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Socorro Lopez

Fall 2013
Pre Lab Exercise

Cecs 311
Due:9/26/13

Lab#2
ID:009162827

1. Using any technique available find the transfer function of the first order Low
Pass Bessel filter. Show your work for credit.
1
RC
1
1
A ( s )=
=
1
1+sRC 1+ sRC
s+
RC

2. Using Multisim Simulate the 1st order Low Pass Bessel Filter. Plot the magnitude
(dB) using a VAC input source (set to 1 V) with AC SWEEP from 1 Hz to 100 kHz.
The cutoff frequency should be 15 kHz and the value of R = 4.7 k you will have
to calculate the value of your capacitor.

3. Using Multisim simulate the 1st order High Pass Bessel Filter. The value of R
should be 4.7 k, you will have to calculate the value of the capacitor for a cutoff
frequency of 15 kHz. Comment on how the cutoff frequency and the slope of the
roll off compare to that of Part 2 above.
---The cutoff frequency for this circuit has lower gain than the one above,this one
is -3.067db

4. Simulate a band pass filter using a single stage amplifier or make one from a
cascade of a low pass and a high pass filter. Use a center frequency of 15 kHz and
a bandwidth of 25 kHz. Plot the magnitude (dB) and comment on the shape of
the plot.

Lab Exercises
1. Construct the low pass filter with unity gain for a cutoff frequency of 15 kHz with
a capacitor value of .01 F.
2. Take measurements of the input voltage, output voltage and calculate the gain (in
dB) for various frequencies. Record this information on the Data Sheet.
3. Construct the high pass filter with unity gain using the same component values
from Part 1.
4. Take measurements of the input voltage, output voltage and calculate the gain (in
dB) for various frequencies. Record this information on the Data Sheet.
5. Construct the band pass filter (or of a cascade of a low pass and a high pass) with
a center frequency of 15 kHz and a bandwidth of 25 kHz. Use values from the Pre
Lab for components or items that are comparably close.
6. Take measurements of the input voltage, output voltage and calculate the gain (in
dB) for various frequencies. Record this information on the Data Sheet.
7. ( For this lab, take data at 10, 100, 1k, 5k, 10k, 15k, 20k, 50k and 100kHz)
Bandpass filter

LowPass

Highpass

Data at 10, 100, 1k, 5k, 10k, 15k, 20k, 50k and 100kHz
Active Low Pass Filter
Frequen
cies
10 Hz
100 Hz
1 kHz

Vin

Vout

3.08
3.04
3.04

3.08
3.04
3.04

5 kHz

3.00

2.84

10 kHz

3.04

2.52

Frequen15 kHz
Vin
cies
20 kHz
10 Hz
2.96

3.04
Vout
3.00
0.036

50 kHz
3.80

3.04
0.078

100 kHz
1 kHz
3.40

2.96
0.236

2.08
Gain(
dB)
- 1.68
38.299
8
- .84
33.753
8
- .432
23.171
3
10.438
5.4741
4
3.5807
1
0.5831
6
0.5911
2.4239

100 Hz

5 kHz

2.96

.89

10 kHz

3.08

1.64

15 kHz

2.96

1.96

20 kHz

3.08

2.88

50 kHz

3.04

2.84

100 kHz

3.08

2.33

Gain(
dB)
0
0
0
0.4760
6
1.6294
6
3.2962
5.0362
4
11.171
9
16.716
2

Active High Pass Filter

Bandpass filter
Frequen
cies

Vin

Vout

10 Hz

4.08

.048

100 Hz

4.08

.152

1 kHz

4.08

1.16

5 kHz

4.08

2.64

10 kHz

3.96

2.76

15 kHz

3.96

2.8

20 kHz

3.96

2.96

50 kHz

3.84

2.72

100 kHz

3.92

2.32

Post Lab Questions

Gain(
dB)
38.588
4
28.576
3
10.924
3.7811
2
3.1357
2
3.0107
4
2.5280
7
2.9952
5
4.5559
6

1. Determine the cutoff frequency of the First Order LP Filter and compare to the
theoretical value. Draw a graph and note the cutoff frequency of the measured
data. The cutoff frequency is approximately 12KHZ.

Frequency vs. Gain(dB)


0
-2
-4

Gain(dB)

-6

Gain(dB)

-8

Gain(dB)

-10
-12
-14
-16
-18
Frequency

2. What is the gain of the First Order LP Filter in the pass band? How does this
compare to the theoretical value? What is the roll off rate of the filter in the stop
band?

The gain of the First Order LP Filter in the pass band is .68V
This gain is .32V less than the theoretical value which is 1v
The roll of rate of the filer is .000348 db

3. Determine the cutoff frequency of the First Order HP Filter and compare to the
theoretical value. Draw a graph and note the cut off frequency of the measured
data. The cutoff frequency is approximately 13HZ

Frequency vs. Gain(dB)


0
-5
-10
-15
Gain(dB)

-20

Gain(dB)

-25
-30
-35
-40
-45
Frequency

4. What is the gain of the First Order HP Filter in the pass band? How does this
compare to the theoretical value? What is the roll off rate of the filter in the stop
band?
The gain is .6622 and our target gain was 1, so it is .3378 less than
our theoretical value.
The roll off rate of the filter is .0003309 db

5. Draw a graph of the Band Pass Filter and show the two cutoff frequencies.
Comment on how they compare to the theoretical frequencies and the bandwidth
of the filter. The center frequency is 9KHZ.The bandwidth is 12 KHZ.

Frequency vs. Gain(dB)


0
-5
-10
-15
Gain(dB)

-20

Gain(dB)

-25
-30
-35
-40
-45
Frequency

6. Look up the definition of a Ground Loop and explain on how it can effect
measurements made on the filters input signal and output signal. Explain how
these might be able to be avoided, or minimized. Do you feel that there could be
any Ground Loop problems in the circuits that were constructed in the lab?

The ground loop refers to an unwanted current connecting two points


that are suppose to be at the same potential, often ground, but are often
at different potentials.
This affects the measurements because I saw a few errors when setting
up the circuits.
They could be avoided by checking the wiring and the installation of
the circuit.
Yes I do think that there were Ground Loop problems

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