Respiratory system

Ventilation-transfer of air perfusion-deliver oxygen capillary

refill-nail blanching test.
Microbacteria tuberculosis-bacteria in TB cell wall of bacteria has
mycotic acid
COPD:
1.Emphysemapink puffers-loss of mucociliary apparatus and
barrel chested
2.chronic bronchitis blue bloaters-productive cough in 3 months
within 2 years
Asthma-constriction caused by pulmonary edema(with allergy)

Muscle in respiration:
Expiration-internal intercostals
Inspiration-external intercostals and diaphragm

Pathway of air
Anterior nares-vibrissae-posterior nares-nasopharynx-oropharynxlaryngopharynx-larynx(with 9 cartilage)-trachea-primary
bronchus-secondary bronchus-tertiary bronchus-terminal
bronchus-respiratory bronchus-alveoli
FLARING OF ALAR NASI-sign of respiratory distress(may lead to
bronchopneumonia)
PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR CILIATED WITH GOBLET CELL-cell
on pulmonary segment

Thyroid cartilage-most common cartilage adams apple and

hyaline type of cartilage
Epiglottis croup shape-main cover for food and airway
Halitosis-bad breathe surfactant-fluid in in pulmonary system

Cystic fibrosis aka siponin due to oversecretion ng gland and anti

inflammatory
Drugs: steroids or with one in last name drugs
Defense in pulmonary system:Filtering hair(vibrissae) stick
mucous and cilia escalatory

Lower respiratory system: larynx(with 9 cartilage)-tracheaprimary bronchus-secondary bronchus-tertiary bronchus-terminal

bronchus-respiratory bronchus-alveoli
Larynx(voice box) has a unpaired and paired cartilage
Unpaired
1.thyroid-shield shaped laryngeal prominence adams apple
2.Cricoid-signet ring shape below thyroid
3.epiglottis-Spoon shape type ELASTIC CARTILAGE prevent
ASPIRATION
Arytenoids-important for vocal cord to larynx(true vocal cord)
Cuneiform-aryepiglottic fold
Corniculate-apices of arytenoids
True vocal cord-vocal fold
relation in sound)

false vocal cord-vestibular fold(no

Vocal cord-vibrate and produce sound as air rushes upward from

lungs
Trachea or windpipe:around 10-12 cm long and 2-5cm wide
Tracheostomy-emergency procedure(kapag may nagbara sa
trachea)
Atelectasis-collapse of lungs
Upper respiratory: Anterior nares-vibrissae-posterior naresnasopharynx-oropharynx-laryngopharynx are defense in
pathogens and airway condition
Nose-consist of external and internal nares, turbinate or
concha(superior middle inferior) nasal septum hard palate
Nasal perforation-user of cocaine(may sugat or lumiit na nares)
Pharynx-passage way
4 acid base type disease are: respiratory acidosis, respiratory
alkalosis, metabolic acidosis and metabolic alkalosis
Cribiform-olfactory nerve placement

Pneumothorax-air in pleural cavity and conductiong blood supply

to the lungs via bronchial arteries(open pneumothorax or tension
pneumothorax)
Open pneumothorax-due to stab or gunshot
pneumothorax-pressure
Pleurosynthesis-aspiration of air
darker in xray

Tension

Atelectatic lungs:

If water is present-the costophrenic angle cant seen

Pleural effusion-fluid in lungs there are 4 types of effusion

1.hemothorax-lungs with blood(transudate or non infectious)
2.hydrothorax-water in lungs(transudate)
3.pyothorax-pas or nana(exudate infectious) drug:antibiotic
4.chylothorax-fat in lungs(transudate)

BRONCHOUPNEUMONIA-oversecretion of the mucus and

inflammation of bronchus
No.1 risk factor is bedridden patient
Emphysema-chronic progressive enlargement of alveoli
accompanied by mucous
Kapag nagkaroon ng jugular vein enlargement pwede magkaroon
ng HEART PROBLEM
Respiratory bronchioles-Gas exchange Diffusion
3 types of cell
1.Type I pneumocyte-wall of alveoli with simple squamous
epithelium
2.Type II pneumocyte most important-scattered amidst type 1
and release fluid containing surfactant

Respiratory Distress syndrome/Hyaline Membrane DiseaseSurfactant decrease the tension in alveolar walls
INFANT SURFACTANT release in 6 lunar months in placenta of
mother

RATIO: L1:S2(lipid substances lecithin and sphingomyelin) TEST

for RSD
Amiocentesis test-sample of amniotic fluid(panubigan in
placenta)
Dito din malalaman kung may Anencephaly(walang utak)
and cleft lip(bingot) ang bata
Tocolytic agent-using for 8 month fetus(pampakapit para di
malaglag)
Drug:Duvadilan
3. Alveolar Macrophage-this cell is Phagocytic, Dust cell, Provides
their primary line defense against inhaled dust, simple squamous
Lungs weight 1Kg(0.5 each)
Respiratory Cycle:
If volume increase, pressure decrease and If volume decrease,
pressure increase
Inspiration is active(relaxed) Expiration is passive(not)
PULMONARY VOLUME
1.Tidal Volume(500ml) volume of inspire and expire
Procedure: normal breathing normal inhale exhale
2.Inpsiratory Reserve Volume(300ml)
-amount of air that can be inspired forcefully after inspiration
of resting tidal volume
Procedure:normal inhale then heavy breathing
Phrenic nerve paralysis-if there is insufficient amount of ml
3.Expiratory Reserve Volume(1100ml)
-amount of air that can be inspired forcefully
Procedure:normal breathing and forcefully exhale
4.Residual(1200ml)yung mga natira
1.Functional Residual Capacity(2300ml)= ERV + RV
2.Inspiratory capacity(3500ml)= TV + IRV
3.Vital(4600ml)= IRV + TV + ERV
4. Total Lung(5800ml)

This test is for Pt. with Emphysema, chronic bronchitis,

Asthmatic and with Phrenic nerve paralysis

GAS EXCHANGE
Ext. resp.-Pulmonary gas exchange Diffusion transport
-Factors of movement in (alveoli)O2 (RBC)CO2

Ventilation-amount of gas reaching

Perfusion- amount of blood flow in pulmonary capillary
Glycosylated hemoglobin(until 3 months)monitoring of blood
sugar
Bradypnea-lack of breating tachypnea-more of breathing
dyspnea-blockage
Apnea-long breathing orthopnea-difficult breathing in supine
position
Without pillows

ABG arterial Blood Gas test to monitor Co2

Hypercapnia-retake of Co2 most powerful respiratory stimulant
Rate and Depth of breathing.HYPOVENTILATED
Hypocapnia-depress respiration.HYPERVENTILATED