1/12
1
2 1
1 2
We dont see this on our table so we should think brainstorm ways to use FT
properties to tackle it
One way is to break x(t) down into a sum of signals on our table!!!
2/12
Break a complicated signal down into simple signals before finding FT:
p4 (t )
1
t
2 x(t )
1
Add
to get
p2 (t )
X ( ) P4 ( ) P2 ( )
2
X ( ) 4 sinc
2 sinc
3/12
Transmitter (Tx)
antenna
Modulator
x (t )
amp
multiply
amp
cos(0t )
oscillator
FT of Message Signal
X ( )
Fx (t ) cos(0t )
Cell Phones: around 900 MHz, around 1.8 GHz, around 1.9 GHz etc.
4/12
The next several slides show how these ideas are used to make a receiver:
Receiver (Rx)
Speaker
De-Modulator
Amp &
Filter
Signals from Other
Transmitters
multiply
Amp &
Filter
cos(0t )
oscillator
5/12
Receiver
Speaker
De-Modulator
multiply
Amp &
Filter
cos(0t )
oscillator
2 0
2 0
Shifted Down
2 0
2 0
2 0
2 0
6/12
Receiver
Amp &
Filter
Extra Stuff we dont want
Speaker
De-Modulator
multiply
Amp &
Filter
cos(0t )
oscillator
2 0
2 0
2 0
2 0
x(t ) 0 t [T1 , T2 ]
T1
T2
X ( ) 0
2B
X ( )
2B
2B
2B is in rad/sec
B is in Hz
9/12
But engineers say practical signals are effectively bandlimited because for
almost all practical signals |X()| decays to zero as gets large
Note: In our exploration above of radio Rx & Tx we ignored this issue and
just drew the spectra as perfectly bandlimited!!!
Common First Cut Approach
X ( )
FT of pulse
2B
2B
10/12
Abbreviate Bandwidth as BW
For a lot of signals like audio they fill up the lower frequencies but then decay
as gets large:
X ( )
2B
2B
For Example:
1.
2.
11/12
For other kinds of signals like radio frequency (RF) signals they
are concentrated at high frequencies
X ( )
1 2f1
2 2f 2