1. Gray literature (or grey literature) is a field in library and information science.

The term is
used variably by the intellectual community, librarians, and medical and research professionals to
refer to a body of materials that cannot be found easily through conventional channels such as
publishers, "but which is frequently original and usually recent" in the words of M.C. Debachere.
Examples of grey literature include technical reports from government agencies or scientific
research groups, working papers from research groups or committees, white papers, or preprints.
The term grey literature is often employed exclusively with scientific research in mind.
Nevertheless, grey literature is not a specific genre of document, but a specific, non-commercial
means of disseminating information.
The identification and acquisition of grey literature poses difficulties for librarians and other
information professionals for several reasons. Generally, grey literature lacks strict bibliographic
control, meaning that basic information such as author, publication date or publishing body may
not be easily discerned. Similarly, non-professional layouts and formats and low print runs of grey
literature make the organized collection of such publications challenging compared to more
traditional published media such as journals and books.
Information and research professionals generally draw a distinction between ephemera and grey
literature. However, there are certain overlaps between the two media and they certainly share
common frustrations such as bibliographic control issues
2. Institutional repository is an online locus for collecting, preserving, and disseminating - in
digital form - the intellectual output of an institution, particularly a research institution.
For a university, this would include materials such as research journal articles, before (preprints)
and after (postprints) undergoing peer review, and digital versions of theses and dissertations, but
it might also include other digital assets generated by normal academic life, such as administrative
documents, course notes, or learning objects.
The four main objectives for having an institutional repository are:
to provide open access to institutional research output by self-archiving it;
to create global visibility for an institution's scholarly research;
to collect content in a single location;
to store and preserve other institutional digital assets, including unpublished or otherwise easily
lost ("grey") literature (e.g., theses or technical reports).
Features and Benefits of an Institutional Repository
According to the Directory of Open Access Repositories (DOAR) data [6] and the Repository 66 map
at December 2010,[7] the majority of IRs are built using Open Source software.
While the most popular Open Source and hosted applications share the advantages that IRs bring
to institutions, such as increased visibility and impact of research output, interoperability and
availability of technical support, IR advocates tend to favour Open Source solutions for the reason
that they are by their nature more compatible with the ideology of the freedom and independence
of the internet from commercial interests. On the other hand, some institutions opt for outsourced
commercial solutions.
In her briefing paper[8] on open access repositories, advocate Alma Swan lists the following as the
benefits that repositories bring to institutions:
Opening up outputs of the institution to a worldwide audience;
Maximizing the visibility and impact of these outputs as a result;
Showcasing the institution to interested constituencies prospective staff, prospective students
and other stakeholders;
Collecting and curating digital output;
Managing and measuring research and teaching activities;
Providing a workspace for work-in-progress, and for collaborative or large-scale projects;
Enabling and encouraging interdisciplinary approaches to research;
Facilitating the development and sharing of digital teaching materials and aids, and

 Supporting student endeavours, providing access to theses and dissertations and a location for
the development of e-portfolios.
Repository Software
There are a number of open-source software packages for running a repository including:
DSpace
Eprints
Fedora
There are also hosted (proprietary) software services, including:
Digital Commons
SimpleDL
There is a mashup indicating the worldwide locations of open access digital repositories. This
project is called Repository 66[1] and is based on data provided by ROAR and the OpenDOAR
service developed by the SHERPA
3. Ontologies Information reterival system
The use of ontologies to overcome the limitations of keyword-based search has been put forward as
one of the motivations of the Semantic Web since its emergence in the
late 90s. While there have been contributions in this direction in the last few years,
most achievements so far either make partial use of the full expressive power of an
ontology-based knowledge representation, or are based on boolean retrieval models,
and therefore lack an appropriate ranking model needed for scaling up to massive
information sources.
In the former case, ontologies provide a shallow representation of the information
space, equivalent in essence to the taxonomies and thesauri used before the Semantic
Web was envisioned [3,6,7,15]. Rather than an instrument for building knowledge
bases, these light-weight ontologies provide controlled vocabularies for the classification
of content, and rarely surpass several KBs in size. This approach has brought
improvements over classic keyword-based search through e.g. query expansion based
on class hierarchies and rules on relationships, or multifaceted searching and browsing.
It is not clear though that these techniques alone really take advantage of the full potential
of an ontological language, beyond those that could be reduced to conventional
classification schemes.
Other semantic search techniques have been developed that do exploit large knowledge
bases in the order of GBs or TBs consisting of thousands of ontology instances,
classes and relations of arbitrary complexity [1,2,4,12]. These techniques typically use
boolean search models, based on an ideal view of the information space as consisting
of non-ambiguous, non-redundant, formal pieces of ontological knowledge. In this
view, the information retrieval problem is reduced to a data retrieval task. A knowl search results
are assumed to be always 100% precise, and there is no notion of approximate
answer to an information need. This model makes sense when the whole
information corpus can be fully represented as an ontology-driven knowledge base, so
that search results consist of ontology entities.
However, there are limits to the extent to which knowledge can or should be formalized
in this way. First, because of the huge amount of information currently available
to information systems worldwide in the form of unstructured text and media documents,
converting this volume of information into formal ontological knowledge at an
affordable cost is currently an unsolved problem in general.
Second, documents hold a value of their own, and are not equivalent to the sum of
their pieces, no matter how well formalized and interlinked. The replacement of a
document by a bag of information atoms inevitably implies a loss of information value:
the thread of thought behind the order of the sentences in free text, the choice of the

words, etc., are a valuable, relevant, and necessary part of the conveyed message.
Therefore, although it is useful to break documents down into smaller information
units that can be reused and reassembled to serve different purposes, it is yet often
appropriate to keep the original documents in the system.
Third, wherever ontology values carry free text, boolean semantic search systems
do a full-text search within the string values. In fact, if the string values hold long
pieces of free text, a form of keyword-based search is taking place in practice beneath
the ontology-based query model since, in a way, unstructured documents are hidden
within ontology values, whereby the perfect match assumption starts to become
arguable, and search results may start to grow in size. While this may be manageable
and sufficient for small knowledge bases, the boolean model does not scale properly
for massive document repositories where searches typically return hundreds or thousands
results. Boolean search does not provide clear ranking criteria, without which
the search system may become useless if the search space is too big.
In this paper we propose an ontology-based retrieval model meant for the exploitation
of full-fledged domain ontologies and knowledge bases, to support semantic
search in document repositories. In contrast to boolean semantic search systems, in our
perspective full documents, rather than specific ontology values from a KB, are returned
in response to user information needs. The search system takes advantage of
both detailed instance-level knowledge available in the KB, and topic taxonomies for
classification. To cope with large-scale information sources, we propose an adaptation
of the classic vector-space model [16], suitable for an ontology-based representation,
upon which a ranking algorithm is defined.
The performance of our proposed model is in direct relation with the amount and
quality of information within the KB it runs upon. The latest advances in automating
ontology population and text annotation are promising [5,9,11,14]. While, if ever,
ontologies and metadata (and the Semantic Web itself) become a worldwide commodity,
the lack or incompleteness of available ontologies and KBs is a limitation we shall
likely have to live with in the mid term. In consequence, tolerance to incomplete KBs
has been set as an important requirement in our proposal. This means that the recall
and precision of keyword-based search shall be retained when ontology information is
not available or incomplete.
4. What is Impact factor?
is a measure reflecting the average number of citations to articles published in science and social
science journals. It is frequently used as a proxy for the relative importance of a journal within its
field, with journals with higher impact factors deemed to be more important than those with lower
ones. The impact factor was devised by Eugene Garfield, the founder of the Institute for Scientific
Information (ISI), now part of Thomson Reuters. Impact factors are calculated yearly for those
journals that are indexed in Thomson Reuters Journal Citation Reports
A = the number of times articles published in 2006 and 2007 were cited by indexed journals during
2008.
B = the total number of "citable items" published by that journal in 2006 and 2007. ("Citable items"
are usually articles, reviews, proceedings, or notes; not editorials or Letters-to-the-Editor.)
2008 impact factor = A/B.
Content analysis or textual analysis is a methodology in the social sciences for studying the content
of communication. Earl Babbie defines it as "the study of recorded human communications, such as
books, websites, paintings and laws."
According to Dr. Farooq Joubish, content analysis is considered a scholarly methodology in the
humanities by which texts are studied as to authorship, authenticity, or meaning. This latter subject
include philology, hermeneutics, and semiotics.

Harold Lasswell formulated the core questions of content analysis: "Who says what, to whom, why,
to what extent and with what effect?." Ole Holsti (1969) offers a broad definition of content analysis
as "any technique for making inferences by objectively and systematically identifying specified
characteristics of messages." Kimberly A. Neuendorf (2002, p. 10) offers a six-part definition of
content analysis:
"Content analysis is a summarising, quantitative analysis of messages that relies on the scientific
method (including attention to objectivity, intersubjectivity, a priori design, reliability, validity,
generalisability, replicability, and hypothesis testing) and is not limited as to the types of variables
that may be measured or the context in which the messages are created or presented."
5. SIX SIGMA in Libraries
Six sigma is a business management strategy developed by MOTOROLA company in USA in 1981. It
seeks to improve the quality of process output by identifying and removing the cause of defect and
minimising variability in manufacturing and business process. It uses a set of quality management
methods including statistical method and creates a special infrastructure of people within the
organization.
Application in libraries:
1.) Developing specialized pool of library professionals
2.) Developing quality services
3.) Judicious budget allocation
(OR)
The purpose of any library is to be pleased to all customers needs. Users are the back bone of
library and they are the best judges to evaluate the service and the quality of the library. But in
general it is difficult to satisfy completely and totally of every customer needs. To evaluate "users
satisfaction and to develop the "quality" of the library, it is mandatory to bring a new innovation.
To develop the library and to provide maximum users satisfaction, it is necessary to implement Six
Sigma in Libraries. The theory of Six Sigma has been implementing in manufacturing sectors to
eliminate wastages and users complaint to satisfy the clients. In such a way Six Sigma can be
applied in library field to maximize the users satisfaction by eliminating their complaints and
problems. In such a way this study aims to implement Six Sigma to provide better service and full
satisfaction to the library users.
6. Web 2.0
The term Web 2.0 is associated with web applications that facilitate participatory information
sharing, interoperability, user-centered design,[1] and collaboration on the World Wide Web. A Web
2.0 site allows users to interact and collaborate with each other in a social media dialogue as
creators (prosumers) of user-generated content in a virtual community, in contrast to websites
where users (consumers) are limited to the passive viewing of content that was created for them.
Examples of Web 2.0 include social networking sites, blogs, wikis, video sharing sites, hosted
services, web applications, mashups and folksonomies.
The term is closely associated with Tim O'Reilly because of the O'Reilly Media Web 2.0 conference
in late 2004.[2][3] Although the term suggests a new version of the World Wide Web, it does not
refer to an update to any technical specification, but rather to cumulative changes in the ways
software developers and end-users use the Web. Whether Web 2.0 is qualitatively different from
prior web technologies has been challenged by World Wide Web inventor Tim Berners-Lee, who
called the term a "piece of jargon", precisely because he intended the Web in his vision as "a
collaborative medium, a place where we [could] all meet and read and write". He called it the
"Read/Write Web.
7. Hypertext and Hypermedia & Hyperlinks
Hypertext and hypermedia refer to Web pages and other kinds of on-screen content that employ
hyperlinks. Hyperlinks give us choices when we look for information, listen to music, purchase
products, and engage in similar activities. They take the form of buttons, underlined words and

phrases, and other hot areas on the screen.

Hypertext refers to the use of hyperlinks (or simply links) to present text and static graphics.
Many websites are entirely or largely hypertexts. Hypermedia refers to the presentation of video,
animation, and audio, which are often referred to as dynamic or time based content or as
multimedia.
8. What is different between Open-source software (OSS) Commercial software
Open source software is computer software that is available in source code form: the source code
and certain other rights normally reserved for copyright holders are provided under a software
license that permits users to study, change, improve and at times also to distribute the software.
Open source software is very often developed in a public, collaborative manner. Open-source
software is the most prominent example of open-source development and often compared to
(technically defined) user-generated content or (legally defined) open content movements.[1]
A report by the Standish Group states that adoption of open-source software models has resulted in
savings of about $60 billion per year to consumers.[
The free software movement was launched in 1983. In 1998, a group of individuals advocated that
the term free software should be replaced by open source software (OSS) as an expression which is
less ambiguous and more comfortable for the corporate world.[4] Software developers may want to
publish their software with an open source license, so that anybody may also develop the same
software or understand its internal functioning. Open source software generally allows anyone to
create modifications of the software, port it to new operating systems and processor architectures,
share it with others or, in some cases, market it. Scholars Casson and Ryan have pointed out
several policy-based reasons for adoption of open source, in particular, the heightened value
proposition from open source (when compared to most proprietary formats) in the following
categories:
Security
Affordability
Transparency
Perpetuity
Interoperability
Localization.[5]
Open Source Initiative's definition is widely recognized as the standard or de facto definition
The Open Source Initiative (OSI) was formed in February 1998 by Raymond and Perens. With about
20 years of evidence from case histories of closed and open development already provided by the
Internet, the OSI continued to present the 'open source' case to commercial businesses. They
sought to bring a higher profile to the practical benefits of freely available source code, and wanted
to bring major software businesses and other high-tech industries into open source. Perens adapted
the Debian Free Software Guidelines to make The Open Source Definition.[10]
Example KOHA library software
Widely used open source products
Open source software (OSS) projects are built and maintained by a network of volunteer
programmers. Prime examples of open source products are the Apache HTTP Server, the ecommerce platform osCommerce and the internet browser Mozilla Firefox. One of the most
successful open source products is the GNU/Linux operating system, an open source Unix-like
operating system, and its derivative Android, an operating system for mobile devices.[17][18] In
some fields, open software is the norm, like in voice over IP applications with Asterisk (PBX). Open
source standards are not, however, limited to open-source software. For example, Microsoft has
also joined the open-source discussion with the adoption of their OpenDocument format[5] as well
as creating another open standard, the Office Open XML formats.
9. What is Resource sharing, Networking, Consortia. give name & detail of Science &
Socilal Consortia in india?

Electronic publishing has been revolutionizing the format of the recorded knowledge. Electronic
information services are attracting readers attention in todays network environment. This
changing scenario in library environment has arisen for the need and use of e-journals along with
print version. Electronic journals (e-journals) bring new challenges before the library and
information professionals to give full text access to scholarly publications both in print and
electronic version to its end users. The aim of this paper is to identify various issues relating to
access and bibliographic control of ejournals, access management problems, policy issues, and
development of e-journals consortium approach to subscribe scholarly peer reviewed journals for
their library users in network environment.
Concept and Definition of E-Journals
The concept of e-journals has emerged from 1980s onward which were initially made available in
CDROM formats and then advent of WWW and Internet has accelerated the publication of electronic
version of print journals whose number has been increasing by leaps and down. According to the
statistics published in the Seventh edition of the Directory of Electronic Journals, Newsletter and
Academic Discussion Lists in 1997, 1049 e-journals were enlisted which rose to 3,915 in its 2000
edition. Now the numbers would might have crossed 10,000 plus. Due to convenient in access, cost
effective in publication and distribution, most of the publishers have started publishing e-version of
their print journals Problems Facing by Librarian in Acquiring E-journals For accessing e-journals the
concerned libraries have to sign an agreement with the publishers of that particular journals and
get login and password. Payment has to be made in foreign currency if we purchase e-journals
through the publishers directly. At the same time one has to keep record of login and 352 password
provided by the individual publishers for accessing e-journals. Therefore there is a need of
purchasing e-journals from a vender or e-journals aggregator who can arrange to supply the
required titles of any publishers at one point either on the basis of login and password basis or on IP
address. Since e-journals are costly, library and information centres of particulars interest may
come together and form consortia and negotiate with the publishers or aggregators to have access
of e-journals for their library users. The consortia approach of acquiring e-journals are very much
popular in USA, UK and many western countries which is now coming up in India with the forming of
INDEST, FORSA, CSIR, IIM,
and UGC-INFOENET e-journals consortia. The consortia like INDEST, FORSA and CSIR are running
successfully and UGC-INFONET Consortia for e-journals access managed by INFLIBNET are under
experiment and trials.
Challenges of Managing E-Journals
At present selected university libraries of India (150 universities approx.) are getting the benefit of
accessing e-journals, which will certainly boost the quality of research in terms of originality and
currency in research. If we look few years back when it was very difficult to get the copy of the
reprint of the published journals in any disciplines. Now a day the situation has already been
changed. Most of the foreign scholarly journals are being published by the renowned publishers
which were earlier publishing print version have also started publishing journals in electronic or in
digital form. The access of the e-version is either free of cost in case of some society publications
which can be accessed over the Internet free of cost. But most of the journals, which are published
by the commercial publishers, like Springer Link, Kluwer Online, Elsevier
Science, IEE, and IEEE, ACM Digital Library, Emerald, etc. the access of e-journals are restricted to
the subscriber institutions or individual subscribers only. UGC & INFLIBNET and MHRD have taken
initiatives to give access of scholarly online journals to the academic community of India by
establishing e-journals consortium viz., INDEST Consortium, UGCINFONET
10. Infometrics & Bibliometrics & Cybermetrics & Webometrics & Scientometrics
Before defining the relationship, its essential to define all the terms. Here the terms are defined
as the stub (in short).
1. Infometrics: the study of quantitative aspect of information in any form.

2. Bibliometrics: the study of quantitative aspect of production, dissemination and use of recorded
information.
3. Cybermetrics: the study of quantitative aspect of Internet as a whole.
4. Scientometrics: the study of quantitative aspect of science as a discipline or economic activity.
5. Webometrics: the study of quantitative aspect of web/web site.
Webometrics: the study of quantitative aspect of web/web site.
Figure- Relationship diagram of 5 Metrics
In the diagram the circle of Infometrics covers all other metrics circles, because according to stub
(given above), it is a quantitative aspect of any type of information.
The part, which overlaps the circle of bibliometrics, of scientometrics, shows the politicoeconomical
aspects of scientometrics. The economic aspect of science shows the impact of scientific research
over the society.
Bjorneborn & Ingwersen have proposed a differentiated terminology distinguishing between studies
of the web and studies of all Internet applications. They use webometrics for study of web and
cybermetrics for study of Internet applications.
Some part of cybermetrics ellipse lying outside the bibliometrics. It is because some activities in
cybermetrics normally are not recorded, but communicated synchronously as in chat rooms.
In the diagram the circle of webometrics overlap the circle of bibliometrics, but within the
boundaries
of cybermetrics. Webometrics circle cant overlap the circle of cybermetrics because web is a part
of cyberspace. But in the diagram the circle of webometrics ellipse lying outside the bibliometrics,
because some aspect of webometrics (link structure, technologies and so on), dose not included in
bibliometrics or it is beyond the boundaries of bibliometrics. The following point will be more helpful
to understand the relationship between bibliometrics and webometrics.
11. Information seeking behaviour
12. Contribution of Melvil Dewey In USA Library and why call him Father of Library in USA?
Melville Louis Kossuth (Melvil) Dewey (December 10, 1851 December 26, 1931) was an American
librarian and educator, inventor of the Dewey Decimal system of library classification, and a
founder of the Lake Placid Club.
Dewey was a pioneer of American librarianship and an influential factor in the development of
libraries in America in the beginning of the 20th century. He is best known for the decimal
classification system that is used in most public and school libraries. But the decimal system was
just one of a long list of innovations. Among them was the idea of the state library as controller of
school and public library services within a state. Dewey is also known for the creation of hanging
vertical files, which first introduced at the Columbian Exposition of 1893 in Chicago. In Boston,
Massachusetts, he founded the Library Bureau, a private company "for the definite purpose of
furnishing libraries with equipment and supplies of unvarying correctness and reliability.
Discussion Groups
Informal and voluntary gathering of individuals (in person, through a conference call, or website) to
exchange ideas, information, and suggestions on needs, problems, subjects, etc., of mutual
interest. Discussion groups are one of the mainstays of the popularity of internet.
Social network
Social network is a social structure made up of individuals (or organizations) called "nodes", which
are tied (connected) by one or more specific types of interdependency, such as friendship, kinship,
common interest, financial exchange, dislike, sexual relationships, or relationships of beliefs,
knowledge or prestige.
Really Simple Syndication
RSS (originally RDF Site Summary, often dubbed Really Simple Syndication) is a family of web feed
formats used to publish frequently updated workssuch as blog entries, news headlines, audio,

and videoin a standardized format.[2] An RSS document (which is called a "feed", "web feed",[3]
or "channel") includes full or summarized text, plus metadata such as publishing dates and
authorship.
RSS feeds benefit publishers by letting them syndicate content automatically. A standardized XML
file format allows the information to be published once and viewed by many different programs.
They benefit readers who want to subscribe to timely updates from favored websites or to
aggregate feeds from many sites into one place.
RSS feeds can be read using software called an "RSS reader", "feed reader", or "aggregator", which
can be web-based, desktop-based, or mobile-device-based. The user subscribes to a feed by
entering into the reader the feed's URI or by clicking a feed icon in a web browser that initiates the
subscription process. The RSS reader checks the user's subscribed feeds regularly for new work,
downloads any updates that it finds, and provides a user interface to monitor and read the feeds.
RSS allows users to avoid manually inspecting all of the websites they are interested in, and instead
subscribe to websites such that all new content is pushed onto their browsers when it becomes
available
Wikipedia,
the free encyclopedia that anyone can edit online.
is a website that allows the creation and editing of any number of interlinked web pages via a web
browser using a simplified markup language or a WYSIWYG text editor.[1][2][3] Wikis are typically
powered by wiki software and are often used collaboratively by multiple users. Examples include
community websites, corporate intranets, knowledge management systems, and note services. The
software can also be used for personal notetaking.
Wikis may serve many different purposes. Some permit control over different functions (levels of
access). For example, editing rights may permit changing, adding or removing material. Others
may permit access without enforcing access control. Other rules may also be imposed for
organizing content.
Ward Cunningham, the developer of the first wiki software, WikiWikiWeb, originally described it as
"the simplest online database that could possibly work."[4] "Wiki" (pronounced [witi] or [viti]) is a
Hawaiian word meaning "fast" or "quick
Web 2.0
The term Web 2.0 is associated with web applications that facilitate participatory information
sharing, interoperability, user-centered design,[1] and collaboration on the World Wide Web. A Web
2.0 site allows users to interact and collaborate with each other in a social media dialogue as
creators (prosumers) of user-generated content in a virtual community, in contrast to websites
where users (consumers) are limited to the passive viewing of content that was created for them.
Examples of Web 2.0 include social networking sites, blogs, wikis, video sharing sites, hosted
services, web applications, mashups and folksonomies.
The term is closely associated with Tim O'Reilly because of the O'Reilly Media Web 2.0 conference
in late 2004.[2][3] Although the term suggests a new version of the World Wide Web
About NLIST
Background
The Project entitled "National Library and Information Services Infrastructure for Scholarly Content
(N-LIST)", being jointly executed by the UGC-INFONET Digital Library Consortium, INFLIBNET Centre
and the INDEST-AICTE Consortium, IIT Delhi provides for
i) cross-subscription to e-resources subscribed by the two Consortia, i.e. subscription to INDESTAICTE resources for universities and UGCINFONET resources for technical institutions; and
ii) access to selected e-resources to colleges. The N-LIST project provides access to e-resources to
students, researchers and faculty from colleges and other beneficiary institutions through server(s)
installed at the INFLIBNET Centre. The authorized users from colleges can now access e-resources
and download articles required by them directly from the publisher's website once they are duly

authenticated as authorized users through servers deployed at the INFLIBNET Centre.

N-LIST: Four Components
The project has four distinct components, i.e. i ) to subscribe and provide access to selected UGCINFONET e-resources to technical institutions (IITs, IISc, IISERs and NITs) and monitor its usage; ii) to
subscribe and provide access to selected INDEST e-resources to selected universities and monitor
its usage; iii) to subscribe and provide access to selected e-resources to 6,000 Govt./ Govt.-aided
colleges and monitor its usage; and iv) to act as a Monitoring Agency for colleges and evaluate,
promote, impart training and monitor all activities involved in the process of providing effective and
efficient access to e-resources to colleges.
The INDEST and UGC-INFONET are jointly responsible for activity listed at i) and ii) above. The
INFLIBNET Centre, Ahmedabad is responsible for activities listed at iii) and iv) above. The INFLIBNET
Centre is also responsible for developing and deploying appropriate software tools and techniques
for authenticating authorized users.
Current Status
As on Nov 23 2011, a total number of 2120 colleges have registered themselves with the N-LIST
programme including 1942 Govt. / Govt.-aided colleges covered under the section 12 B/2F of UGC
Act as well as Non-Aided colleges . Log-in ID and password for accessing e-resources has been sent
to the authorized users from these 1942 colleges. All e-resources subscribed for colleges under the
N-LIST Project are now accessible to these 1942 colleges through the N-LIST website
(http://nlist.inflibnet.ac.in)
Resource Description and Access, (RDA)
the title of the third revision of the Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules, a library cataloguing
standard used to support the discovery, identification and employment of information resources.
New cataloging code, Resource Description and Access (RDA) was published in June 2010 and has
been undergoing tests at select libraries. RDA is a departure from its predecessor, the AngloAmerican Cataloging Rules, second edition (AACR2), in that it was designed for the online
environment, is more principles-based, and better accommodates formats other than print.
National Knowledge Network(NKN).
The NKN is a state-of-the-art multi-gigabit pan-India network for providing a unified high speed
network backbone for all knowledge related institutions in the country. The purpose of such a
knowledge network goes to the very core of the country's quest for building quality institutions with
requisite research facilities and creating a pool of highly trained professionals. The NKN will enable
scientists, researchers and students from different backgrounds and diverse geographies to work
closely for advancing human development in critical and emerging areas.
NATIONAL MISSION ON EDUCATION THROUGH INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION
TECHNOLOGY (NMEICT)
WWW: HHPT://SAKSHAT.AC.IN
NPTEL provides E-learning through online Web and Video courses in Engineering,
Science and humanities streams. The mission of NPTEL is to enhance the quality of
Engineering education in the country by providing free online courseware.
Founded by Ministry of HRD Government of India.
1. What is NPTEL?
NPTEL is an acronym for National Programme on Technology Enhanced Learning which is an
initiative by seven Indian Institutes of Technology (IIT Bombay, Delhi, Guwahati, Kanpur, Kharagpur,
Madras and Roorkee) and Indian Institute of Science (IISc) for creating course contents in
engineering and science.
NPTEL as a project originated from many deliberations between IITs, Indian Institutes of
Management (IIMs) and Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) during the years 1999-2003. A proposal
was jointly put forward by five IITs (Bombay, Delhi, Kanpur, Kharagpur and Madras) and IISc for
creating contents for 100 courses as web based supplements and 100 complete video courses, for

forty hours of duration per course. Web supplements were expected to cover materials that could
be delivered in approximately forty hours. Five engineering branches (Civil, Computer Science,
Electrical, Electronics and Communication and Mechanical) and core science programmes that all
engineering students are required to take in their undergraduate engineering programme in India
were chosen initially. Contents for the above courses were based on the model curriculum
suggested by All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE) and the syllabi of major affiliating
Universities in India.
Digital Library Of The Commons Repository
The Digital Library of the Commons (DLC) is a gateway to the international literature on the
commons. The DLC provides free and open access to full-text articles, papers, and dissertations.
This site contains an author-submission portal; an Image Database; the Comprehensive
Bibliography of the Commons; a Keyword Thesaurus, and links to relevant reference sources on the
study of the commons.
UGC is apex body of the Govt. of India
After Independence, the University Education Commission was set up in 1948 under the
Chairmanship of Dr. S Radhakrishnan "to report on Indian university education and suggest
improvements and extensions that might be desirable to suit the present and future needs and
aspirations of the country". It recommended that the University Grants Committee be reconstituted
on the general model of the University Grants Commission of the United Kingdom with a full-time
Chairman and other members to be appointed from amongst educationists of repute.
In 1952, the Union Government decided that all cases pertaining to the allocation of grants-in-aid
from public funds to the Central Universities and other Universities and Institutions of higher
learning might be referred to the University Grants Commission. Consequently, the University
Grants Commission (UGC) was formally inaugurated by late Shri Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, the
then Minister of Education, Natural Resources and Scientific Research on 28 December 1953.
The UGC, however, was formally established only in November 1956 as a statutory body of the
Government of India through an Act of Parliament for the coordination, determination and
maintenance of standards of university education in India. In order to ensure effective region-wise
coverage throughout the country, the UGC has decentralised its operations by setting up six
regional centres at Pune, Hyderabad, Kolkata, Bhopal, Guwahati and Bangalore. The head office of
the UGC is located at Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg in New Delhi, with two additional bureaus operating
from 35, Feroze Shah Road and the South Campus of University of Delhi as well.
The UGC has the unique distinction of being the only grant-giving agency in the country which has
been vested with two responsibilities: that of providing funds and that of coordination,
determination and maintenance of standards in institutions of higher education.
The UGC's mandate includes:
Promoting and coordinating university education.
Determining and maintaining standards of teaching, examination and research in universities.
Framing regulations on minimum standards of education.
Monitoring developments in the field of collegiate and university education; disbursing grants to
the universities and colleges.
Serving as a vital link between the Union and state governments and institutions of higher
learning.
Advising the Central and State governments on the measures necessary for improvement of
university education.
Inter University Centres
NSC
IUCAA
IUC-DAE
CEC

INFLIBNET
IUC-IS
NAAC
National Facilities
Academic Staff Colleges
Information and Library Network INFLIBNET
Information and Library Network Centre(INFLIBNET)
(established in a project made in 1991 and incorporated as a Society in 1996)
INFLIBNET
Near Gujarat University Guest House,
Post Box No. 4116,
Navrangpura Ahmedabad - 380 009
An Inter-University Centre of UGC the INFLIBNET serves towards modernization of Libraries, serves
as Information Centre for transfer and access of information, supporting scholarships and learning
and academic pursuits through a National Network of Libraries in around 264 Universities, Colleges
and R &D Institutions across the country
National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC)
National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC)
P.O. Box. No. 1075, Nagarbhavi
Bangalore - 560 072.
National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC) was established by the UGC in September
1994 at Bangalore for evaluating the performance of the Universities and Colleges in the Country.
NAAC's mandate includes the task of performance evaluation, assessment and accreditation of
universities and colleges in the country. The philosophy of NAAC is based on objective and
continuous improvement rather than being punitive or judgmental, so that all institutions of higher
learning are empowered to maximize their resources, opportunities and capabilities. Assessment is
a performance evaluation of an institution and /or its units and is accomplished through a process
based on self-study and peer review using defined criteria. Accreditation refers to the certification
given by NAAC which is valid for a period of five years. At present the Assessment and
Accreditation by NAAC is done on a voluntary basis.
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
India has witnessed a slow and steady growth of Library and Information Science (LIS) education.
The foundation of LIS education in India dates back in 1911 when W.A.Borden (1853-1931), an
American disciple of Melvil Dewey, for the first time started a short term training programme in
library science at Baroda under the patronage of Maharaja Sayajirao III, Gaekwad of Baroda (18621939). Four years later in 1915, another American student of Dewey, Asa Don Dickinson (18761960), the then librarian of Punjab University, Lahore (now in Pakistan) started a three-months
apprentice training programme for working librarians (Satija, 1993 p.37). Before independence,
only five universities (Andhra, Banaras, Bombay, Calcutta and Madras) were offering the
diploma course in library science. After independence, new colleges, universities, educational
institutions and
learned societies were emerging and the need for professionally qualified personnel to manage
their libraries was realized. As a result, the number of library science schools started to increase.
Library associations which exist at various places started providing training courses. Dr S.R.
Ranganathan started a certificate course at Madras Library Association in 1929 which was taken
over by the University of Madras, and in 1937 the course was converted into Postgraduate (PG)
Diploma in Library Science. This was the first diploma programme in Library Science in India.
University of Delhi was the first university to establish a full-fledged Department of Library Science
just before independence in 1946, and started admitting students to the PG Diploma in
1947. In 1951, the diploma was changed to Master in Library Science (M.Lib.Sc). Later, between

1956 to1959, six new LIS departments were established (Mangla, 1998, p.287) at Aligarh Muslim
University, M.S.University
of Baroda, Nagpur University, Osmania University, Pune University and Vikram University. Since
1960s, the number of LIS departments established has continued to increase.
During this period, several institutions played important role for the development of LIS education.
University of Madras started her first PG Diploma in library science. University of Delhi contributed
many firsts such as the starting of Master in Library Science in 1951; which in 1972, on account of a
major course revision was renamed Master in Library and Information Science (MLIS). The
department name was also changed to Department of Library & Information Science. The course on
Computer Applications in Libraries was introduced for
the first time in the MLIS programme in 1972. The M.Phil programme started in1978. The first Ph.D.
was awarded to D B Krishna Rao in 1957, under the guidance of Dr. Ranganathan. At that time it
was the only university in the
whole of the British Commonwealth conducting Ph.D programme in LIS.
THE PRESENT
Over a period of time, LIS has grown and developed into a full-fledged discipline; courses are being
imparted by university departments, institutions, library associations and specialized institutions.
(Appendix 1). Data about these
institutions was gathered from published sources (Association of Indian Universities, 2003; Dutta
and Das, 2001; Patel and Krishan Kumar, 2001; UGC Model Curriculum, 2001). Tables 1 to 3 (in
Appendix 1) shows the current status of these courses. Analysis of the data reveals that 85
universities and 32 colleges and institutions affiliated to universities are offering regular courses,
whereas 27 universities are conducting these courses through distance education. However, the
certificate and diploma courses are not taken into account. The number of
universities (including distance education) offering LIS programmes is as follows: 120 universities
are offering bachelors degree, 78 are offering masters degree, 21 are offering two-year integrated
course, 16 universities are offering M.Phil degree, and 63 are offering Ph.D. degree. In addition,
NISCAIR (formerly INSDOC), New Delhi and DRTC, Bangalore are offering a two-year Associateship
in Information Science, which is recognized by some universities as equivalent to Masters degree.
India maintains its Third World leadership in library research in library education and literature
(Satija,1998, p.21). The University Grants Commission (UGC) and Indian Council of Social Science
Research (ICSSR) are promoting LIS research programmes by awarding scholarships to doctoral
students. The National Commission on Science and Technology (NCST), New Delhi, Raja Rammohun
Roy Library Foundation (RRLF), Calcutta, and ICSSR are also providing research grants for nondoctoral research. The Defence Scientific Information and Documentation Centre (DESIDOC), Delhi,
provides Junior Research Fellowship (JRF) in LIS (Dutta and Das, 2001, p.26).
LIS EDUCATION IN INDIA
In India, the Library and Information Science (LIS) education have taken place with the
introduction of a training course in 1911, in the previous State of Baroda. The real beginning of
systematic education in LIS is able to be traced to the initiatives of Dr. S.R. Ranganathan during the
period 1926-1931 at the Madras University Library in association with Madras Library Association.
The summer school leading to certificate in library science, which Madras University continued
under the stewardship of Dr. S.R. Ranganathan till 1937. Later, Andhra University, Banaras Hindu
University, Bombay University, Calcutta University and Delhi University introduced Post -Graduate
Diploma Courses in Library Science in the year 1935, 1941, 1944, 1946 and 1948 respectively.
Apart from these universities, DRTC in Bangalore and NISCAIR in New Delhi started the library
science education programmes. During 1947, altogether 27 universities were offering diploma
courses in Library Science. In 1957, for the first time in the country, Aligarh Muslim University
started B.L.Sc Course. The courses were offered at different levels such as Certificate, Diploma,
Bachelors, P.G. Diploma, Masters and research degree programmes i.e. M Phil and Ph. D under

different modes (on regular/on campus or

distance/off campus or some times both) and schemes ( annual or semester).
PLANNING, PROGRAMMING AND BUDGETING SYSTEM MODELS (PPBS)
The PPBS is a formal, systematic structure for making decisions on policy, strategy, and the
development of forces and capabilities to accomplish anticipated missions. The PPBS is a cyclic
process containing three distinct but interrelated phases
Introduction: In the 1980s and early 1990s, the PPBS model was in favor in many institutions of
higher education, it is based on an intensive planning process that defines all activities within the
unit and provides an analysis of the cost effectiveness of those activities.
PPBS are about how resources are going to be achieve the various objectives of the organization for
example, the care of the elderly, once the objectives have been established programs are identified
to meet those objectives and the cost/benefits of alternative programs are assessed.
Planning, programming and budgeting system (PPBS) is a middle type of budget between the
traditional character and object budget, on the one hand, and the performance budget on the
other. The major contribution of PPBS lies in the planning process, i.e- the process of making
program policy decisions that lead to a specific budget and specific multi-year plans.
The preferred programs form in effect a long term plan to be pursued over a number of years; each
program budget will disclose the cost of providing a service to satisfy an objective,
Broken down into time periods, it therefore informs management in a manner allowing them to
make judgments about such effectiveness that would not be possible it programs were fragmented
in the departmental of budget concerned.
Planning: which produces the Defense Planning Guidance (DPG); programming: which produces
approved Program Objective Memorandums (POM) for the Military Department and Defense
Agencies; and budgeting: budget is a budget in which expenditures are based primarily on
programs of work and secondarily on character and object.
PERT
Complex projects require a series of activities, some of which must be performed sequentially and
others that can be performed in parallel with other activities. This collection of series and parallel
tasks can be modeled as a network.
In 1957 the Critical Path Method (CPM) was developed as a network model for project management.
CPM is a deterministic method that uses a fixed time estimate for each activity. While CPM is easy
to understand and use, it does not consider the time variations that can have a great impact on the
completion time of a complex project.
The Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) is a network model that allows for
randomness in activity completion times. PERT was developed in the late 1950's for the U.S. Navy's
Polaris project having thousands of contractors. It has the potential to reduce both the time and
cost required to complete a project.
The Network Diagram
In a project, an activity is a task that must be performed and an event is a milestone marking the
completion of one or more activities. Before an activity can begin, all of its predecessor activities
must be completed. Project network models represent activities and milestones by arcs and nodes.
PERT originally was an activity on arc network, in which the activities are represented on the lines
and milestones on the nodes. Over time, some people began to use PERT as an activity on node
network. For this discussion, we will use the original form of activity on arc.
The PERT chart may have multiple pages with many sub-tasks. The following is a very simple
example of a PERT diagram:
PERT Chart
The milestones generally are numbered so that the ending node of an activity has a higher number
than the beginning node. Incrementing the numbers by 10 allows for new ones to be inserted
without modifying the numbering of the entire diagram. The activities in the above diagram are

labeled with letters along with the expected time required to complete the activity.
Steps in the PERT Planning Process
PERT planning involves the following steps:
1. Identify the specific activities and milestones.
2. Determine the proper sequence of the activities.
3. Construct a network diagram.
4. Estimate the time required for each activity.
5. Determine the critical path.
6. Update the PERT chart as the project progresses.
1. Identify Activities and Milestones
The activities are the tasks required to complete the project. The milestones are the events
marking the beginning and end of one or more activities. It is helpful to list the tasks in a table that
in later steps can be expanded to include information on sequence and duration.
2. Determine Activity Sequence
This step may be combined with the activity identification step since the activity sequence is
evident for some tasks. Other tasks may require more analysis to determine the exact order in
which they must be performed.
3. Construct the Network Diagram
Using the activity sequence information, a network diagram can be drawn showing the sequence of
the serial and parallel activities. For the original activity-on-arc model, the activities are depicted by
arrowed lines and milestones are depicted by circles or "bubbles".
If done manually, several drafts may be required to correctly portray the relationships among
activities. Software packages simplify this step by automatically converting tabular activity
information into a network diagram.
4. Estimate Activity Times
Weeks are a commonly used unit of time for activity completion, but any consistent unit of time can
be used.
A distinguishing feature of PERT is its ability to deal with uncertainty in activity completion times.
For each activity, the model usually includes three time estimates:
Optimistic time - generally the shortest time in which the activity can be completed. It is common
practice to specify optimistic times to be three standard deviations from the mean so that there is
approximately a 1% chance that the activity will be completed within the optimistic time.
Most likely time - the completion time having the highest probability. Note that this time is
different from the expected time.
Pessimistic time - the longest time that an activity might require. Three standard deviations from
the mean is commonly used for the pessimistic time.
PERT assumes a beta probability distribution for the time estimates. For a beta distribution, the
expected time for each activity can be approximated using the following weighted average:
Expected time = ( Optimistic + 4 x Most likely + Pessimistic ) / 6
This expected time may be displayed on the network diagram.
To calculate the variance for each activity completion time, if three standard deviation times were
selected for the optimistic and pessimistic times, then there are six standard deviations between
them, so the variance is given by:
[ ( Pessimistic - Optimistic ) / 6 ]2
5. Determine the Critical Path
The critical path is determined by adding the times for the activities in each sequence and
determining the longest path in the project. The critical path determines the total calendar time
required for the project. If activities outside the critical path speed up or slow down (within limits),
the total project time does not change. The amount of time that a non-critical path activity can be
delayed without delaying the project is referred to as slack time.

If the critical path is not immediately obvious, it may be helpful to determine the following four
quantities for each activity:
ES - Earliest Start time
EF - Earliest Finish time
LS - Latest Start time
LF - Latest Finish time
These times are calculated using the expected time for the relevant activities. The earliest start
and finish times of each activity are determined by working forward through the network and
determining the earliest time at which an activity can start and finish considering its predecessor
activities. The latest start and finish times are the latest times that an activity can start and finish
without delaying the project. LS and LF are found by working backward through the network. The
difference in the latest and earliest finish of each activity is that activity's slack. The critical path
then is the path through the network in which none of the activities have slack.
The variance in the project completion time can be calculated by summing the variances in the
completion times of the activities in the critical path. Given this variance, one can calculate the
probability that the project will be completed by a certain date assuming a normal probability
distribution for the critical path. The normal distribution assumption holds if the number of
activities in the path is large enough for the central limit theorem to be applied.
Since the critical path determines the completion date of the project, the project can be
accelerated by adding the resources required to decrease the time for the activities in the critical
path. Such a shortening of the project sometimes is referred to as project crashing.
6. Update as Project Progresses
Make adjustments in the PERT chart as the project progresses. As the project unfolds, the estimated
times can be replaced with actual times. In cases where there are delays, additional resources may
be needed to stay on schedule and the PERT chart may be modified to reflect the new situation.
Benefits of PERT
PERT is useful because it provides the following information:
Expected project completion time.
Probability of completion before a specified date.
The critical path activities that directly impact the completion time.
The activities that have slack time and that can lend resources to critical path activities.
Activity start and end dates.
Limitations
The following are some of PERT's weaknesses:
The activity time estimates are somewhat subjective and depend on judgement. In cases where
there is little experience in performing an activity, the numbers may be only a guess. In other
cases, if the person or group performing the activity estimates the time there may be bias in the
estimate.
Even if the activity times are well-estimated, PERT assumes a beta distribution for these time
estimates, but the actual distribution may be different.
Even if the beta distribution assumption holds, PERT assumes that the probability distribution of
the project completion time is the same as the that of the critical path. Because other paths can
become the critical path if their associated activities are delayed, PERT consistently underestimates
the expected project completion time.
The underestimation of the project completion time due to alternate paths becoming critical is
perhaps the most serious of these issues. To overcome this limitation, Monte Carlo simulations can
be performed on the network to eliminate this optimistic bias in the expected project completion
time.
CPM - Critical Path Method

In 1957, DuPont developed a project management method designed to address the challenge of
shutting down chemical plants for maintenance and then restarting the plants once the
maintenance had been completed. Given the complexity of the process, they developed the Critical
Path Method (CPM) for managing such projects.
CPM provides the following benefits:
Provides a graphical view of the project.
Predicts the time required to complete the project.
Shows which activities are critical to maintaining the schedule and which are not.
CPM models the activities and events of a project as a network. Activities are depicted as nodes on
the network and events that signify the beginning or ending of activities are depicted as arcs or
lines between the nodes. The following is an example of a CPM network diagram:
CPM Diagram
Steps in CPM Project Planning
1. Specify the individual activities.
2. Determine the sequence of those activities.
3. Draw a network diagram.
4. Estimate the completion time for each activity.
5. Identify the critical path (longest path through the network)
6. Update the CPM diagram as the project progresses.
1. Specify the Individual Activities
From the work breakdown structure, a listing can be made of all the activities in the project. This
listing can be used as the basis for adding sequence and duration information in later steps.
2. Determine the Sequence of the Activities
Some activities are dependent on the completion of others. A listing of the immediate predecessors
of each activity is useful for constructing the CPM network diagram.
3. Draw the Network Diagram
Once the activities and their sequencing have been defined, the CPM diagram can be drawn. CPM
originally was developed as an activity on node (AON) network, but some project planners prefer to
specify the activities on the arcs.
4. Estimate Activity Completion Time
The time required to complete each activity can be estimated using past experience or the
estimates of knowledgeable persons. CPM is a deterministic model that does not take into account
variation in the completion time, so only one number is used for an activity's time estimate.
5. Identify the Critical Path
The critical path is the longest-duration path through the network. The significance of the critical
path is that the activities that lie on it cannot be delayed without delaying the project. Because of
its impact on the entire project, critical path analysis is an important aspect of project planning.
The critical path can be identified by determining the following four parameters for each activity:
ES - earliest start time: the earliest time at which the activity can start given that its precedent
activities must be completed first.
EF - earliest finish time, equal to the earliest start time for the activity plus the time required to
complete the activity.
LF - latest finish time: the latest time at which the activity can be completed without delaying the
project.
LS - latest start time, equal to the latest finish time minus the time required to complete the
activity.
The slack time for an activity is the time between its earliest and latest start time, or between its
earliest and latest finish time. Slack is the amount of time that an activity can be delayed past its
earliest start or earliest finish without delaying the project.
The critical path is the path through the project network in which none of the activities have slack,

that is, the path for which ES=LS and EF=LF for all activities in the path. A delay in the critical path
delays the project. Similarly, to accelerate the project it is necessary to reduce the total time
required for the activities in the critical path.
6. Update CPM Diagram
As the project progresses, the actual task completion times will be known and the network diagram
can be updated to include this information. A new critical path may emerge, and structural changes
may be made in the network if project requirements change.
CPM Limitations
CPM was developed for complex but fairly routine projects with minimal uncertainty in the project
completion times. For less routine projects there is more uncertainty in the completion times, and
this uncertainty limits the usefulness of the deterministic CPM model. An alternative to CPM is the
PERT project planning model, which allows a range of durations to be specified for each activity
International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA) Ellen Tise 2009 to11 SA
The International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA) is the leading
international body representing the interests of library and information services and their users. It is
the global voice of the library and information profession.
Founded in Edinburgh, Scotland, in 1927 at an international conference, we celebrated our 75th
birthday at our conference in Glasgow, Scotland in 2002. We now have over 1600 Members in
approximately 150 countries around the world. IFLA was registered in the Netherlands in 1971. The
Royal Library, the national library of the Netherlands, in The Hague, generously provides the
facilities for our headquarters.
Aims
IFLA is an independent, international, non-governmental, not-for-profit organization. Our aims are
to:
Promote high standards of provision and delivery of library and information services
Encourage widespread understanding of the value of good library & information services
Represent the interests of our members throughout the world.
Core Values
In pursuing these aims IFLA embraces the following core values:
1. the endorsement of the principles of freedom of access to information. ideas and works of
imagination and freedom of expression embodied in Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of
Human Rights
2. the belief that people, communities and organizations need universal and equitable access to
information, ideas and works of imagination for their social, educational, cultural, democratic and
economic well-being
3. the conviction that delivery of high quality library and information services helps guarantee that
access
4. the commitment to enable all Members of the Federation to engage in, and benefit from, its
activities without regard to citizenship, disability, ethnic origin, gender, geographical location,
language, political philosophy, race or religion.
Membership
We have two main categories of voting members: Association Members and Institutional Members.
Associations of library and information professionals, of library and information services and of
educational and research institutes, within the broad field of library and information science, are all
welcome as Association Members. Institutional Membership is designed for individual library and
information services, and all kinds of organizations in the library and information sector.
International organizations within our sphere of interest may join as International Association
Members.
National Association Members, International Association Members and Institutional Members have
voting rights in elections and meetings. They are entitled to nominate candidates for the post of

IFLA President. Individual practitioners in the field of library and information science may join as
Personal Affiliates. They do not have voting rights, but they provide invaluable contributions to the
work of IFLA, by serving on committees and contributing to professional programmes.
More information on IFLA Membership and joining IFLA can be found here.
Corporate Partners
More than 25 corporations in the information industry have formed a working relationship with IFLA
under our Corporate Partners scheme. In return for financial and 'in kind' support they receive a
range of benefits including opportunities to present their products and services to our worldwide
membership.
Relations with Other Bodies
We have established good working relations with a variety of other bodies with similar interests,
providing an opportunity for a regular exchange of information and views on issues of mutual
concern. We have Formal Associate Relations with UNESCO, observer status with the United
Nations, associate status with the International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU) and observer
status with the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) and the International Organization
for Standardization (ISO). In 1999, we established observer status with the World Trade
Organization (WTO).
In turn, we have offered consultative status to a number of non-governmental organizations
operating in related fields, including the International Publishers Association (IPA). We are
members, along with the International Council on Archives (ICA), International Council of Museums
(ICOM) and the International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS), of the International
Committee of the Blue Shield (ICBS). The mission of ICBS is to collect and disseminate information
and to co-ordinate action in situations when cultural property is at risk.
World Library and Information Congress: IFLA General Conference and Assembly
Our conference is held in August or early September in a different city each year. More then three
thousand delegates meet to exchange experience, debate professional issues, see the latest
products of the information industry, conduct the business of IFLA and experience something of the
culture of the host country.
More information on the current conference or past and future conferences can be found here.
Regional Meetings
A range of professional meetings, seminars and workshops are held around the world by our
professional groups and Core Activities. Use the IFLA website and IFLA Journal to find out what is
going on when and where.
Governance
The governing structure of IFLA has been revised and came into force in 2008. The revision was
necessary in order to reflect the opportunities presented by our increasingly global membership
and the greater ease of worldwide communications. For the description of the governing structure
please consult the IFLA Statutes.
Assembly
The General Assembly of Members is the supreme governing body, consisting of delegates of
voting Members. It normally meets every year during the annual conference. It elects the President
and members of the Governing Board. It also considers general and professional resolutions which,
if approved, are usually passed to the Executive Committee and the Professional Committee for
action as appropriate.
Governing Board
The Governing Board is responsible for the managerial and professional direction of IFLA within
guidelines approved by the Assembly. The Board consists of the President, the President-elect, 10
directly elected Members (by postal and/or electronic ballot, every 2 years) and 6 indirectly elected
members of the Professional Committee (by the professional groups through the sections and
divisions, and the Chair of the Management of Library Associations Section); up to 3 Members may

be co-opted.
The Governing Board meets at least twice per year, once at the time and place of the annual World
Library and Information Congress.
Executive Committee
The Executive Committee has executive responsibility delegated by the Governing Board to
oversee the direction of IFLA between meetings of this Board within the policies established by the
Board. The Committee consists of the President, President-elect, the Treasurer, the Chair of the
Professional Committee, 2 members of the Governing Board, elected every 2 years by members of
the Board from among its elected members, and IFLA's Secretary General, ex-officio.
Professional Committee
It is the duty of the Professional Committee to ensure coordination of the work of all the IFLA units
responsible for professional activities, policies and programmes. The Committee consists of a chair,
elected by the outgoing Committee, the chair of each of IFLA's 5 Divisions plus 2 members of the
Governing Board, elected by that Board from among its members, the President-elect, and the
Chairs of the FAIFE and CLM committees; an additional member may be co-opted.
The Professional Committee meets at least twice per year, once at the time and place of the annual
IFLA General Conference.
Core Activities
Issues common to library and information services around the world are the concern of the IFLA
Core Activities. Directed by the Professional Committee, the objectives and projects of the Core
Activities relate to the Federation's Programme and the priorities of the Divisions and Sections. ALP
(Action for Development through Libraries Programme) has very wide scope, concentrating on the
broad range of concerns specific to the developing world. The others cover current, internationally
important issues. Preservation and Conservation (PAC), IFLA-CDNL Alliance for Digital Strategies
(ICADS) and IFLA UNIMARC. Core Activities are each managed by a Director, who reports to the
Professional Committee and Governing Board. IFLA is grateful to the following libraries and their
librarians for generously hosting these Core Activities: Bibliothque Nationale de France (PAC),
Biblioteca Nacional, Portugal (UNIMARC) and the British Library, United Kingdom (ICADS).
The Action for Development through Libraries Programme (ALP), Free Access to Information and
Freedom of Expression (FAIFE), and Committee on Copyright and other Legal Matters (CLM) Core
Activities, Committees, and programs are managed by the IFLA Senior Policy Advisor. These
committees report the Governing Board.
Divisions and Sections
Sections are the primary focus for the Federation's work in a particular type of library and
information service, in an aspect of library and information science or in a region. All IFLA Members
are entitled to register for Sections of their choice. Once registered, voting Members have the right
to nominate specialists for the Standing Committee of the Sections for which they are registered.
The Standing Committee is the key group of professionals who develop and monitor the programme
of the Section. Sections are grouped into five Divisions.
Regional Activities
Three Regional Sections (Africa, Asia and Oceania, and Latin America and the Caribbean) make up
the Division of Regional Activities (Division 5). They are concerned with all aspects of library and
information services in their regions. They promote IFLA activities and work closely with the IFLA
Regional Offices, located in Pretoria, South Africa; Singapore and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Special Interest Groups
Special Interest Groups may be set up, on a temporary and informal basis, to enable groups of
Members to discuss specific professional, or social and cultural issues relating to the profession.
Discussion Groups may be established for two-years, once renewable, and must be sponsored by a
Section.
Publications

The results of the programmes developed by IFLA's professional groups are recorded and
disseminated in our publications.
IFLA Journal is published four times a year. Each issue covers news of current IFLA activities and
articles, selected to reflect the variety of the international information profession, ranging from
freedom of information, preservation, services to the visually impaired and intellectual property.
The Annual Report records IFLA's achievements during the previous years.
The IFLA publications series, published by IFLA's publisher, De Gruyter Saur in Berlin, Germany
includes such titles as: Digital Library Futures: User perspectives and institutional strategies,
Strategies for Regenerating the Library and Information Profession, and the 3rd edition of The World
Guide to Library, Archive and Information Science Associations
The IFLA Professional Reports series feature reports of professional meetings and guidelines to
best practice. Recent reports include: Using research to promote literacy and reading in libraries:
Guidelines for librarians, Mobile Library Guidelines, International Resource Book for Libraries
Serving Disadvantaged Persons: 2001-2008.
Resources
Many librarians and information professionals throughout the world, who contribute their time,
expertise and financial resources, make our achievements possible. Approximately 60% of our
income is derived from membership fees.
Other sources of income include sales of publications, contributions in cash and kind from our
corporate partners, grants from foundations and government agencies.
Our Core Activities programme is supported by grants from international funding agencies and the
generous support through donations and in kind contributions by natinoal and university libraries
and national associations.
OCLC in the Middle East
6565 Kilgour Place
Dublin, Ohio 43017 USA
About OCLC
Connecting people to knowledge through library cooperation
OCLC is a worldwide library cooperative, owned, governed and sustained by members since 1967.
Our public purpose is a statement of commitment to each otherthat we will work together to
improve access to the information held in libraries around the globe, and find ways to reduce costs
for libraries through collaboration.
Our public purpose is to establish, maintain and operate a computerized library network and to
promote the evolution of library use, of libraries themselves and of librarianship, and to provide
processes and products for the benefit of library users and libraries, including such objectives as
increasing availability of library resources to individual library patrons and reducing the rate-of-rise
of library per-unit costs, all for the fundamental public purpose of furthering ease of access to and
use of the ever-expanding body of worldwide scientific, literary and educational knowledge and
information.
The Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC)
System is the worlds most widely used library classification system. 22nd edition published in
2003, The 23rd edition of the DDC (middle 2011 )enhances the efficiency and accuracy of your
classification work in ways no previous editions have done.
You can use the DDC in several convenient formats. The four-volume print edition includes
thousands of updates added to the system over the past seven years. The electronic version,
WebDewey, enhances the print updates with online delivery that is updated continuously. And the
Abridged Edition 14, also available in print and online, is a simplified version perfect for smaller
collections. Whether you choose the print or electronic format (or both), DDC 23 makes it easier
than ever to organize your library collections.
Sears List of Subject Headings is also available on WilsonWeb, with the added advantage of regular

updates and the versatility of the WilsonWeb interface.

Sears List of Subject Headings, 20th Edition
Delivering a core list of key headings, together with patterns and examples to guide the cataloger
in creating further headings as required, Sears List of Subject Headings has been the standard
thesaurus of subject terminology for small and medium-sized libraries since 1923.
Indian drama 891.4
UF East Indian drama
Indic drama
BT Drama
Indian literature
NT Hindi drama
Indian drama (English
OCLC Jay Jordan President and Chief Executive Officer, OCLC in the Middle East
6565 Kilgour Place, Dublin, Ohio 43017 USA
OCLC is a nonprofit, membership, computer library service and research organization dedicated to
the public purposes of furthering access to the worlds information and reducing information costs.
More than 72,000 libraries in 170 countries and territories around the world have used OCLC
services to locate, acquire, catalog, lend and preserve library materials.
A unique cooperative venture
In 1967, a small group was established. They began with the idea of combining computer
technology with library cooperation to reduce costs and improve services through shared, online
cataloging.
The shared cataloging service is among the busiest in the world, enabling libraries each year to
catalog more than 235 million items. Cooperative advances have expanded to help libraries better
manage workflows, collection management, reference services, resource sharing and digital
materials. And tomorrow, new Web-scale services will amplify library cooperation even further.
Libraries and OCLC will continue to find innovative ways to reinforce traditional values of library
cooperation, working together for the common good. It is this approach that has kept our unique,
member-owned and member-managed enterprise viable for more than 40 years.
WorldCat is a global network of library-management and user-facing services built upon
cooperatively-maintained databases of bibliographic and institutional metadata. WorldCat enhances
productivity across the full range of library workflowsfrom cataloging to resource sharing to
discovery and deliveryby intelligently reusing contributed data, and makes library resources more
visible on the Internet by distributing data across a growing number of partner services and Web
technologies.
WorldCat, the record of human knowledge the community has built, contains the worlds great
library collections merged electronically into a database that can be tailored for and linked to local,
regional and global levels. It contains records that represent more than 470 languages, and more
than half of the records represent materials that are non-English. The OCLC system supports 12
language scripts. A database synchronization program enables national libraries to automatically
keep their union catalogs in synch with WorldCat. And new batchloading capabilities and metadata
harvesting tools enable libraries to share and expose their resources much more quickly and
efficiently.
Mission Connecting people to knowledge through library cooperation
Vision The world's libraries. Connected
Quality policy
OCLC will continually improve the processes used to deliver its products and services to achieve the
OCLC Vision
Products;

Wordcat, DDC 23red 2011 4V, MARC format cataloge

X39.50 cataloging standard.
OCLC Publications
NextSpace is OCLCs magazine for our members and information managers. NextSpace analyzes
industry trends and technology developments as well as feature news about OCLC. Our goal is to
help you stay informed and make key decisions. View back issues of NextSpace. (NextSpace
replaced the OCLC Newsletter.)
Regional OCLC newsletters provide focused, local information about what's happening in libraries in
different parts of the world. From interviews and feature stories to training schedules and special
offers, regional newsletters keep you informed about what's happening near you.
The OCLC Annual Report is much more than a presentation of the previous fiscal years product
introductions, service levels and member activities. It also includes snapshots of member libraries
worldwide, the Presidents message to the cooperative, information about the Board of Trustees
and various management groups, and other information that gives a broad perspective of the
organization. View recent editions of the Annual Report.
OCLC Financial Statements provide consolidated balance sheets and related statements of
revenues, expenses and corporate equity and of cash flows. View recent OCLC Financial
Statements.
OCLC Reports communicate the findings or results of OCLC initiatives. These in-depth studies and
topical surveys will help you understand the issues and trends that affect librarianship. View OCLC
Reports.
Products service;
Cataloging and Metadata
Dewey Services
Dewey Decimal Classification for use with OCLC's online cataloging services
Batchload
Automatically add, change and cancel holdings information on large numbers of catalog records
Connexion
A full-service online cataloging tool
Content and Collections
CAMIO
Catalog of Art Museum Images Online
FirstSearch
Online reference
Digital Collection Services
CONTENTdm
Digital Collection Management Software
Digital Archive
Secure, managed storage for digital preservation
Web-scale Management Services
The first cooperative management service for libraries
License Manager
Manage your licensed and electronic resources
CBS
Metadata management solution
LBS
Cataloging to ordering, request to return in an integrated local library management system.
WorldCat Collection Analysis
Resource evaluation, comparison and planning

Resource Sharing and Delivery

VDX
A resource sharing option for library groups
WorldCat Resource Sharing
Borrow and lend materials with libraries down the road or around the world
________________________________________
Web Services
WorldCat Search API
WorldCat access through library Web sites

Internet Related Questions

What is INTERNET?
Ans: Internet is the world's largest computer network, the "network of networks". Scattered all over the
world
When was the INTERNET Created?
Ans: It was created thirty six years ago as a project of U.S Department of Defense,
What Internet service provider (ISP)?
Ans: It is the companies that provide INTERNET access.
What is WWW?
Ans: It is the system based hypertext and HTTP for providing organizing and accessing wide verity of
resources that are available by the INTERNET.
What is web page?
Ans: It is a unit of information often called a document that is available over the WWW.
Name the protocol that allows a computer to use the TCP/IP protocol and connected directly to the Net using a
standard voice telephone line and high speed modem:
Ans: P P P (point-to-point protocol)]
It is a software program that acts as an interface between the user and WWW what is it?
Ans: Web Browser
Name two different type of Web Browser:
Ans: Text-based browser and Graphical Browser
It collects and organizes resources that are available via the WWW, and designed to provide a starting point for
locating information. Name it:
Ans: Web Index
It is an interactive tool that enables to locate information available via Name it:
Ans: Search Engine
It is unique, numeric identifier used to specify a particular host computer on a particular network, and is part of a
global , standards scheme of identifying machines that are connected with INTERNET Name it:
Ans: IP Address (Internet Protocol)
It is the way of identify and locate computers connected to the INTERNET Name it:
Ans: Domain Name
It provides hierarchical way of identifying and locating INTERNET resources on the WWW Name It:
Ans: Uniform Resources Locater (URL)
A binding document signed by all users that explains the rules of INTERNET use at an institution. Name it:
Ans: Acceptable user policy (AUP)
What is gopher?
Ans: It is a protocol designed to search, retrieve and display documents from remote site on the Internet

 It is an Internet search tool that has the capability of searching many databases at one time. Name it:
Ans: Wide area information service (WAIS)
What is FTP (file transfer protocol?)
Ans: The medium that allows transferring of files between computers on the net using an FTP program or
via Netscape
What is E-Journal?
Ans: It is an electronics publications, typically found in academic circles
What is NNTP?
Ans: Network News Transport Protocol-This is used to distribute network news
Name the security feature that allows access to information on an individual basis:
Ans: Authentication
MIPS is an acronym for:
Ans: Millions of instructions per second
The duplicate copy of data/program on a separate storage medium is called:
Ans: Back up
A center processor placed on a semi-conductor chip is called as a:
Ans: Microprocessor
Who invented the modem?
Ans: AT&T Information System, USA
Which is standard internet protocol for distributing E-Mail?
Ans: SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)
The computer generated environment is called:
Ans: Virtual
Who coined the term hypertext in 1965?
Ans: Ted Nelson
Which protocol provides basis for the net?
Ans: Internet Protocol IP
INSPEC (Information Service for the Physics and Engineering Community)
The Inspec database is an invaluable information resource , contains nearly 13 million abstracts and specialized
indexing to the world's quality research literature in the fields of physics and engineering. ................IMP
published by the Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET) [ formerly by the Institution of Electrical
Engineers (IEE),] London
1898 IEE started the publication of Science Abstracts in January 1898 .....................................IMP
Inspec was started in 1967 as an outgrowth of the Science Abstracts service
Coverage Subjects : Physics, Computer science, Mechanical engineering, Electrical engineering, Electronic
engineering, Communications, Control engineering, Information technology, Manufacturing, Mechanical
engineering
It's Update frequency is Weekly
Since 1967, electronic access to Science Abstracts has been provided by INSPEC
Access to INSPEC is currently by the Internet through Inspec Direct from 2008.................................IMP
Summer 2005 saw Inspec accredited with the ISO9001:2000 quality standard for its production system.
Inspec landmarks [Its r details , not necessary to remember all of it.]
1960s
1964 - Current Papers for the Professional and Electrical and Electronics Engineer launched;
1966 - Control Abstracts - Science Abstracts Section C launched;

 1966 - Current Papers in Control and Current Papers in Physics launched;

1967 - INSPEC launched;
1969 - Computerized production system;
1969 - Control Abstracts becomes Computer and Control Abstracts.
1970s
1970 - INSPEC Magnetic Tape Service introduced;
1970 - SDI and Topics Services launched;
1971 - INSPEC Treatment Codes introduced;
1972 - August - First issue of INSPEC Matters;
1973 - January - INSPEC Thesaurus and Unified Classification Scheme introduced;
1973 - September - INSPEC goes online at Lockheed DIALOG via the Tymeshare network in the USA;
1974 - INSPEC goes online at CISTI and at ESA-IRS;
1974 - September - 1000th issue of Physics Abstracts;
1974 - October - Physics Abstracts reaches one million abstracts;
1975 - Key Abstracts series launched - 6 titles;
1977 - INSPEC goes online at BRS;
1978 - INSPEC goes online at SDC Orbit and FIZ Karlsruhe.
1980s
1981 - April - Electrical and Electronics Abstracts reaches 1000th issue;
1982 - March - Inspec reaches 2 million records;
1983 - IT Focus launched (Section D of the database);
1983 - August - Electrical and Electronics Abstracts reaches one million abstracts;
1984 - July Physics Abstracts reaches two million abstracts;
1984 - September - Inspec extends coverage to IEEE standards;
1984 - October - Japan Update - weekly updating service introduced;
1985 - Treatment code R ('Product Reviews') introduced;
1986 - April - Inspec available on STN;
1987 - January - Inspec reload on ESA-IRS. File now goes back to 1969;
1987 - Chemical and numerical data indexing introduced;
1987 - Inspec reaches three million records;
1988 - January - Key Abstracts series increased to 18 titles;
1988 - January - Topics and SDI service revamped - output now laser printed;
1988 - June - Inspec Thesaurus available on STN;
1989 - June - Database Upgrade Project completed. Revised database named INSPEC2.
1990s
1990 - November - INSPEC2 loaded on DIALOG;
1990 - December - INSPEC2 loaded on STN;
1991 - March - INSPEC2 loaded on Data-Star;
1991 - September - Inspec Ondisc (produced by UMI) launched;
1991 - October - Inspec reaches four million records;
1992 - Weekly updating of Tape Service introduced;

 1992 - Correction Tape Service introduced;

1993 - First loading of corrected records on Data-Star and ESA-IRS;
1993 - November - Inspec available on OCLC's EPIC and FirstSearch Services;
1993 - December - Inspec wins best Information Product from the European Online User Group for the quality
Enhancements made to INSPEC2;
1994 - Inspec's Document Delivery Service (run by Ask*IEEE) introduced;
1995 - January - FIZ Kahlsruhe and INSPEC merge the INSPEC and PHYS databases;
1995 - January - Astronomical Object Indexing introduced;
1995 - June - Inspec reaches five million records;
1995 - December - site licences (hard disc) made available from SilverPlatter;
1996 - Inspec extends coverage to electronic journals;
1996 - Site Licences (hard disc) made available from Ovid;
1997 - Institute of Physics links cited references in journal articles to Inspec records;
1997 - Inspec goes online at QUESTEL;
1998 - Inspec US Marketing Office moves to new location;
1998 - June - Inspec announces New Windows CD-ROM (produced by Headfast);
1998 - August - Inspec reaches six million records;
1998 - October - Inspec national site licence made available for academic institutions in the United Kingdom and
the
Republic of Ireland.
2000s
2000 - January - Electronic delivery (via e-mail in HTML format) of INSPEC's fortnightly Topics and SDI
service;
2000 - February - Inspec made available via ScienceDirect;
2000 - March - Prominent IEE Journals made available via SilverPlatter's SilverLinker;
2001 - August - Inspec reaches seven million records;
2002 - Inspec available on Web of Knowledge;
2002 - Inspec available on EBSCOhost;
2003 - December - Section E: manufacturing and production engineering added;
2003 - Inspec sales office opened in Hong Kong;
2004 - Inspec Archive (Science Abstracts 1898 - 1968) produced;
2004 - Inspec reaches eight million records;
2008 - Inspec Direct launched;
2008 - Inspec reaches ten million records.
Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System (MEDLARS )
It is premier bibliographic database in life sciences with a concentration on biomedicine.
Since 1879, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) has published Index Medicus, a monthly guide to
medical articles in thousands of journals.
It was launched by the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM) in 1964 as a computerised system
known as MEDLARS.
In 1971 an online version called MEDLINE
The National Library of Medicine (NLM), on the campus of the National Institutes of Health in
Bethesda, Maryland, is the world's largest medical library.

 MEDLINE is the primary component of PubMed

Some of the data basesMEDLINE, CATLINE,AVLINE, HISTLINE, SERLINE, and SDILINE
are created and maintained solely by NLM.
Some of the Databases of NLM
PubMed
PubMed comprises more than 21 million citations for biomedical literature from MEDLINE, life science
journals, and online books
MeSH Browser
The MeSH Browser is an online vocabulary look-up aid available for use with MeSH (Medical Subject
Headings). It is designed to help quickly locate descriptors of possible interest and to show the hierarchy in
which descriptors of interest appear. Virtually complete MeSH records are available, including the scope
notes, annotations, entry vocabulary, history notes, allowable qualifiers, etc
TOXNET - Databases on toxicology, hazardous chemicals, environmental health, and toxic releases.
Web Browser ..One Question May be
1990 --The first web browser was invented in by Tim Berners-Lee. It was called WorldWideWeb and was later
renamed Nexus
A web browser are an application software
The major web browsers are Firefox, Google Chrome, Internet Explorer, Opera, and Safari
Launched Year

Web Browser

Developed by

1994

Netscape Navigator Netscape Communications

Corporation (now part of
AOL)

1995

Internet Explorer

Microsoft Corporation

1996

Opera

Opera Software ASA

2003

Safari

Apple Inc.

2004

Mozilla Firefox

Mozilla Corporation

the most widely used web browser

Open Source Web Browser

2008
Google Chrome
Google
Usages of Web Browser (As On 2012)
Internet Explorer
27.95%
Google Chrome
23.96%
Firefox
21.80%
Safari
13.64%
Web Browser and Examination View
Question may on First web Browser?
Ans- 1990 --The first web browser was invented in by Tim Berners-Lee. It was called WorldWideWeb and was
later renamed Nexus
Which is the Open Source web Browser
Ans2004
Mozilla Firefox
Mozilla Corporation
Open Source Web Browser
What is Web Browser? With options (System software, Application software, operating software, search
Engine)

Ans1995

Internet Explorer

Microsoft Corporation

the most widely used web browser

Matching the Pairs Web Browser and Their Developers or web Browser and one example is another side
List is given and ask which is odd one or which is not a web browse
Unicode ?
UNICODE stands for Universal character encoding, maintained by the Unicode Consortium.
This encoding standard provides the basis for processing,storage and interchange of text data in any language in
all modern software and ICT protocols.
It uses two bytes or 16 bits to code each character.
What is firewall
A system designed to prevent unauthorized access to or from a private network. Firewalls can be implemented in
both hardware and software, or a combination of both. Firewalls are frequently used to prevent unauthorized
Internet users from accessing private networks connected to the Internet, especially intranets. All messages
entering or leaving the intranet pass through the firewall, which examines each message and blocks those that do
not meet the specified security criteria.
What is Webinar?
Webinar is a short for Web-based seminar, a presentation, lecture, workshop or seminar that is transmitted over the
Web.
A key feature of a Webinar is its interactive elements -- the ability to give, receive and discuss information.
Contrast with Webcast, in which the data transmission is one way and does not allow interaction between the
presenter and the audience.
What is router?
-A device that forwards data packets along networks. A router is connected to at least two networks, commonly
two LANs or WANs or a LAN and its ISP??s network. Routers are located at gateways, the places where two or
more networks connect.
Routers use headers and forwarding tables to determine the best path for forwarding the packets, and they use
protocols such as ICMP to communicate with each other and configure the best route between any two hosts.
What is Delphi Technique ?
Delphi technique helps managers and decision makers to make better forecasts and advice. This method recognises
human judgments as legitimate and makes useful inputs in generating forecasts and also that the judgment of a
number of informed people is likely to be better than the judgment of a single individual who may be misinformed
or highly biased. Thus, the Delphi technique is a way of allowing only those interactions to occur that are likely to
improve the quality of a forecast or decision.
The Delphi Technique has been widely used to generate forecasts in technology, education and other fields. It may
also be possible to apply this technique as an evaluation technique in case a situation demands.
Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT)
The Program (or Project) Evaluation and Review Technique, commonly abbreviated PERT,
is a statistical tool, used in project management
is designed to analyze and represent the tasks involved in completing a given project
developed by the United States Navy in the 1950s
it is commonly used in conjunction with the critical path method or CPM.
Program Evaluation and Review Technique (code-named PERT) is applied as a decision-making
tool designed to save time in achieving end-objectives, and is of particular interest to those
engaged in research and development programs for which time is a critical factor.

Critical path method (CPM)

The critical path method (CPM) is an algorithm for scheduling a set of project activities
It is an important tool for effective project management.
The critical path method (CPM) is a project modeling technique developed in the late
1950s by Morgan R. Walker of DuPont and James E. Kelley, Jr. of Remington Rand
CPM calculates the longest path of planned activities to the end of the project, and the earliest
and latest that each activity can start and finish without making the project longer
In project management, a critical path is the sequence of project network activities which add upto the
longest overall duration
ShannonWeaver model of communication has been called the "mother of all models.
It embodies the concepts of information source,message, transmitter, signal, channel, noise, receiver,
In 1948 Claude Elwood Shannon published A Mathematical Theory of Communication article in two parts in the
July and October numbers of the Bell System Technical Journal.[2
The book co-authored with Warren Weaver, The Mathematical Theory of Communication, reprints Shannon's 1948
article and Weaver's popularization of it
Shannon's theory is used more literally and is referred to as Shannon theory, or information theory
Shannon's formula is
where C is channel capacity measured in bits/second, W is the bandwidth in Hz, S is the signal level in watts
across the bandwidth W, and N is the noise power in watts in the bandwidth W.
Electronic mail?
commonly known as email or e-mail
An email message consists of three components, the message envelope, the message header, and the
message body.
What is WorldCat?
WorldCat is a global network of library content and services that uses the Web to let your institution be more
connected, more open and more productive.
WorldCat is a union catalog
WorldCat was founded by Fred Kilgour in 1967
It is the world's largest bibliographic database
In 2003, OCLC began the "Open WorldCat" pilot program
OCLC makes WorldCat itself available free to libraries
N-LIST?
An Initiative of Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD) Under the National Mission on Education
through ICT
NLIST abbreviated as "National Library and Information Services Infrastructure for Scholarly Content
Besides 12B/2F colleges, NLIST Programme is now opened to Non -Aided Colleges (except Agriculture,
Engineering, Management, Medical, Pharmacy, Dentistry and Nursing).
being jointly executed by the UGC-INFONET Digital Library Consortium, INFLIBNET Centre and the INDESTAICTE Consortium, IIT Delhi for i) cross-subscription to e-resources subscribed by the two Consortia, i.e.
subscription to INDEST-AICTE resources for universities and UGCINFONET resources for technical institutions;
and ii) access to selected e-resources to colleges.
The N-LIST project provides access to e-resources to students, researchers and faculty from colleges and other
beneficiary institutions
Server(s) is installed at the INFLIBNET Centre
Open Source Software and Libraries

The areas Where libraries can see the implemanataion of OSS

Library Management Systems
e.g.KOHA,Evergreen,NewGenlib
Digital Libraries (Greenstone ,Dspace,Eprint
E-Publishing
Federated Searching (Open Jounal System (OJS))
Consortium Management
Conten Management System (Joomla ,PlonePostnuke,Xoops,Srupal
E-Learning Softwares (Moodle,Atutor,Claroline,OLAT,Saki Project)

Library Management Systems?

KOHA
Koha is the first free and open source software Integrated Library System (ILS),
Koha was developed in 1999 by Katipo Communications in New Zealand
Koha is distributed under the Free Software General Public License (GPL) version 2 or later
NewGenLib
NewGenLib is an integrated library management system
developed by Verus Solutions Pvt Ltd. Domain expertise is provided by Kesavan Institute of Information and
Knowledge Management in Hyderabad, India.
NewGenLib version 1.0 was released in March 2005
NewGenLib was declared Open Source Software under GNU GPL Licence
NewGenLib uses UNICODE 3.0
Greenstone
Greenstone is produced by the New Zealand Digital Library Project in 2000
Greenstone is a suite of software for building and distrubting digital library collection
Conten Management System (Joomla ,PlonePostnuke,Xoops,Drupal)
Drupal
Drupal was created in 2000
Developed by a Dries Buytaert (Belgian)
It is a Content Management System modular
The standard release of Drupal known as Drupal core
Drupal uses Apache,MySql and PHP
website of White House ,United States is developed over Drupal
Drupal is Licensed under GNU
Jooomla
is a free source Open Content Management System (CMS)
developed in Sept 2005.
it wins Packet publishing Open Souirce Content Management System Award in 2006 and 2007
Joomla plugins previously known as Mambots
Plone
It is a free Content Management System (CMS)
it is realsed under GNU (Genral Public License (GPL)
N-LIST
1 INFLIBNET Centre, Ahmedabad

1. Background
The Project entitled National Library and Information Services Infrastructure for Scholarly Content
(N-LIST), being jointly executed by the UGC-INFONET Digital Library Consortium, INFLIBNET
Centre and the INDEST-AICTE Consortium, IIT Delhi provides for i) cross-subscription to e-resources
subscribed by the two Consortia, i.e. subscription to INDEST-AICTE resources for universities
and UGCINFONET resources for technical institutions; and ii) access to selected e-resources
to colleges. The N-LIST project provides access to e-resources to students, researchers and
faculty from colleges and other beneficiary institutions through server(s) installed at the INFLIBNET
Centre. The authorized users from colleges can now access e-resources and download articles
required by them directly from the publishers website once they are duly authenticated as authorized
users through servers deployed at the INFLIBNET Centre.
The project has four distinct components, i.e. i ) to subscribe and provide access to selected
UGC-INFONET e-resources to technical institutions (IITs, IISc, IISERs and NITs) and monitor its
usage; ii) to subscribe and provide access to selected INDEST e-resources to selected universities
and monitor its usage; iii) to subscribe and provide access to selected e-resources to 6,000
Govt./ Govt.-aided colleges and monitor its usage; and iv) to act as a Monitoring Agency for
colleges and evaluate, promote, impart training and monitor all activities involved in the process of
providing effective and efficient access to e-resources to colleges.
The INDEST and UGC-INFONET are jointly responsible for activity listed at i) and ii) above. The
INFLIBNET Centre, Ahmedabad is responsible for activities listed at iii) and iv) above. The INFLIBNET
Centre is also responsible for developing and deploying appropriate software tools and techniques
for authenticating authorized users.
2. Current Status
As on April 22, 2010, a total number of 1,176 colleges have registered themselves with the N-LIST
programme including 659 Govt. / Govt.-aided colleges covered under the 12 B Act of the UGC.
Log-in ID and password for accessing e-resources has been sent to the authorized users from
these 659 colleges. Remaining colleges are being advised to join the initiative as N-LIST Associates.
All e-resources subscribed for colleges under the N-LIST Project are now accessible to
these 659 colleges through the N-List website.
3. Beneficiary Institutions
The following four sets of institutions are benefitting from the N-LIST Project:
i) Universities covered under Phase I of the UGC-INFONET Digital Library Consortium can now
access Web of Science.
ii) IITs, IISc, IISERs and selected NITs (i.e. core members of the INDEST-AICTE Consortium)
can now access selected e-resources namely Annual Reviews, Project Muse and Nature.
iii) 6,000 Govt. / Govt.-aided colleges covered under 12 B Act of the UGC can now access se
lected electronic resources including electronic journals, electronic books and bibliographic
databases. These resources include more than 2100 e-journals and 51,000 e-books.
iv) Colleges, not covered under the 12B Act of the UGC, can benefit from the N-LIST Programme
by joining the programme as its Associate. These colleges will be required to pay a fixed
amount towards subscription to e-resources and annual subscription.
Open Journal Systems (OJS)
is an open-source software for the management of peer-reviewer academic journals,
created by the Public Knowledge Project, released under the GNU General Public License.
released in 2001

OJS Features
OJS is installed locally and locally controlled.
Editors configure requirements, sections, review process, etc.
Online submission and management of all content.
Subscription module with delayed open access options.
Comprehensive indexing of content part of global system.
Reading Tools for content, based on field and editors' choice.
Email notification and commenting ability for readers.
Complete context-sensitive online Help support.
OJS is open source software made freely available to journals worldwide for the purpose of making open access
publishing a viable option for more journals
A COUNTER plugin (Counting Online Usage of Networked Electronic Resources)
OJS is written in PHP, uses either a MySQL or PostgreSQL database
Wi-Fi (wireless fidelity)
Means "wireless local area network (WLAN)
Vic Hayes has been called the "father of Wi-Fi"
he term Wi-Fi, first used commercially in August 1999
The term Wi-Fi was created by an organization called the Wi-Fi Alliance
Wi-Fi networks locations are known as hot spots
The activity of locating and exploiting security-exposed wireless LANs is called war driving.
An identifying iconography, called war chalking,
Wi-Fi networks have limited range of 32 m (120 ft) indoors and 95 m (300 ft) outdoors
Wi Fi is based on the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers' (IEEE) 802.11 standards
Li-Fi is the term some have used to label the fast and cheap wireless-communication system, which is the optical
version of Wi-Fi
WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is a wireless communications standard designed to
provide 30 to 40 megabit-per-second data rates .WiMAX is sometimes referred to as "Wi-Fi on steroids"
Cataloging in Publication (CIP)
A Cataloging in Publication record is a bibliographic record prepared by the Library of Congress for a book that
has not yet been published. When the book is published, the publisher includes the CIP data on the copyright page
thereby facilitating book processing for libraries and book dealers.
The Library of Congress to assign control numbers in advance of publication to those titles that may be added to
the Library's collections.
Some Terms and concepts in Management Unit
Total Quality Management (TQM) is a concept created by W. Edwards Deming.
Six Sigma is a business management strategy, originally developed by Motorola, USA in 1986
The Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) is developed by the United States Navy in the 1950s
The Critical Path Method (CPM) (an algorithm for scheduling ) developed in the late 1950s by Morgan R.
Walker and James E. Kelley
The term "Marketing Mix" was coined in 1953 by Neil Borden
Peter Phyrr used Zero Base Budgeting (ZBB) term first
Programme Budgeting System was first introduced by the then United States Secretary of Defense Robert S.
McNamara in 1960s.
The National Knowledge Commission
The National Knowledge Commission is a high-level advisory body to the Prime Minister of India, with the

objective of transforming India into a knowledge society.

National Knowledge Commission (NKC) was constituted on 13th June 2005
the National Knowledge Commission has been given a mandate to guide policy and direct reforms, focusing on
certain key areas such as education, science and technology, agriculture, industry, e-governance
Easy access to knowledge, creation and preservation of knowledge systems, dissemination of knowledge and
better knowledge services are core concerns of the commission.
Mr. Sam Pitroda is the Chairperson of NKC
The Secretariat of the Commission is located in Chanakyapuri, New Delhi.
Some of the issues under consideration of National Knowledge Commission are:
1.institutional framework of libraries;
2.networking;
3.education, training and research;
4.modernization and computerization of libraries;
5.maintenance of private and personal collections and staff requirements to meet changing needs.
Library and Society-Notes

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The Five Laws of Library Science were enunciated in 1928 by the late Dr. S. R.
Ranganathan, the Librarian of the University of Madras.
Five Laws of Library Science are:
Books are for use
Every reader his/her book("Books for All".)
Every book its reader
Save the time of the reader
The library is a growing organism
Implications
First Law "Books are for use "
--Location
--Library Hours
--Library Building and Furniture
--Staff
Second Law "Every reader his/her book"
--Obligation of the State
--Obligation of the Library Authority--(Choice of Books--Choice of Staff)

--Obligations of the Staff

--Obligations of the Reader
--Resource Sharing
Third Law Every Book Its Reader
--- Open Access
- - Services---Book Exhibition, Display of New Books,Lists of New Additions
- - The Library Catalogue
Fourth Law Save the Time of the Reader
- - Open Access
- - Classification and Cataloguing
- - Charging System
Fifth Law "Library is a Growing Organism"
- - Book Stock
- - Readers
- - Staff
- - Classification and the Catalogue
- - Modernisation
- - Provision for the Future
-- Weeding out of Books
The three landmarks indicating the progress of libraries in India in the post-independence period are:
i) the growth and development of the-National Library at Calcutta;
ii) public library legislation in six states of India leading to the development of public library systems in these states;
iii) the increase in the number of university and college libraries.
The Calcutta Public Library was established in the first half of the 19th century and the Imperial Library in 1903.
In 1948, the Imperial Library, Calcutta was renamed as the National Library.
National Science Library of INSDOC and the National Medical Library of the Directorate General of Health Services are
located in Delhi.
The main aims of the National Policy on Library and Information System are:
i) to foster, promote, and sustain the organisation, availability and use of information, in all sectors of national activity;
ii) to take steps for mobilising and upgrading the existing library and information systems and services;
iii) to encourage and initiate, programmes for the library and information personnel;
iv) to set up adequate monitoring mechanisms for ensuring a rapid development of library and information facilities and
services;

v) to encourage individual initiatives for the acquisition and dissemination of knowledge and for the discovery of new
knowledge in an atmosphere of intellectual freedom;
vi) to secure for the people of the country all the benefits that can accrue from the acquisition and application of
knowledge; and
vii) to preserve and make known the nation's cultural heritage in its multiple forms.
National Policy-on Library and Information System (NAPLIS)
The Department of Culture, Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India, appointed in October
1985 a committee of senior library scientists and other specialists, with Prof. D.P. Chattopadhyaya as chairman
To prepare a draft document on the National Policy on Library and Information System.
The Committee completed its assignment and submitted a draft document to the Government on May 31, 1986.
The National Information System for Science and Technology (NISSAT), which is the focal point in India for the
UNISIST/LJNESCO programme.
The national sectoral policies which have a bearing on the library development are:
i) Education Policy;
ii) Book Policy;
iii) Scientific Policy Resolution;
iv) Technology Policy;
v) Information (Communication) Policy
The National Book Policy, which was also prepared in 1986
The Scientific Policy Resolution adopted by the Government of India in 1958.
The Technology Policy statement announced by the Prime Minister in March 1983
The areas of recommendation of the Report of the Library Advisory Committee are:
i) structure of library system (for public libraries)
ii) library cooperation
iii) compilation of union catalogues
iv) library personnel, status, powers, duties and responsibilities
v) training for librarianship
vi) auxiliary services, like book bureaux, development of library association, formation of Mitra Mandals.
vii) library Finance
viii) interaction between libraries and social education programme.
Secondary Education Commission Report (Chairman Dr. A.L: Mudaliar)
i) establishment of good libraries in schools and provision of
intelligent and effective library service;
ii) emphasis on the habit of general reading by children;
iii) in smaller places, school libraries could function as public libraries also.
University Education Commission Report (Chairman Dr. S. Radhakrishna)
i) central position of the library in the academic system;

ii) preferred self study and library work by way of supplementing class instructions;
iii) higher branches of learning is mainly a question of learning how to use tools and techniques.
Education Commission (Chairman, Dr. D.S. Kothari)
i) discussed role of libraries in higher education
ii) highlighted the skill to use independently books and documents by
the students in the learning process;
iii) offered eleven useful and important suggestions for the
improvement of university and college libraries.
The areas of recommendation of the UGC Library Committee are:
i) provided a framework and important guidelines to implement its grant-in-aid programmes
ii) library finance
iii) personnel, status, salary etc:
vi) staff strength
v) a blueprint for the systematic development of university libraries in the country.
A NATIONAL LIBRARY
We, find libraries of:
Clay tablets as in Assyria and Babylonia;
Papyrus as in Egypt;
Vellum./Parchment and wooden boards in Medieval Europe;
Hand made paper in China and India;
Palm leaves, birch barks, silk cloth, copper plates etc., in India; and
Bone and paper in China:
Edition 6 of Harrodss Librarians' Glossary and Reference Book (1987) defines
a National Library as:
i) a library maintained ~out of government funds;
ii) serving the nation as a whole;
iii) books in such libraries being for reference only;
iv) libraries are usually copyright libraries;
v) the function of such a library is to collect and preserve for posterity, the
books, periodicals, newspapers and other downbeats published in the
country; This is best done by a law requiring publishers to deposit copies of all
publications issued by them; and
vi). being-purchased books published in other countries.
The ALA Glossary of Library Terms, simply defines, the National Library As "a library maintained by a Nation"
Defenition by UNESCO, at its 16th Session of the General Conference held in 1970
"Libraries which, irrespective of the titles, are responsible for acquiring and conserving
copies of all significant:
i) publications published in the country and functioning as a

ii) deposit library either by law or under other arrangements.

They will also normally perform some of the following functions :
iii) produce a national bibliography ,
iv) hold and keep up-to-date a. large representative collection or foreign literature,
including books about the country;
v) act as a national bibliographical information centre;
vi) Compile union catalogues
vii) publish retrospective bibliographies..:."

Lord Curzon declared open the new Imperial Library of India on 30th
January 1903 in the Metcalf Hall. John Macfarlane of the British Museum was invited to look after the new Imperial
Library, as its first librarian.
The Indian National Bibliography published by the Central Reference 'Library (National Library Campus, Calcutta), and
the British National Bibliography, brought out by the British Library.In 1928, the Government of India appointed a
Committee under the Chairmanship of Mr.J.A. Richey, to suggest measures for reorganising the administration of the
Library. This Committee, recommended among other things, that the Imperial Library should be declared as a copyright
depository Library. This recommendation was followed up by the successive librarians, Mr. Chapman and Khan
Bahadur K.M. Asadullah; to secure for the Imperial Library, the privilege of copyright deposit. But their efforts were not
realised until the enactment of the Delivery of Books .(Public Libraries) Act, 1954. While the Calcutta Public Library
had Peary Chanda Mitra and Bipin Chandra Pal as librarians, the Imperial Library also had a galaxy of great librarians
as for example,
Harinath De, a scholar and linguist, John Alexander Chapman, K.M. Asadullah, a goodorganiser and administrator, who
had the credit of starting library training courses in 1935 in the Imperial Library, Calcutta.
1.Information Systems and Programmes in Science and Technology
1 National Information System for Science and Technology (NISSAT)
2 National Informatics Centre (NIC)
3 Biotechnology Information System (BTIS)
4 Environmental Information System (ENVIS)
5 INFLIBNET: Information and Library Network
6 National Institute of Science Communication and Information Resources (NISCAIR)
7 INDEST Consortium
2. Information Systems and Programmes in Social Sciences
1 Indian Council of Social Science Research (ICSSR)
2 UGC-Inter University Centre for International Studies
3 UGC-Inter University Centre for Humanities and Social Sciences (IUCHSS)
3. Information Systems and Programmes in Humanities
1 Indira Gandhi National Centre for Arts (IGNCA)
2 National Mission for Manuscripts (NMM)

3 Indian Council for Cultural Relations (ICCR)

4 Indian Council of Historical Research (ICHR)
5 Indian Council of Philosophical Research (ICPR)
6 National Museum, New Delhi
7 National Archives of India (NAI)
8 Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages (CIEFL)
9 Central Institute of Indian Languages (CIIL)
NISSAT programme was launched by Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR)
The NISSAT programme was formally implemented in September 1977 with the following objectives:
Development of national information services;
Promotion of existing information systems and services;
Introduction of modern information handling tools and techniques;
Promotion of international cooperation in information;
Development of indigenous products and services;
Organisation of skill development programmes; and
Promotion of R&D in information science and technology.
The National Focal Point (NFP) of NISSAT was located in DSIR, New Delhi.
NISSAT supported 13 national information and data centres in different areas (discipline, product or mission).
Value Added Patent Information Systems (VAPIS)
NISSAT established VAPIS in two areas viz. chemistry and chemical technology (at National Chemical Laboratory,
Pune) and in engineering (at Central Manufacturing Technology Institute, Bangalore).

Biography Series-1: Dr.S.R.Ranganathan's biography

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S.R.Ranganathan : Shiyali Ramamrita Ranganathan,
Born Aug. 9, 1892, (official date Aug.12, 1892***)
Shiyali (now known as Sirkazhi), Tamilnadu, India
Died Sept. 27, 1972,
Bangalore, Karnataka, India
Family
Father:N. Ramamrita Ayyar, landlord(1866-1898)

Mother:Seethalakshmi(1872-1953)
1907 Married Rukmini(1896-1928),July
1929 Married Sarada(1908-1985),November
1932 Son, Yogeshwar, born April 12
Education and Work:
He was educated at the Hindu High School in Shiyali, at Madras Christian College(where he took B.A. and M.A.
degrees in mathematics in 1913 and 1916), and at Teachers College, Saidapet.
In 1917 he joined the faculty of Government College, Mangalore.
From 1917 to 1921 he subsequently taught at Government College, Coimbatore,and he joined as Assistant Professor
of Mathematics at the Presidency College, Madras in 1921-1923.
In 1924 he was appointed first librarian of the University of Madras, and in order to fit himself for the post he traveled to
England to study at University College, London.
From 1925 to 1944 he took up the job at Madras in earnest in 1925 and held it until 1944.
From 1945 to 1954 he served as librarian and as professor of library science at Hindu University in Varanasi (Banaras),
and from 1947 to 1954 he taught at the University of Delhi.
From 1954 to 1957 he was engaged in research and writing in Zrich.
He returned to India in the latter year and served as visiting professor at Vikram University, Ujjain, until 1959.
In 1962 he founded and became head of the Documentation Research and Training Centrein Bangalore, with which he
remained associated for the rest of his life, and in 1965 he was honoured by the Indian government with the title of
national research professor in library science.
Main works:
Five Laws of Library Science (1931)
Colon Classification (1933)
Classified Catalogue Code (1934)
Prolegomena to Library Classification (1937)
Theory of the Library Catalogue (1938)
Elements of Library Classification (1945)
Classification and International Documentation (1948)
Classification and Communication (1951)
Headings and Canons (1955).
Periodicals Edited
1937-1947 Editorial Board, Modern Librarian

1939-1944 Conducted Memoirs, Madras Library Association

1947 Editorial Board, Indian Librarian
1949-1953 Editor, Abgila, Indian Library Association
1951 Associate Editor, Libri
1954-1963 Editor, Annals of Library Science
1959 American Documentation
1964-1972 Editor, Library Science with a Slant to Documentation

Biography Series-2: Melville Dewey

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Melvil Dewey, Librarian
Melville Louis Kossuth Dewey was an American librarian and educator, inventor of the Dewey Decimal system of library
classification, and a founder of the Lake Placid Club.
Born: December 10, 1851, Adams Centre, New York, United States
Died: December 26, 1931, Lake Placid, Florida, United States
Nationality: American
Education: Amherst College

Children: Godfrey Dewey

He helped establish the American Library Association (ALA) in 1876.
In 1876 he published A Classification and Subject Index for Cataloguing and Arranging Books and Pamphlets in a
Library, better known as the "Dewey Decimal Classification.
He was secretary of ALA from 1876 to 1890 and president during the 1890/1891 and 1892/1893 terms.
He co-founded and edited Library Journal
Dewey became the librarian of Columbia College (now Columbia University) in New York City. While there,
He founded the first ever library school on January 1, 1887.
In December 1889, he became the director of the New York State Library at Albany, Retiring from that position in 1906.
Melvil Dewey well deserves the title of "father of modern librarianship".