Fire Design Main Report

Individual Project: Fire Engineering Appraisal
Of A Proposed Commercial Building

CE5604 Structural Design For Fire
LECTURER MARKING: DR ZHAOHUI HUANG

April 1, 2015
Authored by: Yama Habibi, 0916193
Content Page
Overview..
Aim And Objective.
Introduction..
Calculation.
Actions..
Types Of Sprinkler For Design Appraisals One & Two .
Design Appraisal One..
Internal Beam Fire Design Calculation.
Edge Beam Fire Design Calculation.
Internal Column Design Calculation
Edge Column Design Calculation..
Design Appraisal One Review
Design Appraisal Two
Calculations: Composite Slab..
Calculations: Parallel Beams.
Calculations: Edge & Internal Primary Beam
Calculations Column..
Design Appraisal Two Review
Conclusion .
Reference ..
Appendixes
Fire Engineering Appraisal Of A Proposed Commercial Building: By Yama Habibi 0916193
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Page 1
Overview:
Project Name: Brunel Commercial Building

Location: Kingston Lane, Uxbridge, Middlesex UB8 3PH
Client: Brunel University, London
Aim and Objective:
To provide an appraisal of multiple structural fire engineering design approaches, to Brunel

Commercial Building: a steel frame building. The client is anxious to minimise construction
time, in order to start using the building as soon possible. This requirement has eliminated
concrete framing systems from consideration. The building needs to have fire resistance of
90 minutes with use of sprinklers system.
Introduction:
Fire represents one of the most severe environmental hazards to which buildings and builtinfrastructure are subjected, therefore fires account for significant personal, capital and production
loss in most countries of the world, each year. This makes the provision of appropriate measures
for protecting life and property are the prime objectives of fire safety design in buildings. These fire
safety objectives can be achieved through different strategies. During the design process, and in
the initial stages of a fire, the first aim is to confine the fire inside the compartment, so that it does
not spread to other parts of the building. However, if the fire becomes large despite of preventive
measures, the aim of the design is to ensure that the building remains structurally stable for a
period of time enough to evacuate the occupants and for the firefighters to contain the fire. It is the
job of the designer to ensure the effectiveness of the chosen measures in preventing the fires from
spreading and destroying the building (Purkiss, 1996).
The current fire protection strategy for a building often incorporates a combination of active and
passive fire protection measures. Active measures, such as fire alarm and detection systems or
sprinklers, require either human intervention or automatic activation. These measures help control
fire spread and its effect, as needed at the time of the fire. Passive fire protection measures are
built into the structural system by:
1. Choice of building materials
2. Dimensions of building components
3. Compartmentation, and
4. Fire protection materials
These measures control fire spread and its effect by providing sufficient fire resistance to prevent
loss of structural stability within a prescribed period, this time frame is, based on the buildings
occupancy and fire safety objectives. Materials and construction assemblies that provide fire
Page 2
resistance, measured in terms of fire endurance time, are commonly referred to as fire resistancerated-construction or fire-resistive materials and construction in the two current model-building
codes: Eurocode 3 and 4 parts 2 and approved document B (Purkiss, 1996).
Calculation:
The calculation showed in this report follows temperaturetime relationships, based on Eurocode 1 Part 2
approaches to model the thermal action produced by a fire on a structure. All structural members designs
are according to the standard curve (sometimes called the standard ISO 834 curve, given in prEN13501-2).
g = 20 + 345log10(8t + 1)
This curve is used as a model for representing a fully developed fire in a compartment. In this equation,
g is the gas temperature in the compartment or near the steel member in C, and t is the time in minutes.
This standard fire curve is illustrated in this Figure 1:
Figure 1: temperaturetime : Sources
Actions:
Variable load:
Imposed load: 3.5 KN/m2
Office partition = 1 KN/m2
Office finishing (ceiling and raised floor) = 0.7 KN/m2
Total variable load = 5.2 KN/m2
Permeant Load:
Dead loads were calculated, including the weight of all structural components (columns, main
beams, floor beams, and floor system), and cladding system.
Page 3
Types of Sprinkler for Design Appraisals One & Two

Hazard classification
Buildings, and their contents are defined by a number of categories; or hazard classification. The
Brunel Commercial Building is classed as Ordinary Hazard type 1 (OH1). According to approved document,
B the use of a wet pipe sprinkler system is recommended for OH1 type buildings (Bafsa.org.uk, 2015).
Wet pipe
These are the most common automatic sprinkler systems. They are used in buildings where there
is no risk of freezing. Wet pipes are quick to react because water is always present in the pipes
above the sprinkler heads. Wet sprinkler systems are required for multi-storey or high-rise
buildings and essential for life safety. The main elements of a typical wet pipe installation are
shown in Figure 2 (Bafsa.org.uk, 2015) .
Figure 2
The sprinklers operate at predetermined temperatures to discharge water over the affected part of
the area below. The flow of water through the alarm valve initiates a fire alarm. The operating
temperature is generally selected to suit ambient temperature conditions (Bafsa.org.uk, 2015) .
Only sprinklers in the vicinity of the fire, i.e. those which become sufficiently heated, operate.
Design Appraisal One:

Precast Concrete Flooring System:
The advantages of precast a multiple. These include clear and faster erection time, superior
quality of result, and lifetime energy efficiencies from the thermal mass of the concrete. Noncombustible precast concrete designs can better provide lasting and effective passive structural
fire protection. The following are benefits of precast concrete flooring system (Hanson Plc., 2015):
Page 4
It will never burn.
It isolates the fire.
It requires no fire-resistance
additives.
It helps control sound and vibration.
It does not produce toxins.
Its architectural design options are

unlimited.
It minimizes fire development.
It does not rot or support mold or

termites.
It absorbs heat.
It produces an economical system.
It offers structural integrity.
It comes from a single-source provider.
The precast concrete chosen for Design Option One is A200 wide Hollow Core from
Hanson PLC. Details are as follows (Hanson Plc., 2015):
200 mm depth and up to

1200mm width.
Support up to 7 KN/m2 of
variable load.
Clear Span of 7.5m.
Self-weight of 3.42 KN/m2.
Uncropped construction is
possible for spans up to 5.00m, for spans greater than these, temporary propping
will enhance load/span characteristics.
Figure 3: Continuity over steelwork: (source: Hanson Plc.)
Structure Frame system for Design Option One:

Primary structures are those structural members essential to the overall integrity of the structure.
These, structural members are of prime importance to the fire safety of the structure. Therefore, all
primary structural frame members require fire-resistive protection. Therefore, selection of their
steel grade is very important. These are includes
a) All the primary beams are S355 grade steel I-beam.

b) All the internal columns are S335 grade steel Circular Hallow section.
c) All the perimeter columns are S335 grade steel Universal column.
Secondary structures are structural members whose contribution to the integrity of the
structure as a whole is not significant. Therefore, they do not require fire protection.
a) All the secondary Beams are S275 steel I-beam.
Page 5
Beam Fire Design Calculation

Brunel University, London
Design code: EuroCode 3
Unless
stated
otherwise
all
references
are to BS
EN 1993-12:2005.
Subject : Internal Beam Fire Design Calculation
Yama Habibi
Sheet no: 1
Simply supported Fully Restrained Beam

This calculation demonstrate the design of a fully restrained non-composite
beam grid line H1-H2, Appendix A.
Structural Layout and Action :
Characteristics Action:
a) Permanent action
2
o Assume Beam Self Weight = 1.0 kN/m
2
o Precast Concrete Self Weight = 3.42 KN/m
2
Total Permanent load = 1.0 + 3.42 = 4.42 kN/m
Refer to
b) Variable Action
2
o Imposed floor load for offices ( category B1 ) 3.5 kN/m
structural
2
o Office partition = 1 KN/m
arrangeme2
o Office finishing (ceiling and raised floor) = 0.7 KN/m
nt and
2
Total variable load = 5.2 KN/m
loading
2
gk= 4.42 kN/m & qk = 5.2 kN/m
gk = 4.42 KN/m2
qk = 5.2 kN/m
7.5m
Beam span = 7.5 m

Bay width = 7.50 m
Ultimate limit state ( ULS ) design at Ambient Temperature
BS EN 1990
NA.2.23.2
Table
NA.2(B)
o Partial factor for permanent actions G = 1.35

o Partial Factor for variable actions Q = 1.5
Note for this beam calculation, the combination factor (0) is not required as the
only variable action is the imposed floor load. The wind has no impact on the
design of this member.
Design valve of combined action = G gk + Q qk
2
= ( 1.35 x 4.42 ) + ( 1.5 x 5.2 ) = 13.78 kN/m
UDL per meter length of beam accounting for bay width of 7.5m
Fd = 13.78 x 7.5 = 103.35 kN/m
ULS design Fd
= 103.35 kN/m
BS EN 1990
Eq. (6.10a)
Page 6

Yama Habibi
Sheet no: 2
Design Moment and Shear Force:

Maximum design moment, My,Ed, occurs at mid-span, and for bending about the
major (y-y) axis is:
2
2
My,Ed = Fd x L / 8 = (103.35 x 7.5 )/ 8 = 727 kNm
Maximum design shear force, VEd, occurs at the end supports, and
is: VEd = Fd x L / 2 = (103.35 x 7.5 )/ 2 = 388 kNm
6.1(1) NA
2.15
My,Ed = 727
kNm
VEd = 388
kNm
Partial Factors For Resistance

mo = 1.0
Trial Section:
NA 2.4
BS10025-2
Table 7
An advanced UK beam (UKB) S355 is to be used. Assuming no material is less than

2
40 mm thick the nominal valve of yield strength, f y should be taken to be 355 N/mm
The required section needs to have a plastic modulus about the
major-axis (y-y) that is greater than:
3
3
W pL,y = (My,Ed x mo ) / fy = (727x 10 x 1.0 ) / 355 = 2047 cm
From the tables of section
properties try section:
457x191x98 UKB, S355,
3
which has W pl,y = 2232 cm
Section 457 x 191 x 98

has the following
dimensions and
properties:
UKB
fy = 355
N/mm2
UKB
457x191x98
Modulus of elasticity E =
210000 N/mm2
Tata Steel
Blue book
Depth of cross-section
Width of cross-section
Depth between fillets
Web thickness
Flange thickness
Radius of root fillet
Cross-sectional area
Second moment of area (y-y)
Second moment of area (z-z)
Elastic section modulus (y-y)
Plastic section modulus (y-y)
H = 463.4 mm
b = 192.8 mm
d = 407.6 mm
tw = 11.4 mm
tf = 19.6 mm
r = 1.2 mm
2
A = 125 cm
4
Iy = 45730 cm
4
Iz = 243 cm
3
W el,y = 1957 cm
3
W pl,y = 2232 cm
Page 7

Yama Habibi
Sheet no: 3
Classification of Cross-Section:
For section classification the coefficient is:
0.5
= (235/fu) = 0.814
Outstand flange: flange under uniform compression
cf / tf = 4.92
The limiting value for Class 1 is cf / tf 9 = 9x0.814 = 7.43
4.92< 7.43, therefore, the flange outstand in compression is Class 1.
Internal compression part: web under pure bending
cw / tw = 35.8
The limiting value for Class 1 is cw / tw 72 = 72x0.814 = 58.58
35.8< 58.58 therefore, the web in pure bending is Class 1.
Therefore the section is Class 1 under pure bending.
Moment Resistance:
Mc,Rd =
792.4 kNm
Plastic modulus, W pl = 2232 cm

The design requirement is :
Mc,Rd = 792.4 kNm ( for Class 1 Section )
My,Ed / Mc,Rd = 727/792.4 = 0.92 < 1
Therefore, the design bending resistance of the section is adequate.
Shear Resistance:
Applied shear, Vsd =
387.2 kN
Shear area, Av = 5565.5
mm2
Shear capacity, Vpl, Rd = 1140.7 kN
BS EN
1990
NA 2.2.6
BS EN
1993-1-1
NA2.23
.hw.tw=
[ > Vsd, OK ]
4879.2 mm
The section
is Class 1
Bending
resistance is
adequate
2
Serviceability Limit State (SLS)

The characteristic load combination at SLS is :
Gk+Qk
Vertical deflection of beam
The vertical deflection at the mid-span is determined as :
W = (5L4W) / (384EIy) = 0.6 mm
vertical deflection limit for this beam is
span/250 = 7500/250 = 30 mm
Therefore, the vertical deflection of the section is satisfactory
Shear
resistance is
adequate
vertical
deflection is
acceptable
Design Loading in Fire:

UK NA to
EN 19911-2
NA 2.7 to
UK NA
1990
Table
NA.A1.1
Design moment at the fire limit state

Mfi,d = fi.MEd
the reduction factor for design load level in the fire situation is given by :
fi = (Gk+fiQk,1)/(GGk+Q,1Qk,1)
fi is to be taken as 1.1 according to the UK NA to EN 1991-1-2. The valve of
1.1 is taken from UK NA to EN 1990, for ( in this instance ), office area:
fi = 1.1 = 0.5
fi = 0.510
Mfi,d = 370.2 kNm
Mfi,d = 370.2
kNm
Page 8

EN 19931-2
4.2.4
&
4.24(2)
Design Resistance Of Unprotected Beam In Fire :

For simplicity, the resistance of a structural section may be verified in the
temperature domain. Except when deformation criteria or when stability
phenomena steel may be calculated as:
And o =
,
,,
Design resistance at 20C, using fire safety factors:

For a Class 1 beam with uniform temperature distribution,
Resistance moment at temperature is Mfi, ,Rd = ky, (M,1/M,fi) MRd
Strength reduction factor for 20C: ky,20 = 1,0
M,1 = [1,0] and M,fi = [1,0]
Resistance moment for strength at 20C is MRd = 792.4 kNm
Mfi,20,Rd = 1,0x([1,0] / [1,0])x 792.4 = 792.4 kNm
EN 19931-2
4.2.3.3 (7)
& (8)
Yama Habibi
Sheet no: 4
Mfi,20,Rd =
792.4 kNm
For a beam supporting a concrete slab on top flange:

Design moment resistance in fire = M
fi,t,Rd
=M
/k k
fi,,Rd
1 2
Adaption factor, k = [0,7]

1
Adaption factor, k = 1,0

2
fi,t,Rd
= 792.4 /([0,7]x1,0) = 1131.9 kNm > Mfi,sd = 370.2 kNm OK
Degree of utilisation = 370.2 /1131.9 = 0.327

0
Critical temperature of beam = 650.7 C

cr
Calculation of the unprotected steel temperature shows that the beam

reaches its critical temperature of 650.7oC after 10 minutes. Because the
critical temperature is reached at 10 minutes of fire resistance, an unprotected
solution is unsatisfactory. Figure 4 shows the variation of the temperature of
gas and steel temperature with time, showing when the critical temperature is
reached:
Unprotect
beam =
cr
650.7 C
Fire Excel
software
Unprotected beam cr
Figure 4: temperature of gas and unprotected steel temperature with time
Page 9

EN 19931-2
4.2.3.3
(7) & (8)
Yama Habibi
Sheet no: 5
Design Resistance Of Protected Beam In Fire:

To protect the beam, then encasing with 15 sprayed protections and the
manufacture provided the following data
Thickness, dp =
Density, p =
Specific Heat, cp =
Thermal Conductivity, p =
15
430
1200
0.17
15mm thick
spray
mm
3
kg/m
J/kgK
W/mK
EN 1993-1-2 4.2.3 (7) and 8 recommend Adaption factor, k = [0,85] used for
1
protected beam, therefore

M
fi,t,Rd
= 990.5 kNm > Mfi,sd = 370.2 kNm OK
Degree of utilisation = = 0.374

0
Critical temperature of beam = 630.4 C
Protected
Beam @ 90
min the a =
673 C > cr=
630.4 C
cr
For 90 minutes, the steel temperature, a = 673 C
Protected
Beam@ 90 min
a = 673 C >
= 630.4 C
cr
Figure 5 Standard curve of protected beam temperature with time
Adopt UKB
457x191x98
in S355 steel
Figure 5 illustrates that the selected solution is satisfactory for a fire resistance
period of 90 minutes, as the steel temperature is 673 C, less than the critical
temperature.
Page 10

Subject : Edge Beam Fire Design Calculation
Yama Habibi
Sheet no: 1
This calculation demonstrates the design of a fully restrained noncomposite edge beam grid line G-H, Appendix A.
2
gk= 4.42 kN/m & qk = 5.2 kN/m
BS EN
1993-1-1
gk= 4.42
2
kN/m qk =
2
5.2 kN/m
7.5m
Beam span = 7.5 m
Bay width = 3.75 m
Use Advance UKB 457x191x98 of steel grade S335

Classification of cross-section is Class 1
Moment Resistance, Deflection and Shear Resistance are
adequate at Ultimate Limit State Design at Ambient Temperature
Design resistance of unprotected beam in fire:
BS19931-2
Design moment in fire, Mfi,sd =185.1 kNm

Design moment resistance in fire, Mfi,20,Rd = 1131.9 kNm > Mfi,sd OK
Critical temperature, cr =755.3 oC and edge beam reached the critical at
20 minutes; therefore, an unprotected solution is unsatisfactory as show
in figure x.
Design resistance of protected beam in fire:
To protect the beam, then encasing with 10mm sprayed protections and
Figure 6 illustrates that the selected solution is satisfactory for a fire
resistance period of 90 minutes, as the steel temperature is 740C, less
than the critical temperature 755.3C.
Section is
Class 1
Moment
Resistance,
Deflection
and Shear
Resistance
are adequate
Critical
temperature,
cr =755.3 oC
10mm thick
Spray
Protection
Protected
Beam
Temperature
at 90 min =
740C
Fire Excel
Protected
Beam
Adopt UKB
457x191x98
in S355 steel
Figure 6 : Standard fire curve for edge beam
Page 11
Subject : Internal Column Design Calculation

BS EN
Column in Simple Construction:
1993-112005
Internal column at ground level Gridline H2, Appendix A
Column height = 5.00m
Advance UKC of 305x305x240 and steel grade of S335
Actions
Yama Habibi
Sheet no: 1
a) Total factored permanent load from upper floors and roof ( includes beam
and column self-weight ) Gk= 1740.38 kN
b) Total factored variable load from upper floors and roof ( includes all finishing )
Qk = 1918.13
Ultimate Limit State Design at Ambient Temperature:
Overall cross-section is Class 1
Total design axial compression, Nsd = 6055.1 kN
Buckling resistance, Nb,Rd = 7044.62 kN [ > Nsd, (OK) ]
BS EN
1990
6.4.3.2
Expressio
n 2.5
Nsd = 6055.1
kN
Nb,Rd =
7044.62 kN
Design at Fire Situation:

EN 19931-2
2.4.2.(2)
Section is
Class 1
Combination factor, 1.1 = 0.5

Qk,1 / Gk =
1.2
Reduction factor, fi = 0.510
Design loading in fire, Nfi,sd= 3087.6 kN
Design resistance of unprotected column in fire :
EN 19931-2
2.4.3.2
654
EN 19931-2
4.2.5.1
Figure 7: Design resistance of unprotected column in fire
Critical temperature of column = 654 C

cr
Calculation showed (figure7 ) that unprotect column fail and reach the critical
temperature at 44 minutes which less that required 90min fire protection and at
the Critical temperature less than fire load design therefore column must be
protect with fire protection materials.
Page 12
Subject : Column Design Calculation
Group No1
Sheet no: 3
Design resistance of protected column in fire :

P363
Protection material = British Gypsum Plaster Broad

Thickness, dp = 10 mm
Density, p = 800 kg/m3
Specific Heat, cp = 1700 J/kgK
Thermal Conductivity, p = 0.20 W/mK
654
Critical temperature of column = 654 C

cr
Protected column temperature at 90 minutes is 605 oC less the critical

temperature as showed in figure 8.
Figure 8: Standard fire curve for column.
Page 13
Subject : Edge Column Design Calculation
Group No1
Sheet no: 1
Edge column at ground level Gridline H1, Appendix A

Ultimate Limit State Design at Ambient Temperature
The Edge column fully stable at Ultimate Limit State and Overall crosssection is Class 1
Buckling resistance, Nb,Rd = 3820.84 kN [ > Nsd, (OK) ]
Design loading in fire, Nfi,sd= 1557.6 kN < Nb,Rd OK
Critical temperature of Edge column cr = 665 C
takes 34 minutes for the column to reach the critical temperature. Load
at the critical temperature is 826.9kN less than fire design load.
Therefore, corner column requires fire protection.
Class 1
Nsd = 3054.6
kN
Nb,Rd =
3820.84 kN
Nfi,sd= 1557.6
kN
cr = 665 C
Protection material = British Gypsum Plaster Broad

Thickness, dp = 10 mm
Density, p = 800 kg/m3
Specific Heat, cp = 1700 J/kgK
Thermal Conductivity, p = 0.20 W/mK
Buckling resistance at critical temperature with uniform a, Nb,fi,t,Rd =4042

kN [ > Nfi,d = 1557.56 kN, OK ]
10mm Gypsum
Plaster Broad
a, Nb,fi,t,Rd
=4042kN
@ 90 min =
610
Column steel temperature at 90 minutes in ISO fire curve reached to
610C which is less than the critical temperature.
Column size of UKC 305x305x137 with 10mm Gypsum board fulfiled
the fire design requirement.
Use UKC
305x305x137
Page 14
Design Appraisal One Review:
The design plan of the structure provided (Appendix A) the structural bay size as 7.5m by
7.5m with a centre atrium of 30m by 15m. Hollowcore Precast floor systems were
selected. These provide a rapidly constructed solution to multi-story buildings, that is
economical, high quality, 2 hours fire-resistant (without need extra of fire protection
material), and has excellent deflection and vibration characteristics. Precast concrete do
not burn or give off lethal fumes in even the hottest of fires. It maintains its structural
integrity longer, giving occupants more time to evacuate safely and extinguish the fire.
Concrete and its mineral constituents enjoy the highest fire resistance classification (class
A1) under EN 13501-1. The precast slab thickness selected was 200 mm and provided a
clear span size of 7.5m unpropped, thus eliminating the use of secondary beams up to
7.5m of bay width. The precast concrete slab sat on top of the top flange of the steel
beam. Continuity was achieved by using a joint steel bar connecting the two slab cores at
a width of 1200mm and then infilling with concrete as illustrated in figure 3.
The building steel frame was designed as a braced frame. The beams were designed as
simply supported. The columns carried axial loads and (generally) minimal moments. The
beam to column connections were designed as nominally pinned, and hence did not
attract any moment; sufficient rotation capacity should be be provided. The cross braced
frame system was used to provide lateral stability to the building, as illustrated in figure 9.
The bracing system required 2 hours fire resistance, so it was important to maintain its
stability for duration longer than fire resistance of the substructure (which is 90 minutes for
beams and columns). This could be achieved by applying 15mm thick spray over all the
bracing members (Lennon, 2011).
Figure 9: Example of bracing system
All internal primaries beam were designed from advance universal steel of Hot-rolled I
sections, and strength grade of S355. The span of the beam was 7.5m and supporting
Page 15
bay widths were 7.5m. the beam size UKB 457 x 191 x 98 from Tata steel was chosen.
Using a short span primary beam was primarily responsible for various advantages. This
includes eliminating the use of secondary beam, providing lower floor zone, short
defection, wide availability of hot rolled steel sections. As well as providing a strong rigid
moment frame, ideal for open plan office buildings.
Edge beams hot rolled I section, beam span was of 7.5m and the design was from S335
steel grade. The size of the beams was UKB 457x191x98.
All beams ( internal and edge ) beams were fire protect for 90 minutes by fire sprayed
protection material which could be applied on site after installation.
Fire protection layout, reducing fire protection to all primary members (beams and
columns) 90 minutes. Fire protection spray was applied directly to the contour of primed 'I'
and 'H' section columns and beams, and hollow sections, providing fire protection for up
to 120 minutes. In a fire, a chemical reaction takes place, causing the product to expand
and form an insulating layer, preventing the temperature of steel from rising to a critical
level.
The clear space between all columns was 7.5m. The internal column size was UKC
305x305x240 in steel grade of S335 and all the edge and Conner column size were UKC
305x305x137 steel grade of S335. The column height was 5m. All columns were fire
protected for 90 minutes by 10mm and 15 mm British gypsum plasterboard.
British gypsum board. is a fire protection system capable of providing up to 180 minutes
fire resistance to structural steel columns and beams. Its Installation was quick and easy
due to the use of simple clip fixings to secure the framing sections.
All services duct in the building were attached under the beams and fire protected for a 2 hour fire.
This was done by using encapsulated blanket product as the basis of a range of systems for up to
2 hour fire protection of ductwork. The blanket was simply attached to the duct using steel banding
straps as showed in figure 10. These are its key features (Franssen, Kodur and Zaharia, 2009) :
Non-combustible product.
Tested to meet ISO 6944, ASTM E2336, BS 476 part 24 and EN 1366-1 standards for fire
protection of ductwork
UL listed.
Flexible wrap - ideal for circular ducts minimising cutting and fixing .
Clean, quick and simple installation - encapsulated product.
Page 16
Complete encapsulation resists contamination by leaking duct contents.
Zero clearance to combustibles.
Provides combined fire, acoustic and thermal insulation.
Figure 10: encapsulated blanket
Short span layout of the building governed by lower floor zone of 1.2m. Their dimension
illustrated in figure x:
100 mm
200 mm
463 mm
1.2 m
1. Raised floor
2. Fan-coil unit
3. Ducting and
insulation
4. Lighting and
ceiling
350mm
90 mm
Figure 11: floor zone of design one
Page 17
Cost:
Size
Beam of 7.5m UKB
457x191x98 @ 98.3
Kg/m.
Unit cost
1283 per ton = 958.43
per beam
Protection cost
8 per m2
Total
1,026.06 per beam
including protection
1026.06 x 102 (each
floor ) x 8 ( whole
building ) = 83648.96
Column of 5m UKC @
282.9 kN
1308 per tone
Precast
50 per m square
10 per m2
1414.05 ( each column )

* 60 *8 = 678744
Total precast for entire
building cost 900,000
Estimate total cost of the building steel and precast floor( excluding VAT) = 1,662,392
Approximation Construction Times:

Structural From
Overall construction time

(weeks)
Frame construction time

(weeks)
Steel Beams & columns with

precast concrete hallow
core units
44
Design Appraisal Two:

Floor system: for appraisal two, a
composite floor system has been chosen
and span of 4.5m Unpropped from Tata
Steel UK and type of slab is ComFlor
100, V3. Composite floors consist of a
concrete topping cast onto metal decking.
Composite floor slabs use metal decking,
which spans between secondary steel
beams usually spaced at between 2.5 and
Figure 12 composite Slab: sources (Tata steel Europe, 2015).
5m centres. Concrete, lightweight is then

poured onto the decking, usually by pumping, to make up the composite system. Lightweight
concrete is a better insulator and thus loses strength less rapidly in fire than normal weight
concrete. Hence lightweight concrete floors tend to be thinner than normal weight alternatives.
Metal decking acts both as permanent formwork for the concrete, eliminating the need to provide
props, and as tensile reinforcement for the slab. Steel bars are included in the slab to prevent
Page 18
cracking and to provide reinforcement in the event of degradation of the decking in a fire as shown
in figure x. Steel decking acts as a permanent shuttering which can eliminate the need for slab
reinforcement and propping of the construction while the concrete develops strength. This leads to
simple, rapid construction (Tata steel Europe, 2015).
Composite action reduces the overall depth of structure. It provides up to 2 hours fire
resistance without additional fire protection and 4 hours with added thickness or extra
surface protection.
Reduce the volume of concrete used, with resultant savings in structural and foundation
cost.
Composite slab system is fast, minimise temporary props, is structurally optimised and
save cladding costs. The system also reduces building height or enables extra floors to be
built.
Structural Frame: structure steel frame consist of parallel beams system and secondary beams,
which transfer the gravity load to steel column then to the foundation. All parallel steel beams are
grade of S335, and the secondary beams are grade of S275.
Load path: gravity load from the composite slab, were support by secondary beams ( ribs ) then its
transfer to parallel beams and from parallel beams all loads transfer to edge and corner columns.
This illustrated in figure
Page 19
Design Appraisal Two Calculations:

Job Title:
CODE
REF.
SHEET
1
CALCULATIONS: COMPOSITE SLAB
Assumption: Analysis of composite slab for a fire resistance in parallel beams

system cannot possible to perform with beams as one frame (fire.xls 12.2
cannot use) so therefore composite slab analysis separately using fire.xls 11.
1 OF
OUTPUT
UseFire.XLS
11
Type: ComFlor 100 V3

Span : 3.75m , Depth = 180 mm , Concrete C25 , Mesh A252 or Rebar 16mm ,
cover = 30mm
Load = Permanent gk = 2.56 KN/m2 , Variable qk = 5.2 KN/m2
D= 180mm
gk =2.56 KN/m
qk = 5.2 KN/m2
BS
EN
11941-2
The above calculation showed the Slab is adequate
Page 20
Job Title:
SHEET 1 OF 1
CODE
REF.
CALCULATIONS: PARALLEL BEAMS
OUTPUT
This calculation demonstrate the design of a fully restrained noncomposite parallel beams grid line H1-H3, Appendix B
gk= 4.42 kN/m

2
gk= 4.42 kN/m & qk = 4.56 kN/m
qk = 4.56kN/m
L = 15m
15m
section is Class
1
Beam span = 15 m, Bay width = 7.5 m
Design at
Use Advance UKB 2x (610x305x238) of steel grade S335

Ambient
Temperature
Moment Resistance, Deflection and Shear Resistance are adequate OK
at Ultimate Limit State Design at Ambient Temperature

Design moment resistance in fire, Mfi,20,Rd = 3796 kNm > Mfi,sd OK
Critical temperature, cr =725.8 oC and the beam reached the critical at
17 minutes; therefore an unprotected solution is unsatisfactory as show
in figure x.
cr =725.8 oC
To protect the beam, then encasing with 10mm sprayed protections and
Figure x illustrates that the selected solution is satisfactory for a fire
resistances period of 90 minutes, as the steel temperature is 662C, less
than the critical temperature 725.8C.
@ 90 mins
Protected Beam
o
= 725 C
Use Two UKB

610x305x238 as
parallel beam
Figure 13
Beam size of UKB 2x (610x305x238) with 10mm fire sprayed protection

fulfilment the fire design requirement for 90 minutes.
Page 21
Job Title:
SHEET
1 OF 1
CODE
REF.
CALCULATIONS: Edge & Internal Primary Beam
OUTPUT
This calculation demonstrate the design of a fully restrained noncomposite parallel beams grid line G1-H2, Appendix B
2
gk= 4.42 kN/m & qk = 4.56 kN/m
7.5m
Beam span = 7 m, Bay width = 3.75 m
Use Advance UKB 457x191x98 of steel grade S335

Moment Resistance, Deflection and Shear Resistance are
adequate at Ultimate Limit State Design at Ambient
Temperature
UKB
457x191x98
Class 1
Design at
ULS all O.K

Design moment resistance in fire, Mfi,20,Rd = 1131.9 kNm > Mfi,sd OK
Critical temperature, cr =752.3 oC and the beam reached the
critical at 17 minutes; therefore an unprotected solution is
unsatisfactory as show in figure
To protect the beam, then encasing with 10mm sprayed

protections and Figure x illustrates that the selected solution is
satisfactory for a fire resistances period of 90 minutes, as the steel
temperature is 675C, less than the critical temperature 752.3C.
Unprotect failure point
a= 675
o
C at 90
mins
Use UKB
457x191x98
Figure 14 :
Espouse UKB 457x191x98 as primary beams

Page 22
Job Title:
CODE
REF.
SHEET
OF 1
CALCULATIONS Coloumn
OUTPUT
Internal column( most heavy loaded ) at ground level Gridline H3 . Appendix B

Actions:
a)
Total factored load from upper floors and roof = 10602 kN
Ultimate Limit State Design at Ambient Temperare
Overall cross-section is Class 1
Buckling resistance, Nb,Rd = 1313504 kN [ > Nsd, (OK) ]
Ned =
10602 kN
Design at
ULS & SLS
satisfactory
Design at fire situation

Combination factor, 1.1 = 0.5
Qk,1 / Gk =
1.1
Reduction factor, fi = 0.513
Design loading in fire, Nfi,sd= 6244.9 kN
Nb,Rd > Nsd

& Ned OK
cr = 603
C
Critical temperature of corner column cr = 603 C and its take 47 minutes to column
to reached the critical temperature and load at the critical temperature is 5742.9 kN
less than fire design load, Nfi,sd . Therefore, column is required fire protection.
Protection material = 10mm British Gypsum Plaster Broad
Column steel temperature at 90 minutes in ISO fire curvy reached to 610C which
less than critical temperature as illustrate in figure x:
UKC a at
90min = 533oC
Column size of UKC 356x406x393 with 10mm Gypsum board fulfilment the fire
design requirement.
10mm
Plaster
Broad
Required
Buckling
resistance
a, Nb,fi,t,Rd =
13090.4kN
in 90 min
fire
a at 90min
= 533oC
UKC
356x406x3
93
Acceptable
Page 23
Design Appraisal Two review
There are a number of floor slab types that can be used in association to a steel frame for
a building. These slabs can be either continuous or simply supported and can be designed
to act compositely with the supporting beams if adequate shear connection is provided.
With use of Hollowcore precast flooring system for design one, design two consisted with
use of Composite floor system with 4.5m Unpropped from Tata Steel UK as its span and
ComFlor 100, V3 as slab.
Composite flooring systems have been popular in use for multi storey buildings. Steel
decking in the composite construction acts as permanent shuttering, eliminating the need
for reinforcement while the concrete develops its strength. Composite flooring system were
considered lighter in weight than precast concrete floors, minimising time in overall
construction, also known as rapid construction. Composite actions can reduce the overall
depth of the structure while providing up to 2 hours of fire protection without any cover and
up to 4 hours of fire protection with added thickness or extra surface protection. The
overall weight of this system is low, particularly if the use of lightweight concrete is
considered. This reduces the overall cost of the project.
There are multiple benefits involved with in use of long span flooring system, the principal
benefit being additional free space. The use of long span floor eliminates the use of
columns, giving interior a larger space and the ease with which interiors can be changed,
giving building a longer life. There are also other secondary benefits involved; with long
span flooring system fewer pieces are to be used when compared to short span schemes.
This means fewer connections, and so fabrication and erection times are reduced. Longer
span beams also have favourable section factors making them more cost effective in
terms of fire protestation.
A complete design floor plan for Design two is provided in Appendix B. As seen from the
design, the elimination in use of columns provides the client with a larger free of space
increasing the life of the structure and ease of change for interior. The design encourages
in use of composite slab with span of 3.5m. For improvement in stability, columns are
added throughout the perimeter of the building and the atrium. Columns are also added in
the central section of the building for division of services provided.
This design also introduces the use of parallel beam system. Parallel beam system
consists the use of two main beams with the secondary beam running over the top main
Page 24
beam. Both of these main beams are connected to either side of the column, helping in
reduction of construction depth and thus avoiding the use of beam-to-column connections
The parallel beams designed (UKB) are of section designation of UKB 610x305x238 fire
protected and promotes the use of steel grade S335 and edge beams are UKB 457x191x98
protected. Section designation for secondary beam are UKB 457x191x98 and unprotected.
Edge columns designed (UKC356x406x393) are for section designation of with steel grade
of S335.
This design also promotes the use of ComFlor 100 slab with depth of 150mm, a very
strong profile shape offering the capability to span up to 4.5m, being able to carry wet
concrete and other construction loads without the need for temporary propping. Depending
on slabs, ComFlor 100 can provide a clear working space, minimising the hire of prop
and further savings of labour.
The services are located parallel to and in the same zone as rib (secondary ) beams, while
in the other way they are located parallel to and in the same zone as the spies. With this
arrangement, the structural depth is available for service runs, avoiding the situation of
services clashing. This is beneficial in terms of fire resistance as the services are now
within the part of secondary beams making them stable and avoiding extra layer of fire
protection, also reducing the cost. Figure 15 shows this in detail.
Services Duct
Figure 15: parallel grillage system showing service zones ( Source: SCI Publication 074)
Page 25
The use of connections are covered via use of bolts and welds. It is considered that the
net-section failure at fastener holes need not be considered, providing that there is a
fastener in each hole, the steel temperature is usually lower at connectinos due to
presence of additional materials. The verification of this is based on the strength as
determined at room temperature multiplied by the reduction factor for strength of bolts and
welds given in table below.
Floor Zone:
100 mm
1010 mm
1360 mm
150 mm
1. Raised floor
2. Ducting and insulation
3. Lighting and Ceiling
100 mm
Page 26
Estimate Construction Time:

Size
Beam span of 15m UKB
610x305x238 @ 238.1
Kg/m.
Unit cost
1283 per ton = 4582
per beam
Protection cost
8 per m2
Total
4772 per beam
included protection
4772 x 102 (each floor )
x 8 (entire building ) =
114528
Edge Beam span of

7.5m
UKB 457x191x98 @
98.3 Kg/m.
1283 per ton = 1892

per beam
8 per m2
1892 x 83 x 8 =
1256288 for entire
building and protection
cost only for edge beam
= 135 per beam x 41
beam needed = 5535
Column of 5m height
UKC 356x406x393 @
393 kg
1308 per tone
10 per m2
Composite Floor
75 per m square
2632 included the fire

protection ( each
column ) * 46 *8 =
968576
Total precast for whole
building cost 1350000
Estimate total cost of the entire building steel and composite floor( excluding VAT) = 2,438639
Construction Times:
Structural From
Overall construction time

(weeks)
Frame construction time

(weeks)
Parallel Beams & composite

slab
63
Page 27
Conclusion
With use of Eurocodes, British regulations and fire engineering programmes provided by Brunel University,
two designs were successfully calculated for as per clients requirements. The design of company
headquarters for Prestige offices included clients specification to have 1.5 hours of minimum fire
resistance, with sprinklers. Construction time, cost and fire resistance along with sustainability were the
biggest considerations for this project. Research conducted showed the variety in materials available
(ComFlor and precast flooring system) minimising in need for further calculations, especially precast
flooring system. The need to design this system for fire had been eliminated due to it being precast
where manufacture would provide the resistance in-built, thereby reducing cost and overall construction
time.
Both design shown in this project had its own advantages and disadvantages. With them both meeting the
set minimum standards of 90 mins of fire resistance below the critical temperature. This was checked on
the given spreadsheet and by hand calculations (calculations were conducted on critical members of the
design to study and demonstrate on how these would react under fire load). Design one on one hand had
the advantages of it making use of precast concrete manufactured off-site minimising overall construction
time to 44 weeks and its overall cost calculated to be 1.6 million. This type of design method is most
common for office construction.
Design two on the other hand made use of composite system involving the use of advance technology such
as ComFlor, minimising the use of columns and overall depth of the structure. This promoted the client in
use of 900 m2 of open area. The overall construction time and cost for this design is calculated to be 63
weeks and 2.4 million, respectively.
A detailed floor plan is provided in Appendix A and B for short span (design 1) and long span (design 2),
respectively. Use of active fire protection is recommended by building regulations and fire technicians for
further safety and a longer life expectancy of the building.
Page 28
References:
Purkiss, J. (1996). Fire safety engineering design of structures. Oxford: ButterworthHeinemann.
Lennon, T. (2011). Structural fire engineering. London: ICE Publishing.
Hanson Plc., (2015). Hanson Building Product. Hollowcore Flooring. [online]

London: Hanson Plc,. Available at:
<http://www.hansonbuildingproducts.co.uk/plugins/downloads/files/Hollowcore_Floo
ring_Brochure.pdf> [Accessed 2 Apr. 2015].
Franssen, J., Kodur, V. and Zaharia, R. (2009). Designing steel structures for fire
safety. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
BS EN 1993-1-2: 2005: Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures. General rules.

Structural fire design. London: BSI, 2005
BS EN 1994-1-2: 2005: Eurocode 4: Design of composite steel and concrete

structures. General rules. Structural fire design. London: BSI, 2006
Bailey, C.G., Newman, G.M., and Simms, W.I. The design of steel framed buildings
without applied fire protection. Ascot: Steel Construction Institute, 1999 (SCI
Publication 186)
Lataille, J. (2003). Fire protection engineering in building design. Amsterdam:

Butterworth-Heinemann.
Jumppanen, U. and Paavola, J. (1987). Thermal behaviour of steel columns with

steel sheet-mineral wool fire protection. Espoo: Technical Research Centre of
Finland.
Dr Huang. Z (2015) Fire Engineering Design of Steel Members to EC3 Part 1-2,
from Structural Design for Fire. Brunel University, Available from Blackboard
[Accessed 15/04/2015].
Dr Huang. Z (2015) Fire Engineering Design of Steel Members to EC3 Part 1-2,
from Structural Design for Fire. Brunel University, Available from Blackboard
[Accessed 15/04/2015].
Dr Huang. Z (2015) Fire Engineering Design of Composite Members to EC4 Part 12, from Structural Design for Fire. Brunel University, Available from Blackboard
[Accessed 15/04/2015].
Page 29

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Individual Project: Fire Engineering Appraisal

Of A Proposed Commercial Building

LECTURER MARKING: DR ZHAOHUI HUANG

Fire Engineering Appraisal Of A Proposed Commercial Building: By Yama Habibi 0916193

Project Name: Brunel Commercial Building

To provide an appraisal of multiple structural fire engineering design approaches, to Brunel

Fire Engineering Appraisal Of A Proposed Commercial Building: By Yama Habibi 0916193

Figure 1: temperaturetime : Sources

Fire Engineering Appraisal Of A Proposed Commercial Building: By Yama Habibi 0916193

Types of Sprinkler for Design Appraisals One & Two

Design Appraisal One:

Fire Engineering Appraisal Of A Proposed Commercial Building: By Yama Habibi 0916193

It will never burn.

It isolates the fire.

It helps control sound and vibration.

It does not produce toxins.

Its architectural design options are

It minimizes fire development.

It does not rot or support mold or

It produces an economical system.

It offers structural integrity.

It comes from a single-source provider.

200 mm depth and up to

Figure 3: Continuity over steelwork: (source: Hanson Plc.)

Structure Frame system for Design Option One:

a) All the primary beams are S355 grade steel I-beam.

Beam Fire Design Calculation

Subject : Internal Beam Fire Design Calculation

Simply supported Fully Restrained Beam

gk= 4.42 kN/m & qk = 5.2 kN/m

Beam span = 7.5 m

Ultimate limit state ( ULS ) design at Ambient Temperature

o Partial factor for permanent actions G = 1.35

Fire Engineering Appraisal Of A Proposed Commercial Building: By Yama Habibi 0916193

Brunel University, London

Subject : Internal Beam Fire Design Calculation

Design Moment and Shear Force:

Partial Factors For Resistance

An advanced UK beam (UKB) S355 is to be used. Assuming no material is less than

Section 457 x 191 x 98

Fire Engineering Appraisal Of A Proposed Commercial Building: By Yama Habibi 0916193

Brunel University, London

Subject : Internal Beam Fire Design Calculation

Plastic modulus, W pl = 2232 cm

Serviceability Limit State (SLS)

Design Loading in Fire:

Design moment at the fire limit state

Fire Engineering Appraisal Of A Proposed Commercial Building: By Yama Habibi 0916193

Brunel University, London

Subject : Internal Beam Fire Design Calculation

Design Resistance Of Unprotected Beam In Fire :

Design resistance at 20C, using fire safety factors:

For a beam supporting a concrete slab on top flange:

Adaption factor, k = [0,7]

Adaption factor, k = 1,0

= 792.4 /([0,7]x1,0) = 1131.9 kNm > Mfi,sd = 370.2 kNm OK

Degree of utilisation = 370.2 /1131.9 = 0.327

Critical temperature of beam = 650.7 C

Calculation of the unprotected steel temperature shows that the beam

Figure 4: temperature of gas and unprotected steel temperature with time

Fire Engineering Appraisal Of A Proposed Commercial Building: By Yama Habibi 0916193

Brunel University, London

Subject : Internal Beam Fire Design Calculation

Design Resistance Of Protected Beam In Fire: