubrication, metal fatigue etc.)
Failure Consequences - A term used in Reliability Centered Maintenance. The consequences of all
failures can be classified as being either Hidden, Safety, Environmental, Operational, or NonOperational.
Failure Effect A description of the events that occur after a failure has occurred as a result of a
specific Failure Mode. Used in Reliability Centered Maintenance, FMEA and FMECA analyses.
Failure Finding Task - Used in Reliability Centered Maintenance terminology. A routine maintenance
task, normally an inspection or a testing task, designed to determine, for Hidden Failures, whether an
item or component has failed.
Failure Mode - Any event which causes a failure.
Failure Modes, Effects and Criticality Analysis - A structured method of assessing the causes of
failures and their effect on production, safety, cost, quality etc.
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis - A structured method of determining equipment functions,
functional failures, assessing the causes of failures and their failure effects. The first part of a Reliability
Centered Maintenance analysis is a Failure Modes and Effects Analysis.
Failure Pattern - The relationship between the Conditional Probability of Failure of an item, and its
age. Failure patterns are generally applied to Failure Modes. Research in the airline industry established
that there are six distinct failure patterns.
FMECA - Failure Modes, Effects and Criticality Analysis
FMEA - Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
FTA - Fault Tree Analysis
Function - The definition of what we want an item of equipment to do, and the level of performance
which the users of the equipment require when it does it.
Gantt chart - A bar chart format of scheduled activities showing the duration and sequencing of
activities.
Inherent Reliability - A measure of the reliability of an item, in its present operating context, assuming
adherence to ideal equipment maintenance strategies.
Inspection - Any task undertaken to determine the condition of equipment, and/or to determine the
tools, labor, materials, and equipment required to repair the item.
Life - that strange experience you have all day, every day. In a maintenance context, you may want to
look at Equipment Life.
Life Cycle Costing A process of estimating and assessing the total costs of ownership, operation and
maintenance of an item of equipment during its projected equipment life.
Maintainability - The ease and speed with which any maintenance activity can be carried out on an
item of equipment. May be measured by Mean Time to Repair.
Maintainability Engineering - The set of technical processes that apply maintainability theory to
establish system maintainability requirements, allocate these requirements down to system elements and
predict and verify system maintainability performance.
Maintenance - Any activity carried out on an asset in order to ensure that the asset continues to perform
its intended functions, or to repair the equipment. Note that modifications are not maintenance, even
though they may be carried out by maintenance personnel.
Maintenance Engineering A staff function whose prime responsibility is to ensure that maintenance
techniques are effective, that equipment is designed and modified to improve maintainability, that
ongoing maintenance technical problems are investigated, and appropriate corrective and improvement
actions are taken. Used interchangeably with Plant Engineering and Reliability Engineering.
Maintenance Policy - A statement of principle used to guide Maintenance Management decision
making
Maintenance Schedule A list of planned maintenance tasks to be performed during a given time
period, together with the expected start times and durations of each of these tasks. Schedules can apply
to different time periods (i.e. Daily Schedule, Weekly Schedule etc.)
Maintenance Strategy - A long-term plan, covering all aspects of maintenance management which sets
the direction for maintenance management, and contains firm action plans for achieving a desired future
state for the maintenance function.
Mean Time Between Failures A measure of equipment reliability. Equal to the number of failures in
a given time period, divided by the total equipment uptime in that period.
Mean Time To Repair A measure of maintainability. Equal to the total equipment downtime in a
given time period, divided by the number of failures in that period.
Operating Hours - The length of time that an item of equipment is actually operating.
Operational Consequences - A failure has operational consequences if it has a direct adverse impact on
operational capability (lost production, increased production costs, loss of product quality, or reduced
customer service)
Operational Efficiency- Used in the calculation of Overall Equipment Effectiveness. The actual output
produced from an asset in a given time period divided by the output that would have been produced
from that asset in that period, had it produced at its rated capacity.
Overall Equipment Effectiveness - A term initially coined in connection with Total Productive
Maintenance. It provides a measure of overall asset productivity. Is generally expressed as a percentage,
and can be calculated by multiplying Availability by Utilization by Operational Efficiency by Quality
Rate.
Overhaul - A Comprehensive examination and restoration of an asset to an acceptable condition.
Planned Maintenance - Any maintenance activity for which a pre-determined job procedure has been
documented, for which all labor, materials, tools, and equipment required to carry out the task have been
estimated, and their availability assured before commencement of the task.
Plant Engineering - A staff function whose prime responsibility is to ensure that maintenance
techniques are effective, that equipment is designed and modified to improve maintainability, that
ongoing maintenance technical problems are investigated, and appropriate corrective and improvement
actions are taken. Used interchangeably with Maintenance Engineering and Reliability Engineering.
Predictive Maintenance - An equipment maintenance strategy based on measuring the condition of
equipment in order to assess whether it will fail during some future period, and then taking appropriate
action to avoid the consequences of that failure.
Preventive Maintenance - An equipment maintenance strategy based on replacing, overhauling or
remanufacturing an item at a fixed interval, regardless of its condition at the time. Scheduled Restoration
tasks and Scheduled Discard tasks are both examples of Preventive Maintenance tasks.
Proactive Maintenance - Any tasks used to predict or prevent equipment failures.
Probabilistic Risk Assessment - A "top-down" approach used to apportion risk to individual areas of
plant and equipment, and possibly to individual assets so as to achieve an overall target level of risk for
a plant, site or organization.
Probabilistic Safety Assessment - Similar to Probabilistic Risk Assessment, except focused solely on
Safety related risks.
Project Evaluation & Review Technique (PERT) Chart - Scheduling tool which shows in flow chart
format the interdependencies between project activities.
Reliability - The capability of an asset to continue to perform its intended functions. Normally measured
by Mean Time Between Failures
Reliability Centered Maintenance - A structured process, originally developed in the airline industry,
but now commonly used in all industries to determine the equipment maintenance strategies required for
any physical asset to ensure that it continues to fulfill its intended functions in its present operating
context.
Repair - Any activity which returns the capability of an asset that has failed to a level of performance
equal to, or greater than, that specified by its Functions, but not greater than its original maximum
capability.
Restoration - Any activity which returns the capability of an asset that has not failed to a level of
performance equal to, or greater than, that specified by its Functions, but not greater than its original
maximum capability. Not to be confused with a modification or a repair.
Risk - The potential for the realization of the unwanted, negative consequences of an event. The product
of conditional probability of an event, and the event outcomes.
Scheduled Maintenance - Any maintenance work that has been planned and included on an approved
Maintenance Schedule.
Scheduled Operating Time - The time during which an asset is scheduled to be operating, according to
a long-term production schedule.
Shutdown - That period of time when equipment is out of service.
Shutdown Maintenance - Maintenance that can only be performed while equipment is shutdown
Total Productive Maintenance - A company-wide equipment management program, with its origins in
Japan, emphasizing production operator involvement in equipment maintenance, and continuous
improvement approaches.
Total Productive Maintenance - A company-wide equipment management program, with its origins in
Japan, emphasizing production operator involvement in equipment maintenance, and continuous
improvement approaches.
Value Engineering - A systematic approach to assessing and analyzing the user's requirements of a new
asset, and ensuring that those requirements are met, but not exceeded. Consists primarily of eliminating
perceived "non-value-adding" features of new equipment
Previous Year Question Paper
BTME 803
MACHINE DESIGN- III
Syllabus
Title
Machine Design III
COURSE CONTENTS
Code
Credits-4
L T
P
3
1
2
BTME 803
Theory Paper
Max.Marks- 70
Min.Marks-22
Duration-3hrs.
Note: PSG Design data book and/ or Mahadevan and Reddys Mechanical design data book are to
be provided/ permitted in exam hall (duly verified by authority)
Unit I Design of Belt, Rope and Chain Drives: Methods of power transmission, selection and design
of flat belt and pulley; Selection of V-belts and sheave design; Design of chain drives, roller chain and
its selection; Rope drives, design of rope drives, hoist ropes.
Topic Outcome: To illustrate to students the variety of mechanical components available and
emphasize the need to keep learning. Students will demonstrate the ability to seek and learn new
material outside the class topics through the completion of an open-ended homework, report, term paper,
computer assignment and/or project. The amount as well as depth of new material identified and used by
the students is measurable indicators of the students performance.
Unit II Spur and Helical Gears: Force analysis of gear tooth, modes of failure, beam strength, Lewis
equation, form factor, formative gear and virtual number of teeth; Gear materials; Surface strength and
wear of teeth; strength against wear; Design of straight tooth spur and Helical Gears.
Bevel Gears: Application of bevel, formative gear and virtual number of teeth; Force analysis; Lewis
equation for bevel gears; Strength against wear; Design of bevel gear.
Topic Outcome: To enable students to learn how to identify and quantify the specifications and tradeoffs for the selection and application of components which are commonly used in the design of complete
mechanical systems. Students will demonstrate the ability to take technical, economical, safety, quality,
legislative and other issues (such as environmental) into account when selecting and/or designing
mechanical components. The breadth and depth of the issues taken into account by students are
measurable indicators of their performance.
Unit III Flywheel: Fluctuation of energy, Flywheel Inertia, Stresses in Flywheel Rim and arms, failure
criterion, Design of flywheel arms, Design of shaft, hub and key.
Topic Outcome: To teach students how to apply the fundamentals of engineering science to analyze
and design commonly used mechanical components to meet specifications.
Students
will
demonstrate the ability to apply fundamentals of engineering science to make proper assumptions,
perform correct analyses, and draw upon different mechanical engineering subject areas in the analysis
of bolted joints, shafts, bearings, springs, gears, and other components covered.
Students will demonstrate the ability to design mechanical components using the analyses
mentioned above.
Unit IV Design of Miscellaneous Components: Purpose of shaft couplings and Different types of
couplings. design of Flanged coupling; Rigid coupling, Design of Pressure vessels subjects to internal
pressure, external pressure, design of penetration, design of flanges, cone cylinder junctions ,Materials,
Fabrication.
Topic Outcome: To develop in students an ability to select, configure, and synthesize mechanical
components into complete systems. Students will demonstrate the ability to select, configure, and
synthesize mechanical components into assemblies using engineering science fundamentals to meet
specifications as described in 2.1 above.
Unit V Optimization: Basic concept of optimization, classification of optimization, optimization
techniques, engineering applications of optimization. Classical optimization techniques: unconstrained
optimization single-variable optimization, multivariable optimization, solution by direct search method,
solution by Lagrange-multipliers method.
Topic Outcome: To let students apply modern computer-based techniques in the selection, analysis, and
synthesis of components and their integration into complete mechanical systems. Students will
demonstrate their ability to use existing computer-based techniques and algorithms for the analysis and
synthesis of mechanical components and systems, in particular with respect to those components and
systems defined in the topical areas. The maturity, completeness and efficiency of their approach are
indicators for their performance.
Overall Outcome
This course is designed to help students achieve the following outcomes.
1) Ability to select the material, thermo-mechanical condition and configuration of a variety of
machine elements under a variety of environmental and service conditions. These would include:
a) Spur gears
b) Belt and chain drives
c) Flywheel
d) Couplings
e) Pressure vessels
2) Familiarity with analytic and numerical methods for estimating the transverse and torsional
deflections of machine elements.
3) Understanding of the uncertainties inherent in material properties and engineering analysis as a
real-world engineering application of statistical analysis
4) Understanding of wear and fracture mechanics and how they influence engineering design
5) Ability to describe the advantages and disadvantages of adhesives and mechanical linkage
methods
List of Experiment:
Designing and sketching of components contained in the syllabus
Topic wise References

Subject: Machine Design III (BTME-803)
LECTURE
No.
Topics to be covered
References
UNIT - 1
Methods of power transmission,.
selection and design of flat belt and pulley;
Selection of V-belts and sheave design;
Design of chain drives,
roller chain and its selection;
Rope drives, design of rope drives,
design of rope drives, hoist ropes
R-1, 678
R-1, 678
R-1, 728
R-1, 728
R-1, 739
R-1, 751
UNIT-2
R-1, 1027
9
Force analysis of gear tooth,

.
R-1, 1037
10
modes of failure, beam strength,
11
Lewis equation, form factor,
12
formative gear and virtual number of teeth;
13
Gear materials; Surface strength and wear of

teeth;
R-1, 1037
R-1, 1085
R-1, 1042
R-1, 1040
14
strength against wear; Design of straight tooth

spur and Helical Gears.
R-1, 1039
15
Design of Helical Gears.

R-1, 1085
16
Bevel Gears: Application of bevel, formative

gear and virtual number of teeth;
17
Force analysis; Lewis equation for bevel gears;
18
Strength against wear;
R-1, 1087
R-1, 1087
19
Design of bevel gear

UNIT-3
20
Fluctuation of energy,
21
Flywheel Inertia,
22
Stresses in Flywheel Rim
23
Stresses in arms,
24
failure criterion,
25
Design of flywheel arms,
R-1, 777
R-1, 788
R-1, 801
R-1, 803
R-1,471
R-1,472
R-1,473
26
Design of shaft, hub and key

R-1,474
UNIT-4
R-1, 678
28
Purpose of shaft couplings and Different types

of couplings.
design of Flanged coupling;
29
Rigid coupling,
30
32
Design of Pressure vessels subjects to internal

pressure,
Design of Pressure vessels subjects to external
pressure,
design of penetration, design of flanges,
33
cone cylinder junctions ,
34
Materials, Fabrication.
27
31
R-1, 678
R-1, 728
R1- 729
R-1, 739
R-1, 751
R-1, 751
R-1, 1027
R-1, 1037
UNIT-5
R3-1
38
Basic concept of optimization, classification of

optimization,
optimization techniques, engineering
applications
Classical optimization techniques:
unconstrained optimization
single-variable
39
optimization, multivariable optimization,
R3-65
40
solution by direct search method,
R3-667
41
solution by Lagrange-multipliers method
R3-91
35
36
37
R3-1
R3-333
R3-333
R1: Khurmi & Gupta; Machine Design; S.Chand

R2: BhandariVB; Design of Machine Elments; TMH
R3:Singiresu S.Rao ; Optimization Techniques; TMH
List of Websites
1. www.nptel.com
2. https://www.machinedesignonline.com/
Question Bank
UNIT-I
1. What is the use of following in flat belt conveyor?
(Pune university 2013)
a). Scraper, b). Bend Pulleys, c). Tension take up device and d). Snub Pulley
2. What are the design considerations in selecting the belt speed of a
conveyor?
3. Design a V-belt drive to connect a 7.5 KW, 1440 rpm induction motor to a fan, running at
approximately 480 rpm, for a service of 24 hrs per day. Space isavailable for a centre of about 1 m.
4. Design a belt drive to transmit 110 kW for a system consisting of two pulley of diameters 0.9 m and
102 m, centre distance of 3.6m, a belt speed 20 m/s, coefficient of friction 0.3, a slip of 1.2% at each
pulley and 5% friction loss at each shaft, 20% overload.
(Pune university
2013)
5. A belt drive consists of two V-belts in parallel, on grooved pulleys ef tpe same size. The angle of the
groove is 30. The cross-sectional area of each belt is 750 mm2 and J1=0.12. The density of the belt
material is 1.2 Mg/m3 and the maximum safe stress in the material is 7 MPa. Calculate the power that
can be transmitted between pulleys of 300 mm diameter rotating at 15QOr.p.m. Find also the shaft speed
in r.p.m. at which the power transmitted would be a maximum.
UNIT-II
1. What do you understand by formative or equivalent number of teeth for bevel gear?
2. A 15kW and 1200 r.p.m. motor drives a compressor at 300 r.p.m. through a pair of spur gears .having
20 stub teeth. The centre distance between the shafts is 400 mm. The motor pinion is made. of forged
steel having an allowable statics stress as 210 MPa, while the gear is made of cast steel having allowable
static stress as 140 MPa. Assuming that the drive operates 8 to 10 hours per day under light shock
conditions, find from the standpoint of strength:
(a) Module
(b) Face width and
(c) Number of teeth and pitch circle diameter of each gear.
Check the gear thus designed from the consideration of wear. The surface
endurance limit may be taken as 700 MPa
3. What should be the desirable properties of a gear material? Explain the
complete design procedure of a spur gear ?
(Kerala University 2004)
4. Why a helical gear is relatively stronger than a spur gear for the same normal pitch, pitch diameter
and number of teeth?
(Kerala University 2004)
5. A gear drive is required to transmit a maximum power of 22.5 KW. The velocity ratio is 1:2 and rpm
of pinion is 200. The approximate centre distance between the shafts may be taken as 600 mm. The teeth
have 20 stub involute profiles. The allowable static stress for the gear/pinion material (which is cast
iron) may be taken as 60 MPa and face width as 10 times the module. Find module of the gear.
(Pune University 2003)
UNIT-III
1. What types of stresses are produced in a flywheel. (Kerala University 2004)
2. A cast iron flywheel of 1.2 m diameter is to be designed for a four stroke engine which develops 75
KW at 300 rpm. The total fluctuation of speed may be limited to 5% of mean speed. The work done
during the working stroke is 1.4 times the average work done during the whole cycle. The peripheral
speed is limited to 30m/s. Assume allowable shear stress for the shaft and key as 40 MPa and for cast
iron in tension as 20 MPa. The arms are elliptical in cross-section with major axis as twice the minor
axis. There are 6 arms. Design the flywheel.
3. Design a cast iron flywheel for a four stoke cycle engine to develop 110 kW at 150 r.p.m. The work
done in the power stoke is 1.3 times the average work done during the whole cycle. Take the mean
diameter of the flywheel as 3 meters. The total fluctuation of speed is limited to 5 per cent of the mean
speed. The material density is 7250 kg/m3. The permissible shear stress for the shaft material is 40 MPa
and flexural stress for the arms of the flywheel is 20 MPa.
4. Explain the terms giving examples.

I) Coefficient of fluctuation of speed
II) Maximum fluctuation of energy
III) Rimmed Flywheel
(PTU 2008)
5. Derive expression for bending stress in flywheel arm due to torque transmission.
(PTU 2008)
UNIT-IV
1. Design and draw a protective type of cast iron flange coupling for a steel shaft transmitting 20 KW at
259 rpm and having an allowable shear stress of 40 MPa. The working stress in the bolts should not
exceed 90 N/mm2. Assume that the same material is used for shaft and key and that the crushing stress
is twice the value of its shear stress. The maximum torque is 25% greater than the full load torque. The
shear stress for cast iron is 14 N/mm2
2. Explain the steps for design of muff or sleeve coupling.
(PTU 2008)
3. Design a flange coupling for steel shaft transmitting 20 KW power at 250rpm .Maximum torque is
30% greater than full load torque. Material properties are as follow:
1) Allowable shear stress for shaft & key = 40 MPa
2) Allowable shear stress for bolts = 30 MPa
3) Allowable crushing stress for shaft & key = 80 MPa
4) Allowable shear stress for flange = 14 MPa
5) Allowable compressive stress for bolts = 60 MPa
Take 4 bolts on P.C.D. -3d
4. Explain with the help of neat sketches, the different types of formed heads used as end closures in
cylindrical pressure vessels. State their advantages, disadvantages and application.
(PTU 2005)
5. Determine the dimensions of flange couplings that connects the motor and a pump shaft. The power
to be transmitted a 2 kW at a shft speed of 960 rpm. Select suitable materials for the parts of the
coupling and list the dimensions.
UNIT-V
1. What do you understand by optimization? Discuss various optimization methods in brief?
(RGPV-June 2012)
2. What the use of Lagrange multipliers? What is their practical significance?
(RGPV-June 2012)
3. Find the maxima and minima, if any for the following functions;
a) () = 4 3 18 2 + 27 7
b) () = 4 /( 1)( 3)3
(RGPV-June 2012)
4. Define static and dynamic optimization problems?
(RGPV-June 2014)
5. Explain single objective and multi objective programming problems.

(RGPV-June 2012)
Question Papers
Glossary
Spur Gears
Are cogged wheels whose cogs or teeth project radially and stand parallel to the axis.
Diametral Pitch (DP)
The Diametral Pitch describes the gear tooth size. The Diametral Pitch is expressed as the number of
teeth per inch of Pitch Diameter. Larger gears have fewer teeth per inch of Diametral Pitch. Another
way of saying this; Gear teeth size varies inversely with Diametral Pitch.
Pitch Diameter (D)
The Pitch Diameter refers to the diameter of the pitch circle. If the gear pitch is known then the Pitch
Diameter is easily calculated using the following formula
PD = N
P
PD = Pitch Diameter
N = Number of teeth on the gear
P = Diametral Pitch (Gear Size)
The Pitch Circle

The pitch circle is the geometrical starting point for designing gears and gear trains. Gear trains refer to
systems of two or more meshing gears. The pitch circle is an imaginary circle that contacts the pitch
circle of any other gear with which it is in mesh. See fig. 2 below. The pitch circle centers are used to
ensure accurate center-to-center spacing of meshing gears.
Pitch Diameter (D): The diameter of the Pitch Circle from which the gear is designed. An imaginary circle,
which will contact the pitch circle of another gear when in mesh.
D = N/P
Diametral Pitch (P) : A ratio of the number of teeth per inch of pitch diameter
P = N/D
Addendum (A) :The radial distance from the pitch circle to the top of the gear tooth
A = 1/P
Dedendum (B) :The radial distance from the pitch circle to the bottom of the tooth
B = 1.157/ P
Outside Diameter (OD): The overall diameter of the gear
OD= (N + 2)/P
Root Diameter (RD): The diameter at the Bottom of the tooth
RD =(N 2)/P
Base Circle (BC):The circle used to form the involute section of the gear tooth
BC = D * Cos PA
Circular Pitch (CP): The measured distance along the circumference of the Pitch Diameter from the point of one
tooth to the corresponding point on an adjacent tooth.
CP = 3.1416D = 3.1416
N
P
Circular Thickness (T) :Thickness of a tooth measure along the circumference of the Pitch Circle
T = 3.1416 D = 1.57
2N
P
Addendum (A) :The addendum refers to the distance from the top of the tooth to the Pitch circle
Dedendum (B) :The Dedendum refers to the distance from the Pitch circle to the root circle.
Clearance (C): Refers to the radial distance between the top and bottom of gears in mesh. Some
machinists and mechanics refer to clearance as play or the degree of looseness between mating parts.
Whole Depth (WD): Refers to the distance from the top of the tooth to the bottom of the tooth. The
whole depth is calculated using this formula:
WD = 2.157
P
Pressure Angle (PA) (Choose either 14.5 or 20 degrees):
The pressure angle figures into the geometry or form of the gear tooth. It refers to the angle
through which forces are transmitted between meshing gears.
14.5-degree tooth forms were the original standard gear design. While they are still widely
available, the 20-degree PA gear tooth forms have wider bases and can transmit greater loads.
Note: 14.5-degree PA tooth forms will not mesh with 20-degree PA teeth.
Center Distance :The center distance of 2 spur gears is the distance from the center shaft of one spur
gear to the center shaft of the other. Center to center distance for two gears in mesh can be calculated
with this formula.
Center-to-Center Distance= PD gearA + PD gearB
2
Rotation :Spur gears in a 2-gear drive system (Gear #1 and Gear #2) will rotate in opposite directions.
When an intermediary gear set or idler gear is introduced between the two gears the drive gear (Gear #1)
and the last gear (Gear #3) will rotate in the same direction.
The rotational relationship between gears in a gear drive system can be stated as follows: Two meshing
gears or gear sets (Gear sets are comprised of 2 or more gears fixed to the same shaft) rotate in opposite
directions. Each odd numbered gear in a gear drive rotates in the same direction.
Backlash: Backlash refers to the distance from the back of the drive gear tooth to the front of driven
gear tooth of gears mated on the pitch circle. Standard gears are designed with a specified amount of
backlash to prevent noise and excessive friction and heating of the gear teeth.
Fig. 4 Backlash and Pressure Angle Illustrated
Ratios: Gears of the same pitch, but differing numbers of teeth can be paired to obtain a wide range of
Gear Ratios. Gear Ratios are used to increase mechanical advantage (torque) or increase rotational speed
or velocity.
The ratio of a given pair of spur gears is calculated by dividing the number of teeth on the driven
gear, by the number of teeth on the drive gear.
GearRation = DrivenGearTeeth
DriveGearTeeth
Velocity: Velocity refers to the rotational speed of a gear and can be expressed using a variety of units.
In the examples that follow we will express gear velocity in inches per minute. The gear industry often
uses feet per minute. Inches per minute can be converted to feet per minute by simply dividing by 12.
Velocity is expressed as the distance a point along the circumference of the pitch circle will travel over a
given unit of time.
Velocity can be calculated using this formula :
Velocity = Pitch Circle Circumference x RPM
Bevel Gears: Bevel gears transmit power between two intersecting shafts at any angle or between nonintersecting shafts. They are classified as straight and spiral tooth bevel and hypoid gears.
Bevel Gear Terminologies:
Fig 5 Bevel Gear Terminology

Cone Distance: Cone distance is the length of the pitch-cone element. It is also called pitch cone radius.
Root angle: Angle subtended by the root of the tooth at the cone centres.
Back Cone: The back cone is an imaginary cone and its elements are perpendicular to the elements of
pitch cone.
Back Cone Distance: It is the length of the back cone element.
Diametral Pitch (DP): The Diametral Pitch describes the gear tooth size. The Diametral Pitch is
expressed as the number of teeth per inch of Pitch Diameter. Larger gears have fewer teeth per inch of
Diametral Pitch. Another way of saying this; Gear teeth size varies inversely with Diametral Pitch.
Pitch Diameter (D)
The Pitch Diameter refers to the diameter of the pitch circle. If the gear pitch is known then the Pitch
Diameter is easily calculated using the following formula
PD = N
P
PD = Pitch Diameter
N = Number of teeth on the gear
P = Diametral Pitch (Gear Size)
Pressure Vessels: They are used to store fluids under pressure. The fluid may undergo a change of state
inside pressure vessel as in case of steam boilers or it may combine with other reagents as in a chemical
plant.
Hoop Stress: A tensile stress acting in a direction tangential to the circumference is called
circumferential or hoop stress.
Longitudinal stress: A tensile stress acting in a direction of axis is called longitudinal stress.
Keys: A piece of mild steel inserted between the shaft and hub or boss of pulley to connect these
together in order to prevent relative motion between them. It is always inserted parallel to the axis of
shaft.
Shaft coupling: Shaft couplings are used to join two or more pieces of shaft.
Rigid couplings: It is used to connect two shafts which are perfectly aligned.
Flexible couplings: It is used to connect two shafts having both lateral and angular misalignment.
BTME-802
Refrigeration and Air Conditioning

Title
Semester
Refrigeration and Air

Conditioning
VIII
Credits-6C
L
Syllabus
Unit-I Introduction: Definition, History of Refrigeration, Principles and methods of refrigeration,
freezing; mixture cooling by gas reversible expansion, throttling, evaporation, Joule Thomson effect and
reverse Carnot cycle; unit of refrigeration, coefficient of performance, vortex tube & thermoelectric
refrigeration, adiabatic demagnetization; air refrigeration cycles- Joules cycle Boot-strap cycle, reduced
ambient cycle and regenerative cooling cycles.
Unit Outcome: Understand the principles and applications of refrigeration systems.
Unit-II Vapor compression system: Vapor compression cycle, p-h and t-s diagrams, deviations from
theoretical cycle, sub-cooling and super heating, effects of condenser and evaporator pressure on cop;
multi-pressure system: removal of flash gas, multiple expansion & compression with flash inter cooling;
low temperature refrigeration: production of low temperatures, cascade system, dry ice, production of
dry ice, air liquefaction system.
Unit Outcome: Understand vapor compression refrigeration system and identify methods for performance
improvement.
Unit-III (a)Vapor absorption system: Theoretical and practical systems such as aqua-ammonia,
Electrolux & other systems; (b)Steam jet refrigeration: Principles and working, simple cycle of
operation, description and working of simple system, (c) refrigerants: nomenclature & classification,
desirable properties, common refrigeration, comparative study, leak detection methods, environment
friendly refrigerants and refrigerant mixtures, brine and its properties.
Unit Outcome: Study the working principles of air, vapor absorption, thermoelectric and steam-jet refrigeration
systems.
Unit IV Psychrometry: Definition, properties of air, vapour mixtures, definitions of psychometric

properties, representation of psychometric properties on chart, psychometric processes and their
representation on psychometric chart for calculations.
Unit Outcome: Analyze air-conditioning processes using the principles of psychrometry.
Unit-V Air conditioning loads: calculation of summer & winter air conditioning load, bypass factor of
coil, calculation of supply air rate & its condition, room sensible heat factor, grand sensible heat factor,
effective sensible heat factor, dehumidified air quantity. Problems on cooling load calculation. Air
distribution and ventilation systems. Industrial air conditioning: Purpose of industrial air conditioning,
justification of industrial air conditioning, components of cooling loads for typical application.
Unit Outcome: Evaluate cooling and heating loads in an air-conditioning system.
List of Experiments (Please Expand it):

S.No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
.
Name of Experiments
General Study of vapor compression refrigeration system
General Study of Ice Plant
General Study and working of cold storage
General Study Trane Air Condition (Package Type).
General Study of Electrolux Refrigeration
General Study One tone Thermax refrigeration unit.
General Study of Water cooler
General Study of Psychrometers (Absorption type)
General Study of Leak Detectors (Halide Torch).
General Study and working of Gas charging Rig.
General Study of window Air Conditioner.
General Study and working of Vapor compression Air conditioning Test rig.
Experimentation on Cold Storage of Calculate COP & Heat Loss
Experimentation on Vapor compression Air Conditioning test rig.
Changing of Refrigerant by using Gas Charging Kit.
Topic Wise References

Lecture
No.
Topics to be Covered
References
Unit-I
Definition, History of Refrigeration, Principles and methods of

refrigeration,
freezing; mixture cooling by gas reversible expansion, throttling,
evaporation
Joule Thomson effect and reverse Carnot cycle; unit of refrigeration,
coefficient of performance,
Vortex
tube
&
thermoelectric
refrigeration,
adiabatic
demagnetization;
Air refrigeration cycles- Joules cycle Boot-strap cycle,
Reduced ambient cycle and regenerative cooling cycles.
Numerical Problems and Doubt class
Unit test
1
2
3
4
R3-3
R3-9
R3-65
R3-222
R3-68
R3-94
Unit-II
9
Vapor compression cycle, p-h and t-s diagrams, deviations from R3-113
theoretical cycle
10
Sub-cooling and super heating, effects of condenser and evaporator R3-129,131

pressure on cop;
11
Multi-pressure system: removal of flash gas, multiple expansion & R3-118,119

compression with flash inter cooling;
12
Low temperature refrigeration: production of low temperatures, R3-168

cascade system, dry ice
13
Production of dry ice, air liquefaction system.
14
Numerical Problems and Doubt class.
15
Unit test
R3-565
Unit-III
16
Theoretical and practical systems such as aqua-ammonia, Electrolux R3247

& other systems;
17
Steam jet refrigeration: Principles and working
R3-265
18
Simple cycle of operation, description and working of simple system
R3-270
19
refrigerants: nomenclature & classification,
R3-308
20
Desirable properties, common refrigeration, comparative study
R3-301
21
leak detection methods, environment friendly refrigerants
R3-311 TO 325
22
Refrigerant mixtures, brine and its properties.
R3-324
23
Numerical Problems and doubt class
24
Unit test
Unit-IV
25
Psychrometry: Definition, properties of air, vapour mixtures,
R3-353
26
definitions of psychometric properties
R3-354
27
Representation of psychometric properties on chart
R3-366
29
Psychometric processes and their representation on psychometric R3-369

chart for calculations.
Numerical Problems and doubt class
30
Unit Test
28
Unit-V
31
32
Air conditioning loads: calculation of summer & winter air R3-408

conditioning load,
Bypass factor of coil, calculation of supply air rate & its condition,
R3-412
35
Room sensible heat factor, grand sensible heat factor, effective R3-415
sensible heat factor,
Dehumidified air quantity. Problems on cooling load calculation, Air R3-418
distribution and ventilation systems.
Industrial air conditioning: Purpose of industrial air conditioning
R3-575
36
Justification of industrial air conditioning and numerical problems
R3-579
37
Components of cooling loads for typical application.
R3-579
38
Numerical problems and doubt class
39
Unit Test
33
34
R1: Khurmi Gupta, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning, S. Chand Publication

R2: Domkundwar, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning, Dhanpat Rai and Co.
R3: Mahohar Prasad . Refrigeration and Air Conditioning, New Age Publishing Co.
Glossary
Refrigeration:
The term refrigeration stands for the production of a cool confinement with respect to surroundings.
Or
According to American Society of Refrigeration Engineers (ASRE), Refrigeration is the science of
providing and maintaining temperature below that of the surrounding atmosphere.
Refrigeration effects:
The rate of heat absorbed in the cycle from the body or space to be cooled is called the refrigerating
effect
Ton of refrigeration:
The unit of refrigeration is expressed commonly as ton of refrigeration. The heat absorbed in the system
from the space or body to cooled, equivalent to the latent heat of fusion of 1 ton of ice from and at 0 oC
in 24 hours is called 1 ton of refrigeration
Methods of Refrigeration:
(a)
(c)
(e)
(g)
Ice Refrigeration
Refrigeration by expansion of air
Vapour Refrigeration system
Dry ice Refrigeration
(b)
(d)
(f)
(h)
Evaporative Refrigeration
Refrigeration by throttling of gas
Refrigeration by using liquid gas
Steam jet Refrigeration system
Coefficient of performance (COP):

COP refers to the effectiveness with which the performance of refrigeration system is measured. It is the
ratio of heat extracted in the refrigerator to the work done on the refrigerant.
Mathematically
() =
Or
() =
Dry Compression:
The compression is said to be dry, if the refrigerant vapour is dry before the beginning of compression.
Wet Compression:
The compression is said to be wet, if the refrigerant vapour contains liquid particles at the end of
compression.
Nozzle Efficiency:
It is defined as the ratio of actual enthalpy drop to the isentropic enthalpy drop of the motive steam
passing through the nozzle.
() =
Compression Efficiency:
It is defined as the ratio of isentropic enthalpy increase to the actual enthalpy increase required for the
compression of the mixture of motive steam and the water vapours in the compressor.
() =
Diffuser:
The diffuser is a mechanical device that is designed to control the characteristics of a fluid at the
entrance to a thermodynamic open system. Diffusers are used to slow the fluids velocity and to enhance
its mixing into the surrounding fluid.
Refrigerant:
Refrigerant is the medium of heat transfer through phase change such as evaporation at low temperature
and pressure.
Primary Refrigerant:Primary refrigerant directly take a part in the refrigeration system while
secondary refrigerants are first cooled with the help of the primary refrigerants and are futher use for
cooling purpose.
Secondary Refrigerant:
Under many circumferences it is not desirable to carry the heat from heat generating source directly by
refrigerant than it is carried by using the secondary refrigerant as water, brine or air. The heat carried by
the secondary refrigerants from the generating source is given to the refrigerant in the evaporator and
recalculated again and again.
Natural Refrigerant:
Natural refrigerant are the naturally occurring substance which can be used as refrigerants.They are safe
to be use from environmental point of view.
Dry air: It is a mechanical mixture of the gases-oxygen nitrogen carbon dioxide, hydrogen, argon, neon
krypton, helium, ozon and xenon. However , nitrogen and oxygen constitute a major portion of the
mixture and thus dry air can be considered to consist of 79% nitrogen and 21% oxygen by volume and
77% nitrogen and 23% oxygen by mass.
Moist air: Moist air is a mixture of dry and air water vapour the quantity of water vapour percent in the
air may change from 0 to maximum depending upon the temperature of the air.
Psychrometry:Psychrometry deals with the thermal properties of air and the control and measurement
of the moisture content in air, and the effects of these atmospheric conditionon commodities and human
comfort
Dry bulb temperature (DBT):The temperature of air recorded by a thermometer which is not affected
by moisture of radiation is known as dry bulb temperature
Wet bulb Temperature(WBT)The temperature measured by a mercury thermometer whose bulb is
covered with a wet cloth and is exposed to a corrent of un saturated air moving with a velocity of 300
m/mint is known as WBT.
Degree of saturation:It is defined as the ratio of mass of water vapour associated with unit mass of dry
air to the mass of water vapour associated with unit mass of saturated air at same temperature.
Humidity ratioHumidity ratio of specific humidity can be defined as the mass of water vpour present in
moist air per kg of dry air in a given volume.
Relative humidity:It is defined as the ratio of actual mass of water vapour in a given volume of moist
air the mass of water vapour when air is saturated at the same temperature.
Dew point temperature: When temperature of moist air is reduced by continuous polling, then at one
stage water vapour starts condensing the temperature at which condensing of water vapour starts is
known as dew point temperature.
Saturated air
Saturated air is the mixture of dry air and water vapour when the air has diffused the maximum amount
of water vapour into it. The water vapour, usually, occurs in the form of superheated steam as an
invisible gas. However when the saturated air is cooled, the water vapour start condensing, and the same
may be visible in the form of moist, fog or condensation on cold surfaces.
By pass factor:
Under ideal condition the DBT of air leaving the coils (Heating or cooling), td2 should be equal to that of
coil, td3. But it is not so, because of the inefficiency of the coil. This phenomenon is known as by pass
factor.
Room sensible heat factor (RSHF): It is defined as the ratio of the room sensible heat (RSH) to the
room total heat (RTH)
() =
Grand sensible heat factor(GSHF): It is defined as the ratio of total sensible heat (TSH)to the grand
total heat(GTS) which the cooling coil or conditioning apparatus is required to handle.
() =
Effective room sensible heat factor (ESHF): Effective room sensible heat factor (ESHF) is defined as
ratio of the effective room sensible heat to the effective room total heat.
() =
Important Questions
Unit-I
Q.1What is refrigeration? Define 1 ton of refrigeration.
(RGPV, June 2012)
Q.2Explain the working of reversed brayton refrigeration cycle. Derive the expression for COP of this
cycle.
(RGPV,June 2013)
Q.3What is the principle of operation of vortex tube?
(RGPV, June2012)
Q.4 Draw schematic diagram for bootstrap cooling system with evaporative cooling for aircraft
refrigeration. Represent actual cycle on T-S plane. Write the equation for each process.
(RGPV, June 2007)
Q.5 A cold storage plant is required to store 50 tons of fish. The temperature of fish is -10oC. if the
cooling is achieved within 12 hours, find capacity of refrigerating plant and power required to run the
plant if actual COP is 40% of Carnot COP. Take Cp of fish above freezing point as 2.94 kj/kg-oC. Cp of
fish below freezing point as 1.26 kj/kgoC, freezing point of fish as -5oC and latent heat of fish as 250
kj/kg.
(RGPV,June 2013)
Unit-II
Q.1 Explain the working of the saturated reversed Carnot refrigeration on T-s diagram.
(RGPV, June2012)
Q.2 Explain the limitation of vapour compression cycle for low temperature refrigeration. Also explain
cascade refrigeration system with the help of T-s and P-h diagrams.
(RGPV, Dec.,2012)
Q.3 Explain why compounding is necessary in vapour compression refrigeration system. Describe the
use of flash tank and intercooling in two stage cycle.
(RGPV, Dec.,2011)
Q.4Draw and explain schematic diagram for linde-Hampson cycle for air liquefaction?
(RGPV, Dec.,2011)
Q.5Discuss the effect of change in evaporator pressure and liquid sub-cooling on refrigerating effect,
compressor work and COP. Discuss with the help of p-h diagram.
(RGPV, June,2011)
Unit-III
Q.1 Discuss the designation of the refrigerants and write the chemical formula of R11, R134a and R718.
(RGPV, June, 2013)

Q.2Explain the working of steam jet rejecter refrigeration system?
(RGPV, June, 2013)
Q.3 Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of vapour absorption system
(RGPV, June, 2012)
Q.4Explain the principle and working of steam jet refrigeration system
(RGPV, June, 2012)
Q.5Write short note on the following
(a)
Leak detection method of refrigerant
(b)
Environmental friendly refrigerants
(RGPV, Dec, 2013)
Unit-IV
Q.1A mixture of dry air and water vapour is at a temperature of 21oC under a total pressure of 736mm
of Hg. The dew point temperature is 15oC find using steam table only
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
Partial pressure of water vapour

Relative humidity
Specific Humidity
Enthalpy of air per kg of dry air.
Thermodynamic weight bulb temperature.
(RGPV, June, 2011)
Q.230 m3/min of steam of moist air at 50oC DBT and 30oC WBT is mixed with 12 m3/min of a second
steam at 25 oC DBT and 18oC WBT barometric pressure is one standard atmosphere. Sketch the process
on psychrometry chart determine the DBT, DPT and Specific humidity of the resulting mixture?
(RGPV, June, 2011)
Q.3Define DBT, WBT DPT and specific humidity prove that the partial pressure of water vapour in the
atmospheric air remains constant as long as specific humidity remains constant.
(RGPV, June, 2013)
Q.4Prove that the state of mixing of two steams of air lies on the straight line joining the states of
streams and position of mixture state divides this straight line in inverse ratio of the masses of two dry
air streams.
(RGPV, June, 2013)
Q.5Define the following

(a)
Heating and humidification
(b)
Cooling and dehumidification
(c)
Sensible heat factor
(RGPV, Dec, 2011)
Unit-V
Q.1Define load on an air conditioner? Explain with examples
(RGPV, June, 2009)
Q.2Write the short note on by pass factor of cooling coil?
(RGPV, June, 2009)
Q.3Define room sensible heat factor (RSHF) and Grand sensible heat factor (GSHF). Draw the
respective lines on psychrometry chart also?
(RGPV, Dec, 2011)
Q.4Briefly explain the following
(a) Year round AC system
(b)
Zoning in air conditioning
(RGPV, Dec, 2011)
Q.5whit neat sketch explain the use of air distribution duct in air conditioning system. Give
classification as well as expression for friction losses in ducts?
(RGPV, Dec, 2011)
BTME 804
CAD/CAM/CIM

Unit 1
Introduction: Information requirements of mfg organizations; business forecasting and aggregate
production plan; MPS, MRP and shop floor/ Production Activity Control (PAC); Mfg as a system,
productivity and wealth creation; production processes on volume-variety axes; importance of batch and
job shop production;
Manufacturing Automation, Automation strategies, Automated Flow lines, Line Balancing,
Automated Assembly systems, Automatic Material Handling and Storage systems, Automated
Inspection systems[NIT Warrangal]
CIM definition and CIM wheel, evolution and benefits; CIM as a subset of Product Life Cycle (PLC)
mgt; design for mfg (DFM) and concurrent engg; product design in conventional and CIM environment;
terms like CAD, CAE, CAM, CAP, CAPP, CATD and CAQ.
Unit Outcome: This topic covers the basic principles of Automation and CIM (Computer Integrated
Manufacturing)
Unit 2
Graphics and standards: Raster scan, coordinate systems for model (M/ WCS) user and display;
database for graphic modeling; PDM, PIM, EDM; define EDM, features of EDM; basic transformations
of geometry- translation, scaling, rotation and mirror; introduction to modeling software; need for CAD
data standardization; developments in drawing data exchange formats; GKS, PHIGS, CORE, IGES,
DXF STEP DMIS AND VDI; ISO standard for exchange of Product Model data-STEP and major area
application protocols.
Unit Outcome: It has the inclusion of various CAD standards and the theory of exchanging data
between systems.
Unit 3
Geometric Modeling: Its use in analysis and mfg; 2D and 3D line, surface and volume models; linear
extrusion and rotational sweep; Constructive Solid Geometry (CSG); basics of boundary presentationspline, Bezier, b-spline, and NURBS; sculpture surfaces, classification, basics of coons, Bezier, b-spline
and ruled surfaces; tweaking, constraint based parametric modeling; wire-frame modeling, definition of
point, line and circle; polynomial curve fitting; introduction to rapid prototyping.
Unit Outcome: It has the geometry concepts and analysis of 2D and 3D modelling
Unit 4
Numeric control and part programming: Principles of NC machines, CNC, DNC; NC modes of point
to point, -line and 2D, 3D contouring; NC part programming; ISO standard for coding, preparatory
functions(G)- motion, dwell, unit, preset, cutter compensation, coordinate and plane selection groups;
miscellaneous (M) codes; CLDATA and tool path simulation; ISO codes for turning tools and holders;
ATC, modular work holding and pallets; time and power estimation in milling, drilling and turning;
adaptive control, sequence control and PLC; simple part programming examples.
Unit Outcome: The use of NC, DNC and CNC is elaborated in this chapter.
Unit 5
Group Technology: Importance of batch and job shop production; merits of converting zigzag process
layout flow to smooth flow in cellular layout, Production Flow Analysis (PFA) and clustering methods;
concept of part families and coding; hierarchical, attribute and hybrid coding; OPITZ, MICLASS and
DCLASS coding; FMS; material handling; robots, AGV and their programming; agile mfg; Computer
Aided Process Planning (CAPP), variant/ retrieval and generative approach
Unit Outcome: The concept of Group Technology and how it is converted in Flexible Manufacturing
System is explained.
References:
1. Groover MP; Automation, Production Systems & CIM; P.H.I.
2. Rao PN, Tiwari NK, Kundra TK; Computer Aided Manufacturing; TMH
3. Radhakrishnan P, Subramanian S and Raju V; CAD/CAM/CIM; New age Pub
Topic Wise References

Subject: CAD/CAM/CIM
Total Number of Lecture: 41
Name of the Faculty: Mr. Rohit Pandey
References
Lecture No.
UNITS
Unit-I
Introduction: Information requirements of mfg

organizations
business forecasting and aggregate production plan
MPS, MRP and shop floor/ Production Activity
Control (PAC)
Mfg as a system, productivity and wealth creation;
production processes on volume-variety axes;
importance of batch and job shop production;
Manufacturing Automation, Automation strategies,
Automated Flow lines, Line Balancing,
Automated Assembly systems, Automatic Material
Handling and Storage systems, Automated Inspection
systems
CIM definition and CIM wheel, evolution and
benefits;
CIM as a subset of Product Life Cycle (PLC) mgt;
design for mfg (DFM) and concurrent engg;
product design in conventional and CIM environment;
terms like CAD, CAE, CAM, CAP, CAPP, CATD and
CAQ
Unit-II
R1 Page: 1-35
Graphics and standards: Raster scan, coordinate

systems for model (M/ WCS) user and display
database for graphic modeling; PDM, PIM, EDM;
define EDM, features of EDM
basic transformations of geometry- translation, scaling,
rotation and mirror; introduction to modeling software
need for CAD data standardization; developments in
drawing data exchange formats; GKS, PHIGS, CORE,
IGES, DXF STEP DMIS AND VDI; ISO standard for
exchange of Product Model data-STEP and major area
application protocols.
R1 Page: 36-92
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
R1 Page: 1-35
R1 Page: 1-35
R1 Page: 1-35
R1 Page: 1-35
R1 Page: 1-35
R1 Page: 1-35
R1 Page: 1-35
R1 Page: 1-35
R1 Page: 36-92
R1 Page: 36-92
R1 Page: 36-92
Unit-III
15
16
17
18
19
Geometric Modeling: Its use in analysis and mfg; 2D

and 3D line, surface and volume models; linear
extrusion and rotational sweep; Constructive Solid
Geometry (CSG)
basics of boundary presentationspline, Bezier, bspline, and NURBS
sculpture surfaces, classification, basics of coons,
Bezier, b-spline and ruled surfaces
tweaking, constraint based parametric modeling; wireframe modeling
definition of point, line and circle; polynomial curve
fitting; introduction to rapid prototyping.
R1 Page: 93-127
R1 Page: 93-127
R1 Page: 93-127
R1 Page: 93-127
R1 Page: 93-127
Unit-IV
20
Numeric control and part programming: Principles of

NC machines, CNC, DNC; NC modes of point to
point, -line and 2D, 3D contouring
NC part programming; ISO standard for coding,
preparatory functions(G)- motion, dwell, unit, preset,
cutter compensation, coordinate and plane selection
groups
miscellaneous (M) codes; CLDATA and tool path
simulation; ISO codes for turning tools and holders
R1 Page: 128-185
23
ATC, modular work holding and pallets; time and

power estimation in milling, drilling and turning;
adaptive control, sequence control and PLC; simple
part programming examples
Unit-V
R1 Page: 128-185
24
Group Technology: Importance of batch and job shop

production
R1 Page: 186-218
25
merits of converting zigzag process layout flow to

smooth flow in cellular layout
R1 Page: 186-218
21
22
26
R1 Page: 128-185
R1 Page: 128-185
R1 Page: 186-218
27
Production Flow Analysis (PFA) and clustering

methods
concept of part families and coding
R1 Page: 186-218
28
hierarchical, attribute and hybrid coding
R1 Page: 186-218
29
OPITZ, MICLASS and DCLASS coding
R1 Page: 186-218
30
FMS; material handling
R1 Page: 186-218
31
robots, AGV
R1 Page: 186-218
32
robots, AGV and their programming
R1 Page: 186-218
33
agile mfg
R1 Page: 186-218
34
R1 Page: 186-218
Computer Aided Process Planning (CAPP),
35
variant/ retrieval and generative approach
R1 Page: 186-218
36
Program Practice
R1 Page: 186-218
37
Program Practice
R1 Page: 186-218
38
Program Practice
R1 Page: 186-218
39
Program Practice
R1 Page: 186-218
40
Program Practice
R1 Page: 186-218
41
Vibration absorber, Free vibration beams, Energy

method.
R1 Page: 186-218
R1: Sharma Vikas, Katson Book, CAD/CAM/CIM

R2: Groover M.P., Automation and Numeric Control
Important Questions
UNIT I
Q1. What should be the qualities of a CAD Engineer?
Q2. What are the different phases of product development cycle?
Q3. What is the application of computer in engineering industry? Name a few areas in which
is being widely used? (RGPV 2011)
Q4. Define CAD? (Mum.Univ 2011)
Q5. What is the function of plotter in CAD? (Mum.Univ 2011)
UNIT II
Q1. Write short notes on
1.) Raster Scan
2.) Random Scan
3.) DVST
Q2. What are software standards? Explain in detail graphic kernel system?
Q3. Briefly explain flat panel display?
Q4. Explain Bresenhams algorithm for line generation?
Q5. Explain mid-point subdivision algorithm.
UNIT III
Q1. List the basic properties of space curves? (RGPV 2012)
Q2. Explain any two types of surface entities? (RGPV)
Q3. What is Beizer curve? Write its purposes? (RGPV 2011)
Q4. Explain in detail the CSG approach for the creation of the solid model?
Q5. Explain the various limitation of using wire-frame model? (RGPV 2011)
UNIT IV
Q1. What is ACO?
Q2. Identify the various basic elements of NC machine tools and write the name of each basic
component? (RGPV 2012)
Q3. When can one use EXAPT?
Q4. How can you specify a plane in APT? Explain with examples.
Q5. Define manual part programming. Write its limitation?
CAD
UNIT V
Q1. Discuss the importance of database in a CIM system?
Q2. Discuss benefits of FMS? (RGPV 2011)
Q3. What is Group Technology? How it is useful in FMS? (RGPV 2011)
Q4. What is the concept of composite part? What factors should be taken into consideration for
designing a manufacturing cell? (Mumbai University 2013)
Q5. What are transfer lines? Give its classification.
Glossary
-A
A-Axis- The axis of circular motion of a machine tool member or slide about the X-axis. Values along
the A-axis are degrees of rotation about the X-axis.
Absolute System- A numerical control system in which all positional dimensions, both input and
feedback, are given with reference to a common datum point.
ACIS- component software that provides a solid modeling "engine" (also called a "kernal" ) used by
many commercial and research organizations as the core of CAD/CAM/CAE applications. Creates
models in the SAT format. (Note- ACIS is not an acronym).
ActiveX- a set of technologies that enable interactive content over the Web. With ActiveX, developers
can create visual software components in any language that can be embedded into forms and Web pages.
ActiveX controls are built on COM, DCOM, and OLE. (Microsoft Corp.)
APT Programming- Automatically Programmed Tools. A universal computer assisted programming
system for multi-axis contouring programming. The original NC programming system, developed for
AeroSpace, first used in building and manufacturing military equipment.
Algorithm- A computational method for solving problems. Much like a recipe in cooking, or a plan of
attack in the military. Developing the algorithm in machining is the pre-planning process that creates the
orderly procedure for machining processes to occur.
Alphanumeric- A system of code that consists of the characters A-Z and numerals 0-9.
Analog- Pertaining to a system that that uses electrical voltage magnitudes or ratios to represent
physical axis positions.
Analyst- A person skilled in the development and definition of techniques to solve problems.
Application Programming Interface (API)- the standard set of functions provided by a program,
operating system, or piece of hardware. APIs are typically used to provide independence and division of
labor. Two programs or systems that are integrated via an API can both be individually altered and still
work together so long as both conform to the same API.
Arc Clockwise--G02- An arc generated by coordinated motion between two axes. Curvature of the arc
is clockwise with respect to the part and the cartesian planes.
Arc Counterclockwise- G03-An arc generated by coordinated motion between two axes. Curvature of
the arc is counter-clockwise with respect to the part and the cartesian planes.
Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC)- a broad term for the segment of the CAD
market that encompasses architecture, building, construction, structural engineering, civil engineering,
mapping, and geographic information systems.
ASCII- (American Standard Code for Information Exchange) A data transmission code that has
been established as an American Standard by the American Standards Association.
Auxiliary Function--M Codes-A programming function used in CNC machining that controls functions
other than axis motion. Tool changing, coolant on and off, starting and stopping the spindle, etc.
Axis- A principal direction along which the relative movements of a tool or work piece occur. Three
linear axes, occurring at 90 degree angles from each other, named X, Y and Z.
-BBezier curve- polynomial used to describe complex curves and surfaces. The location of midpoints
controls the shape of a Bezier curve.
Bi-cubic spline (B-spline)- mathematical interpolation method of describing complex curves and
surfaces.
Bill of materials (BOM)- a list of assemblies, components, and parts that make up a product. Often
used as the key data that links design and manufacturing.
Bit- for binary digit, a unit of computer information equivalent to the result of a choice between two
Block--A single line of NC code is a block; a block represents sufficient information to a CNC machine
to perform a single line or arc movement.
Block Delete- A function that permits selected blocks of code to be ignored by the control system, at the
operators discretion.
Boolean- the function of using addition, difference, or intersection. In solid modeling, used to created
and modify geometry.
Boundary conditions- in finite-element analysis, the way in which a model is constrained.
Boundary Representation (B-rep)- in solid modeling, a model-building approach in which geometry is
represented by edges, faces, and vertices.
-C-
Cache- high-speed memory that keeps frequently used data and instructions readily available so the
CPU does not have to retrieve them from slower main memory.
CAD- (Computer Aided Design) The using of computers to assist and develop phases of design.
CAM--(Computer Aided Manufacturing) The use of computers to assist in manufacturing.
Command- A signal or series of signals that initiates one step or a series of steps in the execution of a
program.
Computer-Aided Design (CAD)- the use of computers to assist in the creation and modification of a
design, most commonly, designs with a heavy engineering content. Usually refers to drafting and
modeling software.
Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE)- the use of computers in design, analysis, and manufacturing of
a product, process, or project. Sometimes refers more narrowly to the use of computers only in the
analysis stage.
Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM)- the use of computers to assist in the creation or
modification of manufacturing control data, plans, or operations. Sometimes refers more specifically to
the programming of numerical controlled (NC) machines.
-EEngineering Document Management (EDM)- the process of organizing, managing, and tracking
drawings and other documents, usually with the aid of computers.
Enterprise Resource Management (ERP)- a system used to handle a wide range of business functions,
including accounting, sales, distribution, materials management, production planning, and human
resources. Some MRP II systems have evolved into ERP systems. See also MRP II, PDM
Executive Program- -A set of programming instructions that allows a CNC lathe to have the capability
to perform lathe functions or a CNC mill to perform milling functions. A set of instructions designed to
output specific functions.
-FFacilities Management (FM)- the task of managing the space, utilities, and other resources in a
building, plant, or factory, often with the assistance of CAD software
Fahrenheit- a joint project between Silicon Graphics Inc. and Microsoft that will result in a suite of
Application Programming Interfaces (API) for the Microsoft's DirectX multimedia architecture on
Windows and for Silicon Graphics' UNIX platform; it will integrate Microsoft's Direct3D and
DirectDraw with Silicon Graphics OpenGL, OpenGL Scene Graph and OpenGL Optimizer.
Finite-Element Modeling (FEM)- the process of setting up a model to be analyzed with the finiteelement method, typically done graphically with geometry, where the model is meshed and boundary
conditions are specified. Sometimes refers to the evaluation and reporting of results of such an analysis
as well.
Firmware- Programs or controlled instructions that are not changeable by the user and that are often
held in ROM, Read Only Memory.
Flat shading- Rendering method whereby each polygon face has a constant shade.
Floating license- A method of licensing software so that X number of concurrent users anywhere on the
network can use a copy at any one time, versus licensing the software for a particular system or user.
Floating point- a method of calculation and storage of numbers in which the decimal point moves
instead of staying in a fixed position to handle significant digits.
Floating Zero- A characteristic of a machine control unit that allows the zero reference point to be
established at any point of travel along an axis.
-GGauge Height-A predetermined Z axis clear plane retraction point along the Z-axis to which the cuter
retreats allowing safe X Y axis travel.
Geographic Information System (GIS)- computer system or software that includes both graphics data
as well as textual information for applications in mapping, demographics, etc.
Gigabyte (GB)- a unit of measure that typically identifies the capacity of a computer's memory, storage
space, or information-handling abilities. One GB is 1,073,741,824 bytes or 1,000 MB.
GIGO- -Anacronym for "Garbage In, Garbage Out", when a programmer is given garbled inaccurate
information (geometry), the BEST that can be expected is an inaccurate tool path. ALWAYS, proof
every number given to you from any Engineer, if you don't you will be re-programming the work!
G Code- -Active Preparatory Function-An NC word addressed by the letter G and followed by a
numeric value, G Codes are flags that when executed by the machine control unit, initiate axis motions,
plane changes, feed rate changes, etc.
Graphical User Interface (GUI)- an interface to a computer that uses icons to represent desktop
objects, such as documents and programs, that the user can access and manipulate with a pointing
device, such as a mouse.
Graphics board- special circuitry typically added as a separate board to a computer to handle graphics
processing.Also called video cards, graphics cards, and graphics accelerators.
Graphics Interchange Format (GIF)- a raster format for graphics, particularly photos, illustrations,
and icons. Widely used for Web applications.
Graphics library- a set of software functions specifically for graphics. Typically provided separately
from the application program and the hardware.
-H Hard Copy- A readable output of data on paper.
hardcopy device- a peripheral device used to create permanent, printed output from a computer or
workstation.
Hardware- The components that make up a computer or control system.
Hard-Wired- Having logic circuits interconnected on a backplane to give a fixed pattern of events.
Hewlett-Packard Graphics Language (HPGL)- a format for graphics printing, especially of CAD
data, developed and used by Hewlett-Packard Co. and emulated by many others. This format is
sometimes used to exchange CAD data among systems. (Hewlett-Packard Co.)
HyperText Markup Language (HTML, HTM)- the standard markup coding used to create content
for the Web.
HyperText Transport Protocol (HTTP)- the protocol used to move HTML files over the Internet or
intranet.
-IIncremental Dimensioning- A method of expressing a dimension with respect to the preceding point.
NOT a good idea, incremental dimensioning allows users to fall into a trap. If a single error in data is
entered incorrectly at the beginning of a project, ALL points determined afterwards will have that
amount of error built into them.
Independent Software Vendor (ISV)- a company that offers commercial software and that does not
offer hardware.
Industry Foundation Classes (IFC)- object-oriented universal software language for defining
AEC/FM project models, allowing the sharing of the information globally, across disciplines, and
technical applications throughout a project life cycle. Supports specific AEC processes such as
architectural design, HVAC engineering design, construction management, and facilities management.
Commercial software based on IFC will be able to understand and manipulate objects created by others,
and each such application can create new objects with intelligent relationships to the others' objects.
(International Alliance for Interoperability)
ISO- International Organization of Standardization.
-JJava- a programming language developed by Sun Microsystems that can be read and translated to run
on any platform. Most often used in Internet/Web applications (Note- Java is not an acronym). (Sun
Microsystems Corp.)
Jig- A fixturing device used most often for drilling operations.
Jog- A control function that momentarily operates a drive into the machine.
-KKilobyte (KB)- a unit of measure that typically identifies the capacity of a computer's memory, storage
space, or information-handling abilities. One KB is 1,024 bytes.
Kinematics- method of analyzing a moving mechanical system without regard to forces. Inverse
kinematics is a method of determining mechanism geometry from a desired motion.
-LLeading Zeros- Redundant zeros to the left of a number.
Letter Address- Often called NC Words, such as X, Y, Z, F, G, M.
Linear Interpolation- -A control function whereby data points are generated between given coordinate
positions to allow simultaneous movement one, two or more axes of motion in a linear path.
Level-of-Detail control (LOD)- the ability to vary the amount of details displayed in a graphics image
to improve performance. For instance, at a distance, models can appear as simple 3D figures, but as
users zoom in, a more detailed representation is presented.
Local-area network (LAN)- two or more computers linked via cables and software so they can share
data, programs, peripherals.
Lofted surface- a surface created by fitting a shape to a series of 2D cross-sections.
Loop- -Repetitive operations can be programmed in a continuous mode until the desired functions have
been completed.
-MMachine Code- Code obeyed by a computer that needs no further translation.
Machining Center- Machine tools, normally Numerically Controlled, capable of automatically
repeating many operations such as drilling, reaming, tapping, milling, and boring multiple faces on a
work piece.
Machine Tool- A power driven machine used to form or shape metal and other materials.
Macro- A group of instructions that can be stored and recalled to solve a recurring problem.
Magnetic Tape- A tape made of plastic or mylar that is covered with magnetic particles. It stores
information by selective polarization of portions of the surface.
Manufacturing Resource Planning (MRP II)- a system used to plan and manage manufacturing
operations. The bill of materials (BOM) for products release to manufacturing is a key part of the MRP
II data. Evolved from materials requirements planning (MRP).
Manual Data Input- MDI-A mode of control that allows the operator to input data into the control
system, the data input is identical to the data that can be input by other means such as tape or DNC.
Manual Part Programming- The preparation of a manuscript in machine control language and format
to define a sequence of commands for processing by a CNC machine.
Manuscript- A written or printed copy, in symbolic form, containing the same data as that punched on
cards or retained in a memory unit.
Megabyte (MB)- a unit of measure that typically identifies the capacity of a computer's memory,
storage space, or information-handling abilities. One MB is 1,048,576 bytes.
Megahertz (MHz)- millions of Hertz (cycles/sec) is a commonly used measure of the clock speed of a
CPU. All else being equal, a CPU running at a higher MHz will be faster than one running at a slower
clock speed.
Memory- An organized collection of storage elements into which a unit of information consisting of a
binary digit can be stored and from which can later be retrieved.
Meshing- the process of dividing geometry into a grid of elements for finite-element analysis.
Microsoft Foundation Classes (MFC)- an application framework that provides reusable C++ object
classes that can be used to reduce the amount of programming necessary to develop Windows-based
applications such as CAD and to include OLE capability within these applications. (Microsoft Corp.)
Mirror- a function for creating entities in a 2D or 3D CAD program; such entities are mirrored yet
opposites copies of the original.
Mirror Image- The reversal of plus and minus values along an axis. Mirror imaging is used to make a
left-handed part from a right-handed tool path. When axis inversion is used circular interpolation is also
reversed. Use of (INV,X1Y0) is a Type II language command.
Modal- Pertaining to information that is retained by the system until new information is obtained that
replaces it.
Module- An interchangeable plug-in item containing components.
MTB- Machine Tool Builder.
MultiMedia Architecture (MMX)- architectural design enhancements to the Intel Pentium CPU chip
to handle multimedia operations. (Intel Corp.)
Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME)- a specification for exchanging text (in different
character sets) and multimedia (sound, images, etc.) among different systems using Internet mail
standards.
-NN/C- Numerical Control-The technique of controlling a machine or process by using command
instructions in coded numerical format.
-OObject Linking and Embedding (OLE)- a standard set of functions that allow users to link or embed
one file or object within another, even if created with a different application. For instance, a spreadsheet
can be embedded into a CAD file and be made active within the CAD program. OLE builds on
COM/DCOM, providing higher level services to application programmers such as structured storage,
making it easier for applications to organize, add, and remove data without requiring them to create
large numbers of directories and files on the disk. (Microsoft Corp.)
Object Request Broker (ORB)- an application framework that provides interoperability between
software objects, even if they are built in different languages and run on different machines. (Object
Management Group) OLE for Design and Modeling (Modeling) and OLE for Design and Modeling
(Geometry and Topology) (OLE D&M)- a method of combining data and functionality from two
different CAD/CAM systems into one model by defining a standard way to extract design information
out of CAD/CAM databases for simultaneous display. OLE D&M (Geometry and Topology) adds to
this by defining a standard mechanism for communicating spatial arrangement of graphical objects for
CAD/CAM/CAE and GIS software. Over 50 CAD/CAM software vendors are involved in the OLE
D&M Specification. (Microsoft Corp.)
Open Database Connectivity (ODBC)- provides a common interface for accessing heterogeneous
databases. Based on Structured Query Language (SQL. )Allows developers to build client/server
applications without targeting a specific DBMS.
-PParabola- A plane curve generated by a point moving so that it's distance from a fixed second point is
equal to it's distance from a fixed line.
Parabolic Interpolation- Control of a cutter path by interpolation between three fixed points, with the
assumption that the intermediate points are on a parabola.
Parametrics- a capability of 2D and 3D modeling systems in which the user defines dimensions and
constraints to which the model must conform. Alterations are then automatically reflected in related
areas. Strictly speaking, parametrics work in only one direction, i.e., altering entity A will affect entity
B, but not vice-versa. In practice, however, most systems allow the changes to operate in either
direction.
Parasolid- a solid modeling engine used by many commercial and research organizations as the core of
CAD/CAM/CAE applications. (Unigraphics Solutions Inc.)
PDES Inc. (PDES)- an industry/government consortium whose aim is to speed development and
implementation of the STEP standard.
Pen plotter- a hardcopy device that draws links on paper, or other flat medium, by moving one or more
pens across the surface of the medium; with more than one pen, multiple colors are possible.
Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI)- a high-performance bus that provides a processorindependent data path between the CPU and peripherals for graphics, video, SCSI, LAN, etc. (PCI
Special Interest Group)
-RRadiosity- an way to illuminate models so that the visibility of a surface of an object is assessed relative
to every other surface and light source. Produces soft shadows.
Random Access Memory (RAM)- the storage area of a computer that holds programs and data.
Rapid prototyping (RP)- various manufacturing processes as well as a burgeoning industry. RP
processes involve devices--ranging from office modelers to four-ton machines--that accept 3D CAD
files, slice the data into cross-sections, and construct layers from the bottom up, bonding one on top of
the other, to produce physical prototypes for applications such as engineering form, fit, and function;
soft tooling for prototypes; and patterns for hard tooling. The RP industry consists of RP systems,
materials, and after-market products as well as a services sector.
Raster data- a method of defining 2D graphic data with black-and-white or colored dots as opposed to
vector data. Raster data resolution is typically defined by the number of pixels or dots/inch.
Ray tracing- a rendering method that approximates illumination by casting a ray from the viewer into
the model for each pixel in an image.
Rendering- process of adding shading, colors, reflectivity, textures, etc. to a model to make it appear
realistic.
Resolution- the acuity of a graphics display, monitor, or hardcopy device. Typically measured in total
pixels, horizontal X vertical (i.e. 1,280 X 1,024), or dots/inch (dpi).
Reverse engineering- in general, the processing of understanding the design and functionality of a
product using a sample of the product itself. For CAD, the term refers more narrowly to the process of
scanning or digitizing the shape of an object and turning that data into a model which can then be treated
as a normal CAD model, ultimately to re-manufacture the part or product.
-SSAT- a file format for 3D solid geometry, created by systems that use the ACIS solid modeling engine.
(Spatial Technology Corp.)
Server- in client-server computing, a system that performs processing and delivers data to any
number of clients in a network.
SLA format (SLA)- the 3D file format used by Stereo lithography Apparatus (SLA) rapid prototyping
machines. Can also be used as a general 3D file format for viewing.(3D Systems Inc.)
Small Computer Systems Interface (SCSI)- a CPU-to-drive (or other peripherals) interface. UltraWide SCSI supports 40 MB/sec data transfer from the peripheral to the system. The newer Ultra 2 Wide
SCSI doubles data transfer to 80 MB/sec.
Solid modeling- a geometric modeling method that completely and unambiguously describes both the
exterior and interior of a part or assembly in three dimensions.
Spun Surface- a surface created by spinning a 2D profile of a trace path around a centerline axis.
-VVirtual Reality (VR)- Refers to the ability to interact with data in a way that enables the users to
"enter" and navigate through a computer-generated 3D environment and change their viewpoint and
interact with objects created within that environment in a way that mimics the real world.
Virtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML)- a language that lets Web browsers view and interact
with 3D models; requires a special viewer.
Virtual prototyping (VP)- the use of computer models and simulations to supplant the use of physical
prototypes and models for evaluating and testing product designs.

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ORIENTAL UNIVERSITY, INDORE

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

COURSE: B-TECH VIII SEMESTER

STUDENT REFERENCE MANUAL

Oriental University, Indore

Our Vision and Mission

To provide a creative and rewarding work environment for all employees.

CODE OF CONDUCT FOR STUDENTS:

Oriental University, Indore (MP)

Branch MECHANICAL Engineering

End Mid Sem.

Machine Design III

Seminar / Group Discussion (Internal Evaluation )

MTME- 801 Elective III

BTME 801: Reliability and Maintenance

Unit 3 Reliability Centered Maintenance (RCM): Concept, methodology, benefits;

TOPIC WISE REFERENCES

Some Important Question:UNIT 1

Explain breakdown maintenance in brief (RGPV May 2011)

Write a note on Job Planning (RGPV Dec 2013)

What are various methods of job Scheduling

What is role of maintenance engineer in industry? (RGPV Dec 2010)

Which are the various faults in Machinery?

What is CBM? State its need. (RGPV Dec 2013)

Explain Vibration analysis (RGPV June 2011, 2013 )

Explain Thickness & Leakage monitoring

What is signature analysis?

Explain lubricant monitoring techniques (RGPV May 2009)

What is TPM? State its advantage (RGPV June 2013)

Explain FMEA work sheet (RGPV June 2011, 2013 )

What are the various failure analysis methods?

What is the difference between Quality and Reliability in maintenance?

What do you mean by Failure of item? What are its Causes?

Explain Bath tub curve. (RGPV Dec 2010)

5) Write an expression for Weibull distribution

What do you mean by Redundancy? State its techniques.

Explain Reliability of K- out of m system

Write a note on Reliability Improvement.

Previous Year Question Paper

Topic wise References

Methods of power transmission,.

selection and design of flat belt and pulley;

Selection of V-belts and sheave design;

Design of chain drives,

roller chain and its selection;

Rope drives, design of rope drives,

design of rope drives, hoist ropes

Force analysis of gear tooth,

modes of failure, beam strength,

Lewis equation, form factor,

formative gear and virtual number of teeth;

Gear materials; Surface strength and wear of

strength against wear; Design of straight tooth

Design of Helical Gears.

Bevel Gears: Application of bevel, formative

Force analysis; Lewis equation for bevel gears;

Strength against wear;

Design of bevel gear

Stresses in Flywheel Rim

Design of flywheel arms,

Design of shaft, hub and key

Purpose of shaft couplings and Different types

Design of Pressure vessels subjects to internal