41 km 53 km
Solution:
Johor
Bahru 60 km Desaru
a. by car = 41 + 53 The path traveled by the plane is shorter than travelled by
= 94 km the car.
So, Distance = 94 km
b. by plane = 60 km Displacement = 60 km
Hands-on Activity 2.2 pg 10 of the practical book.
Idea of distance and displacement, speed and velocity.
Speed and velocity
1
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
5. Example:
An aeroplane flies from A to B, which is located 300 km east of A. Upon reaching B, the
aeroplane then flies to C, which is located 400 km north. The total time of flight is 4
hours. Calculate
i. The speed of the aeroplane
ii. The velocity of the aeroplane
i. Speed = Distance
Solution:
C Time
= 300 + 400
400 km 4
= 175 km h-1
A 300 km B
ii. velocity = displacement
C time
(Determine the displacement denoted by AC and
its direction)
400 km
= . 500 .
4
A B = 125 km h-1 (in the direction of 0530)
300 km
2
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
Then , a = 0 – 30 = -6 m s-2
5
Analysing of motion
1. Linear motion can be studied in the laboratory using a ticker timer and a ticker tape.
Refer text book photo picture 2.4 page 26.
(i) Determination of time:
. . . . . . . .
the frequency of the ticker timer = 50 Hz ( 50 ticks in 1 second)
so, 1 tick = 1 second = 0.02 seconds
50
(ii) Determination of displacement as the length of ticker tape over a period of time.
.x . . . . . . .y
xy = displacement over time t
t = 7 ticks
(iii) = 0.14 s
Determine the type of motion;
. . . . . . . .
Uniform velocity
………………………………………………………………………………………..
. . . . . . . .
Acceleration
...……….……………………………………………………………………………..
. . . . . . . .
Acceleration, then deceleration
.……………………………………………………………………………………..
3
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
s = 800 m
4
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
Example 2 : A van that is traveling with velocity 16 m s-1 decelerates until it comes to rest.
If the distance traveled is 8 m, calculate the deceleration of the van.
given : u = 16 m s-1 , v = 0(rest) , s = 8 m a=?
2 2
v = u + 2 as
02 = 162 + 2 a(8)
a = -16 ms-2
Execise 2.1
Length / cm
1. Figure 2.1 shows a tape chart
consisting of 5-tick strip. Describe 16
the motion represented by AB and BC.
In each case, determine the ; 12
(a) displacement 8
s = 4 + 8 + 12 + 16 + 16 + 16
= 72.0 cm 4
(b) average velocity
72.0 Figure 2.1
0
vaverage = A B C Time/s
6(0.1)
= 120.0 cm s-1
(c) acceleration 16.0
Note : v = = 1.6 cm s-1
0 .1
v u 1.6 0.4 4 .0
a= = u= = 0.4 cm s-1
t 0.5 0 .1
= 2.4 cm s-2 t = 5 (0.1) = 0.5 s
2. A car moving with constant velocity of 40 ms-1 . The driver saw and obtacle in front and
he immediately stepped on the brake pedal and managed to stop the car in 8 s. The
distance of the obstacle from the car when the driver spotted it was 180 m. How far is the
obstacles from the car has sttoped.
u = 40 ms-1 v=0 t=8s
s initial = 180 m (from car to obstacle when the driver start to step on the brake)
sfinal = ? ( from car to abstacle when the stopped)
obstacle
sinitial
s sfinal
s = u v t 40 08 160m
1 1
2 2
sfinal = sinitial – s
= 180 – 160
= 20 m
5
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
……..…………………………………………………………
Displacement increases uniformly
…………………………………………………………………
Graph gradient is fixed
6
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
7
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
- 10 0
10ms 1
S
VRS =
1
(ii) S = 20 – 10 = 10 m
2. -1
v/m s
Calculate:-
(i) acceleration,a over OP, PQ and QR
(ii) Displacement
P Q Given : VO = 0 m s-1, VP = 10 m s-1 ,
10 Solution : VQ = 10 m s-1 VR = 0 m s-1
tOP = 4 s tPQ = 4 s tQR = 2 s
5 10 0 10 10
(i) aOP = 2.5ms 2 aPQ= 0 ms 2
O R 4 4
0 10
0 2 4 6 8 10 t/s aQR = 5.0 ms 2
2
1
(ii) S = (4 10)(10) 70.0m
2
8
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
Excercise 2.2
1. (a) s/m (b) s/m (c) s/m
10
b) The body start move at 10 m infront of the initial point, then back to initial
point in 2 s. The body continue it motion backward 10 m..
The body move with uniform velocity.
2. Describe and interpret the motion of body which is represented by the velocity-time
graphs shown in figure 2.22. In each case, find the distance covered by the body and its
displacement
10
t/s 0 2 4 t/s
-5 -10
Figure 2.22
(a) The body move with uniform velocity , 5 m s-1 backward.
(b) The body start it motion with 10 m s-1 backward and stop at initial
point in 2 s, then continue it motion forward with increasing the
velocity until 10 m s-1 in 2 s.
9
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
4. Meaning of inertia :
The inertia of an object is the tendency of the object to remain at rest or, if moving, to
…………..………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………
continue its uniform motion in a straight line
Mass and inertia
1. Refer to figure 2.14 of the text book, the child and an adult are given a push to swing.
(i) An adult
which one of them will be more difficult to be moved ……………………...
(ii) which one of them will be more difficult to stop? …………………………….
An adult
2. The relationship between mass and inertia :
The larger the mass, the larger its inertia.
……………………………….……………………………………………………………..
3. have the tendency to remain its situation either at rest or in
The larger mass ………………………………………………………………………….
moving.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
Effects of inertia
1. Application of inertia
Positive effect : …………………………………………………………………………
(i) Drying off an umbrella by moving and stopping it quickly.
………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) Building a floating drilling rig that has a big mass in order to be stable and safe.
………………………………………………………………………………………
(iii) To………………………………………………………………………………………
tight the loose hammer
………………………………………………………………………………………
(iv) A ………………………………………………………………………………………
heavier vehicle will take a long time to stop.
10
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
Execise 2.3
1. What is inertia? Does 2 kg rock have twice the inertia of 1 kg rock?
Inetia is the tendency of the object to remain at rest or, if moving, to continue its
………………………………………………………………………………………………
uniform motion in a straight line.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
Yes, the inertia increase with the mass increased.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
2.
Figure 2,3
A wooden dowel is fitted in a hole through a wooden block as shown in figure 2.31.
Explain what happen when we
11
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
Conservation of momentum
mg
mb vb vg = 0
Momentum = mbvb
(mb + mg)
Starting position before vb&g
she catches the ball
vb vg
mb
Momentum = mbvb mg
Starting position
before she throws
Momentum = -
the ball
Throwing a massive ball mgvg
u1
m1 u2 v2
m2 m1
m2
12
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
3. explosion : The objects involved are in contact with each other before explosion and
…….....…………………………………………………………………...
are separated after the explosion.
(m1 + m2), u = 0 v1 v2
m2
Car A Car B
Car A of mass 100 kg traveling at 30 m s-1 collides with Car B of mass 90 kg traveling at
20 m s-1 in front of it. Car A and B move separately after collision. If Car A is still moving at
25 m s-1 after collision, determine the velocity of Car B after collision.
13
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
Example 3 :
A bullet of mass 2 g is shot from a gun of mass 1 kg with a velocity of 150 m s-1 . Calculate the
velocity of the recoil of the gun after firing.
Solution : Given ; mb = 2 g = 0.002 kg, mg = 1 kg, u(g+b) = 0 , vb = 150 m s-1
vg = ?
0 = mgvg – mb vb,
0 = (1)(vg) – (0.002)(150), vg = 0.3 m s-1
Exercise 2.4
1. An arrow of mass 150 g is shot into a wooden block of mass 450 g lying at rest on a
smooth surface. At the moment of impact, the arrow is travelling horizontally at 15 ms-1.
Calculate the common velocity after the impact.
ma = 150 g mwb = 450 g m (a+wb) = 600 g
-1
va = 15 m s vwb = 0 v(a+ wb) = ?
mr = 5.0 kg mb = 50 g
vr = ? vb = 80 m s-1
mr vr = mb vb , ( 5.0 ) vr = ( 0.05)(80)
vr = 0.8 m s-1
Idea of force
1. What will happen when force act to an object?
Force can make an object;
………………………………………………………………………………………………
1. Move
………………………………………………………………………………………………2. Stop the moving
3. Change the shape of the object
……………………………………………………………………………………………… 4. Hold the object at rest
14
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
15
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
Example 2 :
m = 25 kg
F = 200 N
F – Ff = ma , 50 – 20 = 30 a
a = 1.0 m s2
2. A 1000 kg car is travelling at 72 km h-1 when the brakes are applied. It comes to a stop in
a distance of 40 m. What is the average braking force of the car?
m = 1000 kg , u = 72 km h-1, v = 0, s = 40 m, F = ? Note : u = 72 km h-1 =20 m s-1
F = ma, v2 = u2 + 2as
= 1000 x 5.0 0 = 202 + 2a(40)
= 5000.0 N a = 5.0 m s2
16
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
Example 1; v u
wall
If ; u = 10 m s-1 , v = - 10 m s-1 , m = 5 kg and t = 1 s
Impulse, Ft = 5(-10) - ( 5(10)) and impulsive force, F = -100 = -100 N
= - 100 Ns 1
Example 2; v u
17
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
Exercise 2.6
1. A force of 20 N is applied for 0.8 s when a football player throws a ball from the sideline.
What is the impulse given to the ball?
Fimpulse = Ft
= 20 x 0.8
= 16.0 Ns
2. A stuntman in a movie jumps from a tall building an falls toward the ground. A large
canvas bag filled with air used to break his fall. How is the impulsive force reduced?
18
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
Padded dashboard Increases the time interval of collision so the impulsive force
produced during an impact is thereby reduced
Rubber bumper Absorb impact in minor accidents, thus prevents damage to the car.
Air bag Acts as a cushion for the head and body in an accident and thus
prevents injuries to the driver and passengers.
Prevents the passengers from being thrown out of the car. Slows
Safety seat belt down the forward movement of the passengers when the car stops
abruptly.
Prevents the collapse of the front and back of the car into the
Side bar in doors passenger compartment. Also gives good protection from a side-on
collision.
Exercise 2.7
1. By using physics concepts, explain the midifications to the bus that help to improve that
safety of passengers and will be more comfortable.
19
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
Example 2,
A satellite of mass 600 kg in orbit experiences a gravitational force of 4800 N. Calculate
the gravitational field strength.
Given : m = 600 kg. F = 4800 N, g = ?
g = F = 4800 . = 8 N kg-1
m 600
20
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
Example 3,
A stone is released from rest and falls into a well. After 1.2 s, it hits the bottom of the
well.
(a) What is the velocity of the stone when it hits the bottom?
(b) Calculate the depth-1of the well.
Given : u = 0 ms , t = 1.2 s, a = g = 9.8 ms-2
(a) v = ? v = u + at
= 0 + (9.8)(1.2)
= 11.76 ms-1
(b) Depth = s = ? s = ut + ½ at2
= (0)(1.2) + ½ (9.8)(1.2)2
= 7.1 m
Weight
1. as the gravitational force acting on the object.
The weight of an object is defined ……………………………………………………..
2. For an object of mass m, the weight can be calculate as :
weight, W = mg
where, g = acceleration due to gravity.
Example : The mass of a helicopter is 600 kg. What is the weight of the helicopter
when it land on the peak of a mountain where the gravitational field is
9.78 N kg-1? W = mg
= 6000 x 9.78
= 58 680 N
Exercise 2.8
1. Sketch the following graphs for an object that falling freely.
(a) Displacement-time graph,
(b) Velocity-time graph
(c) Acceleration-time graph
(a) s / m (b) v / m s-1 (c) a / m s2
21
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
2. The following data was obtained from an experiment to measure the acceleration due to
gravity.
Mass of steel bob = 200 g, distance covered = 3.0 m, time of fall = 0.79 s.
Calculate the acceleration due to gravity of steel bob.
Give the explanation why your answer different with the constant of gravitational
acceleration, g = 9.8 m s-2.
m = 200 g s = 3.0 m t = 0.79 s u=0 g=?
= 0.2 kg
s = ut + ½ g t2
3.0 = 0 (0.7) + ½ g (0.792)
g = 9.6 m s-2
The answer less than the constant because of the air frictional force.
normal reaction, R
Weight, W
An object moving with uniform velocity
Force , F = Frictional force
Resultant force = F – Frictional force
=0 (object in equilibrium)
22
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
Addition of Force
1. a resultant force is a single force the
Addition of force is defined as ...……………………………………………………..
represents in magnitude and direction two or more forces acting on an object
………………………………………………………………………………………………
F resultant = the total of forces (including the directions of the forces)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
Examples : the forces are acting in one direction
F1 = 10 N
F2 = 5 N
Resultant force, F = F1 + F2 = 10 + 5 = 15 N
Resultant force, F = F1 - F2 = 10 - 5 = 5 N
F2 = 5 N
500 F
F1 = 10 N
Parallelogram method:
1. Draw to scale.
2. Draw the line parallel with F1 to the edge of F2, and the line parallel with F2 to the
edge of F1
3. Connect the diagonal of the parallelogram starting from the initial point.
4. Measure the length of the diagonal from the initial point as the value of the
resultant force.
23
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
F2
F
F1
Triangle method
1. Draw to scale.
2. Displace one of the forces to the edge of another force.
3. Complete the triangle and measure the resultant force from the initial
point.
Example 1: During Sport Day two teams in tug of war competition pull with forces of
6000 N and 5300 N respectively. What is the value of the resultant force?
Are the two team in equilibrium?
Solution : Resultant force, F = 6000 – 5300
=700 N
They mere not in equilibrium
24
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
Resolution of a force
1. reverse process of finding the resultant force
Resolution of a force is …………………………………………………………………
Fy F is the resultant force of Fx and Fy
Therefore, F can be resolved
into Fx and Fy
F
Vertical
Component
Fx horizontal component
Fx
Refer to trigonometric formula: Cos = , therefore Fx = F cos
F
Fy
Sin = , therefore Fy = F sin
F
Example : The figure below shows Ali mopping the floor with a force 50 N
at an angle of 600 to the floor.
Fx = F cos = 50 cos 60
F = 50 N Fx = 50 (0.5)
= 25 N
400
400
mg = 800 N
25
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
Problem solving
1. the resultant force is equal to zero.
When a system is in equilibrium, ……………………………………………………….
2. If all forces acting at one point are resolved into horizontal and vertical
the sum of each component is equal to zero.
components, ……………………………………………………………………………
3. Example 1; Show on a figure;
a) the direction of tension force, T of string
b) the resultant force act to lamp
0 0
70 70 c) calculate the magnitude of tension force, T
a) T b) T’ T (c ) T’ = 2T sin 700
Therefore, mlampg = 2T sin 700
mlamp g
mlamp = 1.5 kg T=
2sin70 0
Wlamp = 14.7 N
1.5(9.8)
= = 7.82 N
2sin700
Exercise 2.9
1. Two force with magnitude 18 N and 6 N act along a straight line. With the aid of
diagrams, determine the maximun possible value and the minimum possible value of the
resultant force. = mLamp g
2. A football is kicked simultaneously by two players with force 220 N and 200 N
respectively, as shown in Figure 2.9. Calculate the magnitude of the resultant force.
F = Resultant of Force
F2 = 2202 + 2002 220 N
F = 297.32 N
F 900
200 N
26
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
4. Example 1;
Force, F
W = Fs s
If, F = 40 N and s = 2 m
Hence, W = 40 x 2
= 80 J
Example 2;
80 N
600
s= 5m
W = Fs
= 80 cos 600 (5)
= 80 (0.5) (5)
= 200 J
27
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
Example 3;
T T
F = 30 N
h = 1.5 m
W=Fs=Fh
= 30 (1.5)
= 45.0 J
Example 4;
W=Fs
= 600 x 0.8
F = 600 N = 480 J
S = 0.8 m
Energy
1. It is the potential to do work.
Energy is .................................................................................................................
2. created nor be destroyed.
Energy cannot be ....................................................................................................
3. potential energy, kinetic energy, electrical
Exist in various forms such as …………………...……………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
energy, sound energy, nuclear energy and chemical energy.
4. Example of the energy transformation;
When we are running up a staircase the work done consists of energy change from
………………………………………………………………………………………………
Chemical Energy Kinetic Energy Potential Energy
………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. The energy quantity consumed is equal to the work done.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
Example :
If 100 J of work is done, it means 100 J of energy is consumed.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
28
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
3. Example 1; A small car of mass 100 kg is moving along a flat road. The
resultant force on the car is 200 N.
a) What is its kinetic energy of the car after moving through 10 m?
b) What is its velocity after moving through 10 m?
h = 1.5 m
29
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
3. Example in calculation : A coconut falls from a tree from a height of 20 m. What is the
velocity of coconut just before hitting the earth?
Given : h = 20 m, u = 0 , g = 9.8 ms-2 , v = ?
Ep = Ek
mgh = ½ mv2
m(9.8)(20) = ½mv2
v2 = 392, v = 19.8 m s-1
Power
the rate of doing work.
1. Power is …………………………………………………………………………………
workdone W
Therefore, power, P = , so, P =
timetaken t
Where, P : power in watt/W
W : work in joule/J
t : time to do work in seconds/s
2. A weightlifter lifts 180 kg of weights from the floor to a height of 2 m above his head in a
time of 0.8 s. What is the power generated by the weightlifter during this time?
-2
g = 9.8 ms-2) Solution : Given : m = 180 kg, h = 2 m, t = 0.8 s and g = 9.8 ms . P = ?
W mgh
P= =
t t
180 9.8 2
= = 4 410 W
0.8
30
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
Efficiency
1. as the percentage of the energy input that is transformed into useful energy.
Defined……..…………………………………………………………………………….
2. Formulae of efficiency :
Useful energy output
Efficiency 100%
Energy input
3. Analogy of efficiency;
unwanted energy
Energy transformation
4. Example; An electric motor in a toy crane can lift a 0.12 kg weight through a height of
0.4 m in 5 s. During this time, the batteries supply 0.8 J of energy to the motor. Calculate
(a) The useful of output of the motor.
(b) The efficiency of the motor
Solution : Given : m = 0.12 kg, s= 0.4 m, t = 5 s, Einput = 0.8 J
(a) Eoutput = ?
Eoutput = F x s
= (0.12 x 10) x 0.4
= 0.48 J
(b) Efficiency = ?
Eoutput
Efficiency x 100%
Einput
0.48
x 100% 60%
0.80
Carry out hands-on activity 2.11 on page 39 of the practical book to measure the power.
31
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
Exercise 2.10
1. What is the work done by a man when he pushes a box with a force of 90 N through a
distance of 10 m? State the amount of energy transferred from the man to the force.
W=Fs The energy transferred to the force = 900 J
= 90 x 10
= 900 J
2. A sales assistant at a shop transfers 50 tins of milk powder from the floor to the top shelf.
Each tin has a mass of 3.0 kg and the height of thee top shelf is 1.5 m.
Energy loss due to Energy loss Energy loss Energy loss due to friction at
…………………… ……………. ……………… …………………….
friction in as heat as sound other parts in the
..………………….. …………….. ………………….. …………………….
moving parts engine
..………………….. ……………. …………………. …………………….
32
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
33
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
Force of attraction
Explanation :
1. The atoms are separated by a distance called the equilibrium distance and vibrate
………………………………………………………………………………………………
at it position.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. Force of repulsion = Force of attraction
………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. Forces between atoms in compression
compressive force
compressive force
Explanation ;
1. Force of repulsion takes effect.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. When the compressive force is removed, force of repulsion between the atoms
………………………………………………………………………………………………
pushes
………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. thebetween
Forces atom back to their
atoms equilibrium positions.
in tension
force of attraction
34
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
0 8 x/cm
35
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
Example 1; A spring has an original length of 15 cm. With a load of mass 200 g
attached, the length of the spring is extend to 20 cm.
a. Calculate the spring constant.
b. What is the length of the spring when the load is in increased
by 150 g? [assume that g = 10 N kg-1]
a. k = ?, k = Fx 2.0 0.4Ncm 1
5
b. l = ? , when m = 150 g, F = 1.5 N From a, k = 4.0 N cm-1
F 1.5
x= 3.75cm
k 0.4
l = 15 + 3.75 = 18.75 cm
Example 2;
The graph shows the relationship between the
Graph F against x of stretching force, F and the spring extension, x.
F (N) spring P and spring Q (a) Calculate the spring constant of P and Q.
(b) Using the graph, determine the
8 P stretching force acts to spring P and
7
spring Q, when their extension are 0.5 cm
6
Solution
Q
a. Spring constant, k = gradient of graph
5
6
k = 15.79 N cm 1
0.38
4 P
3
6.0 N cm 1
3
kQ =
2 0.5
1 b. When x = 0.5, FP = 8.0 N
( extrapolation of graph P)
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 x (cm) FQ = 3.0 N
36
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
x / cm
Example ;
5 kg x = 15 – 8
= 7 cm
= 0.07 m
Force act to the spring,
15 cm F = 5 x 10 = 50 N
8 cm
Elastic potential energy = ½ Fx
= ½ 50 (0.07) = 1.75 J
37
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
Exercise 2.12
1. A 6 N force on a spring produces an extension of 2 cm. What is the extension when the
force is increased to 18 N? State any assumption you made in calculating your answer.
To solve the problem, determine the spring constant to use the formula F = k x
F = 6 N , x = 2 cm
F = kx When, F = 18 N, x = ?
6 = k (2) 18 = 3 x
k = 3 N cm-1 x = 6 cm
2. If a 20 N force extends a spring from 5 cm to 9 cm,
(a) what is the force constant of the spring?
F = 20 N, x = 9 – 5 = 4 cm, k=? F = kx
20 = k (4)
k = 5 N cm-1
(b) Calculate the elastic potential energy stored in the spring.
E = ½ Fx
= ½ (20)(4)
= 40 J
Reinforcement Chapter 2
38
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
A. 2N 2N
What is the momentum of the stone
B. 12 N 7N just before it hits the ground?
C. 12 N 14 N A. 0.15 kg m s-1
B. 0.3 kg m s-1
D. 20 N 17 N C. 1.5 kg m s-1
D. 3.0 kg m s-1
E. 15.0 kg m s-1
6. The graph below shows the motion
of a trolley with mass 1.5 kg.
Solution :
-1 P = mv (find v first to calculate the P)
Velocity / ms Ep = Ek mgh = ½ mv2
(0.3)(10)(5) = ½ (0.3) v2
4 v = 10 m s-1
P = (0.3)(10)
= 3.0 kg m s-1
39
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
1.
40
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
2. ceiling
Tin
P Q
water M N
R
hand
3. 2 ms-1
P iron ball ( 2 kg )
S T
3.0 m smooth surface
1.0 m 2.0 m
Q R
Diagram 3 Rough surface
The figure shows a iron ball that is rolled through PQRST. The rough surface of QR has
frictional force of 4 N.
a) Calculate
(i) the kinetic energy of the iron ball at P.
Ek = ½ mv2
= ½ (2)(22) = 4.0 J
41
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
1.
(i) (ii)
Diagram 1.1
Diagram 1.1(i) shows the condition of a car moving at high velocity when it suddenly
crashes into a wall.
Diagram 1.1(ii) shows a tennis ball hit with racquet by a player.
a) (i) What is the meaning of momentum?
(ii) Based on the observations of Diagram (i) and (ii), compare the
characteristics of car when it crashes into the wall and the tennis ball when
it is hit with a racquet. Hence, relate these characteristics to clarify a
physics concept, and name this concept.
42
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
Answer
a) (i) momentum is product of mass and velocity
(ii) - The shape of car changed but the shape of wall remained.
- The shape of ball remained but the shape of the racquet string was
changed. (The racquet string is elastic but the wall is harder)
- The time taken of collision between the ball and racquet string more than
the time taken when the car hit the wall.
- The impulsive force will decrease when the time of collision increased.
- The concept is the impulsive force.
b) - To decrease the time of collision between the ball and the racquet string.
- Impulsive force will be increased.
- The force act to the ball will be increased.
- The velocity of ball will be increased.
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JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 2 : Force and Motion
2.
Properties Engine thrust Resistance force
Brand Reaction time / s Mass / kg
force / N /N
A 0.3 1.5 10.0 4.0
B 0.5 1.8 12.5 2.4
C 0.2 0.9 6.5 2.2
D 0.6 2.5 16.0 6.5
In a radio-controlled car racing competition, 4 mini-cars branded A, B, C and D took
part. The information of the 4 cars is given in the table above. Details of the above
information are given as below;
Reaction time - Duration between the moment the radio-controlled is switched on and
the moment the car starts moving.
Resistance - Average value of opposing forces includes the friction between
wheels and track, and air resistance.
(a) What is the meaning of acceleration?
(b) Draw a graph of velocity against time that shows a car moving initially with
constant acceleration, then moving with constant velocity and followed by
constant deceleration until it stops.
(c) Explain the suitability of the properties in the above table in constructing a radio-
controlled car racing purpose. Hence, determine which brand of car will win the
50-metre race.
(c) If Car B in the above table is moved up the plane at the angle of 30o to the
horizon,
(i) Show that the car is able to move up the plane.
(ii) Determine the acceleration of the car.
Answer :
(a) Increase the velocity
(b) v / ms-1
displacement = area under the graph
t/s
(c) - time reaction mast be short : fast to detect the signal to start its move
- has a small of mass : to decrease the inertia, then easier to start move and to
stop its moving.
- thrust force is high : has more power during its moving / increase the
acceleration
- friction force is low : decrease the lost of force
- the best car is A : because it has short of time reaction, small of mass, high of
thrust force and low friction of force.
(d) (i) EB = (12.5 – 2.4 ) (50) = 505.0 J
0
50 m 50Sin30 E (suitable to move up) = 1.8 (10)(50Sin300)
300 = 450 .0 J
EB> E ( car B can move up the plane)
(ii) F = ma , 12.5 – 2.4 = 1.8 a, a = 5.61 ms-1
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