1. What, increasingly, is the globalised world?

2. What has globalisation created?

Urban, on the move, connected.

More choice but also more homogeneity

e.g. a McDonald's in every city.

3. What has demographic

globalisation created?

4. Despite the gains from globalistion in

countries such as China and India, why does
the world continue to be widely unequal?

It has created mixing & deviersity but

with this comes the social & cultural
tensions associated with rising migration.

In 1960, the ratio of income of the poorest

200% of the world's population to the world's
richesr was 1:30. By 2000, it was 1:70.
In many parts of the developing world,
the poor have been getting wealthier, yet
developed countries have been getting

4. Despite the gains from globalistion

in countries such as China and
Indai, why does the world continue
to be widely unequal? [continued]

5. How are dramatic rises in

consumption of resources explained
by global population growth?

wealthier faster, thereby widening

the gap. In many African countries,
income levels have fallen since 1980.

The global population has grown

from 3.7 bn in 1970 to 6.4 bn in 2005.
Also, there is higher consumption per
person; Chinese consumption has risen
dramatically & by 2031, may reach levels
similar to those of the USA in 2005.

6. What were the USA's

consumption levels like in 2005?

7. What is the main concern with 'food miles'?

1 350 mn tonnes of grain per year (66% of

world production 2005). 180 mn tonnes of
meat per year (80% of world production 2005).
2.8 bn tonnes of coal/yr (global production 2.6
2005). 1.1 bn cars (800 mn globally 2005).

'Food miles' are the distance which produce

travels from food to customer. The longer
the distance, the bigger the need for
refrigeration & extra packaging & the high
the carbon footprint of that particular food.

8. What are some examples

in the UK of 'food miles'?

9. Who are expected to be the

'winners' from globalisation?

Grapes from Chile - +12 000 km, heavily

packaged to avoid damage. Strawberries
from Spain - ~16 000 km. Prawns
from Indonesia - almost 12 000 km.
Sending coffee produced in Africa to
India for roasting & then to UK for sale.

Those that have gained jobs as TNCs have

shifted production to low-cost locations.

10. What are the typical working conditions for

a factory worker in China's Pearl River Delta?

11. What would be the

alternative work in China?

Pay is $50-$150 per month. Unions are

banned. Overtime, a requirement to keep
the job, is around 30 hours per week. Many
migrant workers live in factory-owned
dormitories, 16 people per room. Labour
& health & safety laws are rarely enforced.

It would be farming, which has an

annual income of $300-$400 compared
with $1 000+ for a factory worker.

12. Who are the majority of factory workers?

13. What moves are being made in

China and India to help factory workers?

Rural-urban migrants who consider

their lives improved compared
with those of their parents.

There are moves to increase worker rights &

ban child labour. For governments, there is a
difficult balancing act as attempts to improve
workers' conditions could simply mean TNCs
shifting again, to the next low-cost location.

14. What are the different actions

needed at a range of scales to achieve
sustainability in a globalised world?

15. What has moved up the radar of many

consumers and the political agenda?

Individual actions - changing behaviour.

Local actions - usually by local
councils. National - government
policies. Global - agreements & targets.

Concern over rising carbon emissions.

There are a range of options for those
seeking to reduce their carbon footprint.

16. Respect is one of the

5R's, what does it involve?

17. Reduce is one of the

5R's, what does it involve?

The overall aim: to respect the environment

& minimise ecological & carbon footprints.

Using less: using the bus/walking instead

of driving, using energy-efficient lightbulbs.

18. Reuse is one of the

5R's, what does it involve?

19. Recycle is one of the

5R's, what does it involve?

Using things twice, e.g. re-using

envelopes/scrap paper. Charity shops
are a way of using second-hand goods.

Sorting & sending waste to

be recycled or composted.

20. Renew is one of the

5R's, what does it involve?

21. How can individuals

'offset' their emissions?

Switching to renewable energy and/

or sourcing products made using
renewable energy & resources.

By paying for new tree planting to

sequester their pollution. Many airlines
offer this service on their websites.

22. How can governments

change consumer behaviour?

23. Many businesses, including some TNCs,

have jumped on the 'green' bandwagon as
public concern has grown. How has BP?

Car tax (VED) is one of the government's

ways of applying a 'green tax'. It aims to
use the tax system to change car-buying
behaviour by linking VED to CO2 emissions
per kilometre. Introduced in 1998, it seems
to have affected our buying behaviour.

In 2002, they changed the company logo

from a shield to a flower & the company
has diversified into solar power & retailing.

24. Although many people are cynical

about the motives for businesses
'going green', what are some
reasons to suggest they are serious?

24. Although many people are cynical

about the motives for businesses 'going
green', what are some reasons to
suggest they are serious? [continued]

Money can be saved by reducing energy

use (and therefore pollution). Company
assets are vulnerable to sea-level rise &
flooding linked to climate change. Oil & gas
will run out; renewable energy provides an
alternative business model. Consumers are

increasingly 'switched off' by companies

with a poor environmental record.
Also, if companies can see long-term
benefits to shareholders 'going green',
they are likely to move in this direction.

25. What have ethichal concerns over

globalisation led some consumers to do?

26. Fair trade is a strategy to create a more

equitable world. What is/are the benefit,
examples & issues with this strategy?

Change their behaviour in the hope

of reducing the negative social
consequences of consumption.

Benefit - Developing world farmers get a

higher price for their products. Example
- Coffee, chocolate, bananas & some
clothing. In 2010, the total value of UK fair
trade sales was 1.1 bn & it is growing at
40% per year. Issues - Hard to monitor the

26. Fair trade is a strategy to create

a more equitable world. What is/
are the benefit, examples & issues
with this strategy? [continued]

27. Ethically sourced goods are a strategy to

create a more equitable world. What is/are the
benefit, examples & issues with this strategy?

growing number of schemes. The

fair trade price premium is small.

Benefits - Guaranteed free of child/'sweatshop'

labour. Example - Many shops & supermarkets
have ethical clothing ranges. Issues Currently only a small % of all goods sold.

28. Buying locally is a strategy to create

a more equitable world. What is/are the
benefit, examples & issues with this strategy?

29. Organic food is a strategy to create

a more equitable world. What is/are the
benefit, examples & issues with this strategy?

Benfits - Reduces food miles & supports local

producers. Example - Seasonal 'veggie boxes'
are delivered by farms to many households
in the UK. Issues - More expensive than
using supermarkets; reduced choice.

Benefits - Reduces the carbon footprint

of food & pollution from farm chemicals.
Example - Many supermarkets now
sell organic milk, cheese, fruit, veg &
cereals. Issues - Often more expensive
than non-organic food, with less choice.

30. FSC certified is a strategy to create

a more equitable world. What is/are the
benefit, examples & issues with this strategy?
Benefits - Ensures that wood products
have been produced from sustainable
forests. Example - Hardwood garden
furniture often has an FSC mark. Issues
- Difficult to monitor especially from
distant sources in the developing world.