Roll No. :
Topic : Optics
Mohammed
Asif
Ph : 9391326657, 64606657
Geometrical optics treats propagation of light in terms of rays and is valid only if wavelength of
light much lesses than the size of obstacles.
i) Light does not require a medium for its propagation
ii) Its speed in free space (vaccum) is 3 x 108m/s
iii) It is transverse in nature
In the spectrum of e.m.w. it lies between u.v. and infra-red region and has wavelength between
O
4000 to 7000 A . i.e ( 0.4 m to 0.7 m )
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(b)
Ray: The straight line path along with the light travels in a homogeneous medium is called a
ray. A single ray cannot be propagated form a source of light.
Beam: A bundle can bunch of rays is called beam it is called beam it is of following 3 types
Convergent-beam: In this case diameter of beam decreases in the direction of ray
Divergent Beam: It is a beam is with all the rays meet at a point when produced backward and
the diameter of beam goes on increasing as the rays proceed forward.
Parallel Beam: It is beam in which all the rays constituting the beam move parallel to each
other and diameter of beam remains same
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Virtual Object: In this case incident ray are converging and point of convergence is the position
of virtual object. Virtual object cannot be seen by human eye be cause for an object can image
to be seen by eyes, ray received by eyes must be diverging.
Image: An optical image is decided by reflected (or) refracted rays only. It is of two types.
(a) Real Image: This is formed due to real intersection of reflected (or) refracted rays, Real
image can be obtained on screen.
Virtual-Image: This is formed due to apparent intersection of reflected (or) refracted light rays.
Virtual image cant be obtained on screen.
(Note: Human ray cant distinguish between real and virtual image because in both case rays
are diverging)
REFLECTION:
The phenomenon by virtue of which incident light energy is partly or completely sent back into
the same medium from which it is coming after being obstructed by a surface is called
reflection.
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The direction of incident energy is called incident ray and the direction in which energy is
thrown back is called reflected ray. It is of two types.
LAWS OF REFLECTION:
1) First Law: The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal to the reflecting surface at the
point of incidence, all lie in one plane which is ' r to the reflecting surface.
2) The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection i = r .
Note:
1) The laws of reflection are valid for any smooth reflecting surface irrespective of geometry.
2) Whenever reflection takes place, the component of incident ray parallel to reflecting surface
remains uncharged, while component perpendicular to reflecting surface (i.e. along normal)
reverse in direction.
^ ^ ^
r1 = xi+ jy + zk
^^^
r2 = xi+ jy zk
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R I= 2 I.N N
^ ^ ^^ ^
I
^
OA = AI
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( ABD
ABI
Image I lies as much behind the mirror as the object is in front of it.
b) Extended source:
360
Ex: If = 60 0 then =
(b) If
360
360
1 = 6 1 = 5
60
360
360
360
=9
Ex: If = 40 0 (which is not the complete part of 1800) then =
40
Deviation ( ): The angle between incident and reflected (or) refracted ray is termed as
deviation.
For reflection = 2 i
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When i =
Multiple Reflection:
(Grazing incidence)
min = 0
net = i
Q: 1) Two plane mirror are inclined to each other such that a ray of light incident on the first mirror
and parallels to the second is reflected from the second mirror parallel to the first mirror.
Determine the angle between the two mirror. Also determine the total deviation produced in the
incident ray due to the two reflections.
Solution:
From figure
3 =180
= 60 0
1 = 2 i
=180 2 30 0 =120 A.C.W.
2 = 2 i = 180 2 30 0 = 120 0
( or )
120
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Q: 2) Calculate deviation suffered by incident ray in situation as shown in figure, after three
successive reflections?
Solution:
F,B.D
1 = 2 i
=180 2 50 0 =100
2 = 180 2 20 0 = 140 0
2 = 180 2 10 0 = 160 0
net = 100 +140 +160 = 100 ( or )
260 0
Q: 3) Two plane mirrors are inclined to each other at an angle . A ray of light is reflected first at
one mirror and then at the other. Find the total deviation of the ray?
= Angle of incidence for M1
Solution:
Let
= Angle of incidence for M2
1 = Deviation due to M1
2 = Deviation due to M2
From figure
1 = 2
2 = 2
Also ray is rotated in same secure (i.e.) anticlockwise
Net = 1 +2
Now in OBC
= 2 + 2
OBC + BCO + COB = 180 0
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(90
Net = 2 2( + )
Net = 2 2( )
Net = 2 2
) (
+ 90 0 + = 180 0
+ =
0
Velocity of Image:
Let
xO/m = x-co-ordinate of object w.r.t. mirror
xI/m = x-co-ordinate of image w.r.t. mirror
yO/m = y-co-ordinate of object w.r.t. mirror
yI/m = y-co-ordinate of image w.r.t. mirror
For plane mirror
xO/m = -xI/m
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. time (t)
d
( xO / m ) = d ( x I / m )
dt
dt
VO / m = VI / m
V Ox Vmx = VIx V mx
VIx = 2 V mx V Ox
Similarly yI/m = yO/m
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. time we get
VI / m = VO / m
In nutshell, for solving numerical problems involving calculation of velocity of image of object
with respect to any observer, always calculate velocity of image first with respect to mirror
using following points.
VI / m = VO / m
11
11
VI / m = VO / m
V I / m = VI / m +V I / m
11
1
Velocity of image with respect to required observer is then calculated using basic equation for
relative motion.
V A/ B = V A V B
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Note: If the velocity of the object (w.r.t mirror) is not in a direction normal to the mirror, then
the velocity of the object can be resolved into two components one normal to the mirror (vn) and
the other along the mirror (vp). The image has velocities Vn and VP, normal to and along the
mirror.
Q: 1) Point object is moving with a speed V before an arrangement of two mirrors as shown in figure.
Find the velocity of image in mirror M1 w.r.t. image in mirror M2?
Solution:
V 1/ 2 = V 1 V 2 =
2V sin
F.B.D
V I = 2V m V 0
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(VI ) 1 / 2 = 2( 2 ) 6 = 10 m / s
For component of velocity of image parallel to the mirror
(VI ) 11 = 8m / s
Velocity of time VI = (VI )12 + (VI ) 2n
= 100 +64 = 164 m
4
= tan 1
5
A point object is approaching the intersection point of mirror with a speed of 100cm/s. The
velocity of the image of object formed by M2 w.r.t. velocity of image of object formed by M1 is:
Solution:
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V IM 2 is given by the vector sum of components of velocity of image w.r.t. M2 along the normal
and 1 r to the normal.
V = 1 s 3 i+1 s 3 ic03 j+ 71inc0 3o7i+1n0s73 c 3o0 j 7 si 0 o7 ns70 0 s
^ ^ ^ ^
02 0 0 02 0 0
I2 M
^ ^
= 2 i+ 48 j c8 / sm
V IM 2 , IM1 = V IM 2 V IM1
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^ ^
= 1 i+ 24 j 8c /sm e c
Q: 4) In the situation show in figure, find the velocity of image?
Solution:
Vi = Vm = (V0 Vm )
( )
Vi = 5 1 + 3 i m / s
Along y-direction V0 = Vi
^
Vi = 1 0s i n6 0 = 5 j m / s
0
()
^ ^
= 5 1+ 3 i + 5 j m / s
Q: 5) An object moves with 5m/s towards right while the mirror moves with 1m/s towards the left as
shown. Find the velocity of image.
Solution:
Take as +ve direction.
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Vi Vm =Vm V0
Vi ( 1) = ( 1) 5
Vi = 7 m / s 7 m / s and direction towards left.
Q: 6) Find the region on y-axis in which reflected rays are present object is at A(2, 0) and MN is a
plane mirror, as shown
Solution:
A ' = ( 6,0 )
M ' = ( 0,6 )
N ' = ( 0,9 )
Q: 7) An object moves towards a plane mirror with a speed v at an angle 600 to the 1 r to the plane
of the mirror. What is the relative velocity between the object and the emage?
a) V
Solution:
b)
3
V
2
c)
V
2
d)
V
2
V OI = V O V I
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Vc 6 i Vs 6o + 0Vj ci 6 i0+ Vsn 6 oj 0 i 0sn
^ ^ ^ ^
0 0 0 0
Q: 8) A ray of light making angle 200 with the horizontal is incident on a plane mirror with itself
inclined to the horizontal at angle 100, with normal away from the incident ray. What is the
angle made by the reflected ray with the horizontal?
Solution:
AO = Incident ray
OB = Reflected ray
The reflected ray goes along the horizontal. Hence angle made by the reflected ray with the
horizontal is zero.
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Q: 9) A ray of light making angle 100 with the horizontal is incident on a plane mirror making angle
with the horizontal. What should be the value of , so that the reflected ray goes vertically
upwards?
a) 300
b) 400
c) 500
d) 600
Solution:
b) When mirror are perpendicular: In this case, three images are formed. The ray diagram is
shown.
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Note that the third image is formed due to rays undergoing two successive reflection. Also,
object and its images lie on a circle whose equation is given by x 2 + y 2 = a 2 + b 2 .
When an object is placed in front of arrangement of three mutually perpendicular mirror, then
total seven images are formed.
Further, object and its image lie on a sphere whose equation is given by
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = a 2 + b 2 + c 2 , where a, b and c are co-ordinates of object.
Say = N1 E =
1
( AE )
2
..(1)
Similarly the light rays BM2 and M2E are incident and reflection rays respectively
So BM 2 N 2 = EM 2 N 2
S
s BM 2 N 2 and EM 2 N 2 are similar
M 2 E1 = y ( Say ) = N 2 E =
1
( BE )
2
(2)
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(a) The image will appear to be at rest w.r.t. the particle at the instant, the velocity of the
particle is parallel to the mirror.
Vy
= tan
Vx
V sin gt
= tan
V cos
V cos ( tan tan )
t=
g
(b)
Q: 2) An a oblong object PQ of height h stands erect on a flat horizontal mirror. Sun rays fall on the
object at a certain angle. Find the length of the shadow on screen placed beyond the shadow on
the mirror.
Solution:
= angle of incidence
Let
Then PS = h tan and QS = h sec
From the properly of image P Q = 2( h sec ) cos = 2h
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Q: 3) A plane mirror is placed at parallel of y-axis, facing the positive x-axis. An object starts form
2 i+ 2 j m / s
^ ^
along
Solution:
V0 = VI =
V0 =2
(2)2
+( 2 )
2 m/s
Relative velocity of image with respect to object is in negative x-direction as shown in figure.
9
9
, y=
2
2
q
q
P =
,
2
2
x=
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Q: 5) A ray is traveling along x-axis in negative x-direction. A plane mirror is placed at origin facing
the ray. What should be the angle of plane mirror with the x-axis so that the ray of light offer
reflecting from the plane mirror passes through point (1m, 3 m )?
Solution:
Q: 6) Two plane mirror A and B are aligned parallel to each other as shown in the figure. A light ray
is incident at an angle 300 at a point just inside one end of A. The plane of incidence coincides
with the plane of the figure. The maximum number of times the ray undergoes reflection
(including the first one) before it emerges out is____
Solution:
d = 0.2 tan 30 0 =
0.2
3
Max . No . of reflection
2 3
= 30
0.2 / 3
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Sign-Conversion:
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2) A ray of light passing through focus (or) appears to pass through focus becomes parallel to
principal-axis after reflection.
3) A ray of light passing through (or) appears to pass through centre of curvature is reflected
back.
4) A ray of light hitting pole is reflected making equal angle with principal oxis
Relation between the speeds of object and image formed by a spherical mirror
We know that, mirror formula is given by
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1 1
1
+ =
u v
f
.(1)
Since
uf
u f
v
f
=
u x f
( or )
size of image
height
=
size of image
height
of image
of image
M =
o
A'B '
PA '
=
AB
PA
(1)
PA = u
PA ' = v
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I
v
=
+ O u
I
v
=
O
u
v
a) As we know that u + v = f
Multiplying both sides by u we get
u u
u
+ =
u v
f
u
u
1+ =
v
f
u
u
uf
= 1 =
v
f
f
v
f
=
m
uf
Since m =
m =
v
u
f
uf
( or )
f
m = f u
b) As we know that u + v = f
Multiplying both sides by V, we get
v v
v
+ =
u v
f
v
v
+1 =
u
f
v
v
vf
= 1 =
u
f
f
Since m =
v
u
v f
=
f
f v
( or ) m = f
Note: a) +ve magnification mean both object and image are upright
b) ve magnification means, object and image have different orientation (i.e.) if object is
upright, then image is inverted.
LATERAL-MAGNIFICATION (mL)
length of image Li
mL =
=
length of object L0
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For extended objects the lateral magnification can be obtained by independently imaging the
two end points and calculating the length of the image. There is no direct formula to obtain the
magnification.
However, if the length of the object is small, them the lateral magnification can be directly
obtained from equation
1 1
1
+ =
u v
f
v2
du = u 2 = mL
V A VB
u A uB
For tip A
m2 =
u = ( x + L )
f =
R
2
V =V B
1 1
1
+ =
v u
f
1
1
2
=
from which VB can be obtained
vB x + l
R
Combinations of mirrors:
What do we do if we have a combination of mirror? If an object is placed between the mirrors,
how do we find the final position of he image?
Analysis: In such situations, we need to simply solve for the reflection at each of the mirror
keeping in mind that the image formed by the first mirror is the object of the second mirror
and so on.
Case must be taken to correctly apply the sign conversion at each of the mirror.
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V0 = 9i+ 2i = 1 i m/1s
^ ^ ^
Solution:
Vm = 2i m/s
m =
f
20
=
= 2
f u 20 ( 30 )
(VI / M
)11
=m 2 V O / M
11
= -(-2)2 11
= -44
i m/s.
(VI / m ) = V I / m +V I / m
n
I
= ( 2 ) 12 x = 24 j m / s
V I / m = V I / m + V I / m
n
n
I
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^ ^
= 4 i 24 j m4 / s
^ ^
VI = V I/m = V m = 4 i 24 j =42i
^
= 4 i 26 j 4
Q: 2) A thin rod of length
f
is placed along the principal axis of a concave mirror of focal-length f
3
such that its image just touches the rod, calculate magnification?
Solution:
Since image touches the rod, the rod must be placed with one end at centre of curvature.
Case I
Case II
f 5f
u = 2 f =
3
3
f = f
5f
( f )
u f
5f
3
v=
=
=
5
f
u f
2
( f )
3
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5f
( 2 f )
V A VC
3f
3
m=
=
=
5f
u A uC
2
( 2 f )
3
f
7f
x = 2 f + =
3
3
f = f
7 f
( f )
uf
7f
3
V=
=
=
7 f
u f
4
( f )
3
7 f
( 2 f )
V A VC
3
M =
= 4
=
7 f
u A uC
4
( 2 f )
3
CONCEPTUAL POINTS
It a hole is formed at the center of mirror, the image position and size will not change.
PROBLEMS OF MIRRORS
Q: 1) A short linear object of length b lies along the axis of a concave mirror of focal-length f, at a
distance u from the mirror. The size of image approximately is
2
Solution:
f
V
M axial = =
u
f u
f
I
O
f u
I f
=
b f u
f
I = b
f u
Q: 2) Two spherical mirrors M1 and M2 one convex and other concave having same radius of
curvature R are arranged coaxially at a distance 2R (consider their pole separation to be 2R). A
bead of radius a is placed at the pole of the convex mirror as shown. The ratio of the sizes of the
first three images of the bead is
Solution:
The first image is formed due to the reflection from concave mirror M2
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1
1
2
+
=
V1 ( 2 R ) R
1
1
4
=
V1
2R 2R
1
3
=
V1
2R
1 2 R
V1 3
2 R
m/ = 3
2R
= 1
3
object distance = 2 R 2 R = 4 R
3
3
1
1
2
+
=
V2 4 R R
3 2
1
2
2
= +
V2
R 4R
4R
V2 =
11
4R
V
3
m2 = 2 = 11 =
4
R
u2
11
3
3
m2 =
11
3 a
a
So radius of second image a 2 = . =
11 3 11
a
Similarly radius of third image is a3 =
41
1 1 1
:
:
Answer
3 11 41
Q: 3) When an object is placed at a distance of 60cm from a convex spherical mirror, the
magnification produced is 1/2. where should the object be placed to get a magnification of 1/3?
u = 60 cm
Solution:
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V
m =
u
1
V
=
2
60
(or) V = +30 cm
1
1 1
1
1
1
= + =
+
=
f
u v
60 30
60
f =+60 cm
In second case
m=
As
1
V
=
3
u
100 V =
u
3
1 1
1
+ =
u v
f
1 3
1
=
u u 60
u = 120 cm
Q: 4) Two objects A and B when placed one after another in front of a concave mirror of focal-length
10cm, form images if same size. Size of object A is 4 times that of B. If object A is placed at a
distance of 50cm from the mirror, what should be the distance of B from the mirror?
Solution:
For object A
For object B
h
h'
f
f
m= 2 =
m' = 2 =
h1
f u1
h '1
f u1
m h2 h11
f u2
= 2 =
m ' h1 h2
f u1
As
1 10 u 2
=
4 10 + 50
u 2 = 20 cm
Q: 5) A concave mirror of focal length 10cm is placed at a distance of 35cm form a wal. How far from
the wall should an object be placed to get in image on the wall?
Solution:
f = 10 cm ,
V = 35 cm
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1
1
1
=
u
f
V
1
1
1
+
=
10 35
14
u =14 cm
1
1 1
1
1
1 + 3
1
= + =
+
=
=
f
u V
36 12
36
18
f =18 cm
R = 2 f = 2 18 = 36 cm
1
times the object. The distance of
n
1
times the object. The distance of the object from the mirror is
n
=+ =
u
V =
1
1
1
= +
f
V
u
1
1
1
=
+
f
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u = ( 1) f
Q: 8) An object of size 7.5cm is placed in front of a convex mirror of radius of curvature 25cm at a
distance of 40cm. The size of the image should be
Solution:
I
f
=
O
f u
u = 40
( R / 2) = ( 25 / 2)
I
=
7.5 ( R / 2) u ( 25 / 2 ) ( 40 )
I =+1.78 cm
Q: 9) The image formed by a convex mirror of focal length 30cm is a quarter of the size of the object.
The distance of the object from the mirror is
Solution:
m=
f
f u
+ 30
1
+ =
4 + 30 u
u = 90 cm
Q: 10) A concave mirror of focal length f (in air) is immersed in water ( = 4 / 3) . The focal length of
the mirror in water will be
a) f
Solution:
b)
4
f
3
c)
3
f
4
d)
7
f
3
Q: 11) An object is 20cm away form a concave mirror with focal-length 15cm. If the object moves with
a speed of 5m/s along the axis, then the speed of the image will be
Solution:
1
1
1
=
V 20 15
V =60 cm
V
Vi = . V0
u
2
60
=
.( 5)
20
= 45 m / s
Q: 12) A concave mirror is placed at the bottom of an empty tank with face upwards and axis vertical
when Sun-light falls normally in the mirror, it is focused at distance of 32cm form the mirror. If
4
3
focused at
9cm above water level
Q: 13) A small piece of wire bent into an L shape with upright and horizontal portions of equallengths, is placed with the horizontal portion along the axis of the concave mirror whose radius
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of curvature is 10cm. If the bend is 20cm from the pole of the mirror, then the ratio of the
lengths of the images of the upright and horizontal portions of the wire is
Solution:
f =
R 10
=
= 5 cm
2
2
For part PQ
f
L 1=
f u
L0
L
5
L0 = 0
=
3
5 ( 20 )
For part QR
2
f
L 2=
f u
L0
L0
5
=
5 ( 20 )
L0 = 9
L1
3
=
L2 1
CONCEPT OF NEWTONS FORMULA (FOR A MIRROR)
In this formula, the object and image distance are expressed w.r.t. focus. Consider an object O
kept beyond C of a concave mirror, and whose image is formed at I with in C.
Let OF = x and IF = y
From triangle OMC
OC
OM
OM
=
=
sin sin ( ) sin
(1)
.(2)
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(or)
xf
x+ f
=
f y
f +y
2
x f f +x y f y = x f x y + f
(or) x y = f 2
f =
1)
As x y = f
f y
x y
(or) x y
(i.e.) The distance of object and image form the focus are inversely proportional to each other.
In other words, the more the object distance (from the focus), the less will be the image distance
(from the focus) and vice versa
2)
If x 0; y and if x ; y 0 . If the object is at focus the image is a far off distance and
vice-versa.
3)
From xy = f 2 ; if x = f , then y = f .
Thus, if the object be at C, then image will also be at C (for a concave mirror) and if the object
is at P, then the image will also be at P (for a convex mirror)
4)
Since f 2 is necessarily +ve for both types of mirror, so x and y bear the same sign, which
implies that both the object and the image always lie an the same side of focus.
B) GRAPH OF U Versus V :
Since xy = f 2
( u f
)( v f ) = f 2
For a convex mirror, u is always negative and V is always positive. Further f is also positive.
and V = y we have
Putting u = x
(x f ) ( y f ) =
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This is the equation of a rectangular hyperbola with its origin shifted to ( f , f ) and x being
always negative while y lies between O and f. (see figure) for a concave mirror, u is always
negative, v can be positive (or) negative, f is negative
u = x, v = y
and
f =f
We have, form
(u f ) ( v f ) = f 2
(u + f ) ( y + f ) = f 2
[ x ( f )] [ y ( f )] =
Or
3) GRAPH OF
1
1
VERSUS
v
u
Putting
1
1
= x and = y , we have
u
v
x+y =
1
y
It is the equation of a straight line having a slope +1 (or) -1 according as u and v bear the same
1
( or )
1
according as the
f
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For a convex mirror u is always negative v is always positive and f is always positive.
a =
sin i
sin r
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sin iC
sin 90 0
a =
a = sin iC
b
1
a =
sin iC
1 1
1
+ =
v u
f
we get
1
1
1
=
(u is very large so 0
v
f
u
Or v = f
when = d and r = f
r
d
or d = f
f
le
s OBC and IBC
From
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We have i = +
And = r + r ( or ) r = r
From Snells law
2 sin i
=
1 sin r
1 sin i = 2 sin r
For small angle of incidence I, we can write
sin i i and
sin r r
1i = 2 r
1 [ + ] = 2 [ r ]
As i is small, and so , and r are also small. Thus
( + ) = tan + tan
h
h
=
+
u + R
h h
And ( r ) =
R V
h
h
h h
1
+
= 2
u + R
R v
=
v
u
R
2
2
1
1 1 1
=
v
R
1
Q:
2 1 1 2 1
=
This formula is derived for convex surface and for real
v
u
R
Image
From denser to rarer medium
1 2 1 2
=
v
u
R
How can we derive a mathematical expression for the equation of a ray in the medium? The
medium is of variable refractive index. Ray of light is incident at an angle at air medium
interface?
Analysis: Here two cases a rise. Refractive index is varying either as function of y (or) function
of x.
Case-I: = f ( y ) (i.e.) Refractive index varies with y
At some height h angle of incidence is y and refractive index is f ( y ) from Snells Law
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sin = constant
1 sin = f ( y ) sin y
..(1)
Slope of curve at A
dy
= tan ( 90 y )
dx
dy
cot y =
dx
{ f ( y)
sin 2
sin
2
sin = constant
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And
sin 0 =
1 sin 2
02
sin x =
0
sin 2
1
f ( x)
02
02 sin 2
f ( x)
Now slope of tangent at M is given as
sin x =
dy
= tan x
dx
dy
=
dx
02 sin2
{ f ( x )} 2 02 + sin2
Q: 1) If = 1 + y and ray of light is incident at grazing incidence at origin, then find equation of
path of refracted ray.
Solution:
We can use result derived above for which
f ( y ) = 1 + y and
= 90 0
dy
=y
dx
x2
y=
4
So
1/ 2
Q: 2) An object is at a distance 25cm form the curved surface of a glass hemisphere of radius 10cm.
Find the position of the image and draw the ray diagram ( g = 1.5)
Solution:
For refraction at first face
2 1 2 1
=
v
u
R
= 25 cm
1 = 1
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2 = 3 / 2
R = 140cm
V =150 cm
The rays are converging beyond of at 140cm form Q. Again refraction takes place at
the plane surface.
For refraction at second face
R = , 2 = 1.5 1 = 1
= +140 cm
v =?
Using
1 2 1 2
=
v
u
R
1
1.5
1 1.5
=
v +140
v = 93 .3
PROBLEMS ON REFRACTION
A light ray is incident at an angle of incidence double that of refraction on one face of a parallel
sided transparent slab of refractive index ' '
and thickness t. Find the
lateral displacement of the ray?
i =2 r
Solution:
1)
t sin ( i r ) t sin ( 2r r )
sin r
=
=t
= t tan r
cos r
cos r
cos r
sin i
=
sin r
sin 2r
2 sin r. cos r
=
=
sin r
sin r
= 2 cos r
D=
As
cos =
2
tan r =
1
2
2
D =t
1
D=
t 4 2
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i=
,
4
= 2
sin i
sin / 4
=
= 2
sin r
sin r
r = / 6
t sin
t sin ( i r )
4 6
D=
=
cos r
cos
6
= t sin
4
1
=t
2
t
D=
6
cos
. tan
1
1
2
3
3 1
D
3 2 6
=
t
6
Q: 3) Light of a certain colour has 2000 waves in one millimeter of air. Find the number of waves of
that light in one millimeter length of water and glass respectively?
a = wavelength in air
Solution:
m = wavelength in medium
The number of waves of that light in a length of d will be
n1 =
And
n2 =
a
d
n2 a
=
= m
n1 m
n2 = m n1
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60 m
(1.45 1.30 )
30 10 8
= 2.0 10 8 sec
Q: 5) A rectangular glass slab of thickness 12cm is placed over a small coin kept on a table. A thin
transparent beaker filled with wager to a height 6cm & placed over the block. Find the
apparent shift of the position of the coin, when viewed from a point directly above it?
Solution:
1
S1 = t1
1
= 12 1
3
=4 cm
1
S 2 = t 2 1
2
= 61
4
= 1.5 cm
S = S1 + S 2 = 4 +1.5 = 5.5 cm
3 10 8 9
= 10 8 m / s
4/3
4
d
9 10 3 4
t=
=
= 4 10 11 sec
Cw
9 10 8
Cw =
= 4 10 11 10 9 ns
=0.04 ns
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Q: 7) A ray incident at an angle of incident 600 enters a glass sphere of R.I = 3 . The ray is
reflected and reflected and refracted at the farther surface of the sphere. The angle between
reflected and refracted rays at this surface is_____
Solution:
sin i
sin r
3
sin 60
1
sin r =
= 2 =
3 2
0
r =30 0
PC = QC
CPQ = PQC = r = 30 0
Angle between reflected ray QR and refracted ray QS at the other face
= 180 r 60 0
= 180 30 0 60 0 = 90 0
Q: 1) Sunshine recorder globe of 30cm diameter is made of glass of refractive index =1.5 . A ray
enters the globe parallel to the axis. Find the position from the centre of the sphere where the
ray crosses the principal axis?
Solution:
1
2 1 = 2
v
2
R
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2 2 1 1
=
+
V R u
1.5 1.5 1
1
1
=
=
+
V
15
(
)
30
V = 45 cm
u ' = ( 45 30 ) =15 cm
1 2 1 2
Using V ' u ' =
R
1
1.5 1 1.5
1
=
=
V ' 15
15
30
( or ) V ' = 30
4
=7.5 cm
At R
u = 19 cm
V1 = ?
f =12 cm
1 1 1
=
V1 u
f
1
1
1
=
V1 12 19
12 19
V1 =
7
1
1 1
= +
f u
V
7
=
12 19
f = 12 cm
1
1 1
1
1
9
= + =
=
V2
f u 12 21 12 21
V1 V2
2
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1 12 19 12 2
cm
2 7
9
= 2.2857
cm
Q: 3) A point object is moving with velocity 0.01m/s on principal axis towards a convex lens of locallength 0.3m when object is a distance of 0.4m form the lens, find
a) Rate of charge of position of the image and
b) Rate of charge of lateral magnification of image
Solution:
Differentiating the
=
0.01 m / s
dt
40 40
= 0.09 m / s
dv V 2
V
= 2 = 1
b) M =
du
u
f
dm
Vd
V
= 2
1 f
dt
1 f
dt
V 1 dv
= 2
1 f
f . dt
2
V dv
2
120
1
=
1
=
1
0.09 s
f
f dt
30
30
= 0.018 / sec
Q: 4) Find the position of the image formed by the lens combination given in figure?
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Solution:
=
V1 u1
f1
1
1
1
+
=
V1 30 10
1
1
1
=
V1 30 10
( or )
( or ) V1 =15 cm
The image formed by the first lens server as the object for the second.
This is at a distance of (15 5)cm i.e. 10cm to the right of the second lens. It is a virtual object
Now
1
1
1
=
V2 10
10
1
1
1
=
+
=0
V2
10 10
V2 =
The virtual image is formed at an infinite distance to the left of the second lens. This acts as an
object for the third lens.
1
1
1
=
V3 30
1
1
=
V3
30
V3 = 30 cm
The final image is formed 30cm to the fight of the third lens.
Q: 5) Two Plano-concave lenses of glass of refractive index 1.5 have radii of curvature 20cm and
30cm respectively. They are placed in contact with the curved surfaces towards each other and
the space between them is filled with a liquid of refractive index 5/2. Find the focal length of the
combination.
Solution:
For first plano concave lens
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R2
20
20
=
=
= 40 cm
1 1 1.5 1 0.5
For second plano concave lens
R2
30
30
f2 =
=
=
= 60 cm
1 1 1.5 1 0.5
The focal length of the liquid lens is given by
f1 =
1
1
1
= ( 2 1)
+
f3
R1 R2
R1 = 20cm,
R2 = 30cm
2 = 5 / 2
f 3 =8 cm
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
=
+
+
=
+ =
cm
f
f1
f2
f3
40 60 8 12
f =12 cm
Q: 6) Given the object image and principal axis find the positions and nature of the lens
Solution:
First join the object and image
If the one point is above the optical axis and the other below it, then the lens is always a convex
lens.
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Q: 8) A ray of light passes through a medium whose refractive index varies with distance as
x
= 0 1 + . If the ray enters the medium parallel to the x-axis, what will be the trajectory of
a
the ray and what will be the time taken for the ray to travel a distance a?
Solution:
The ray enters normally and proceeds along a straight line. At a distance x in the
medium consider a slab of thickness dx. Velocity of the light ray at this point is
C
dt =
=
=
0 1 +
x C
V
a
1 +
a
Total time of travel is
a
t =
0
dx
x
0 1 +
C
a
3 0 a
=
2 C
Q: 9) A fish is rising up vertically inside a pond with velocity 4cm/s and notices a bird which is diving
vertically downward and in velocity appears to be 16cm/s (to the fish). What is the velocity of
the diving bird, if R. I of water is 4/3?
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Solution:
Vb f = Vb ( V f
)
=
16 =Vb +V f
Vb
V
4 12
=
3 V
3
V = 12 = 9 cm / s
4
16 = Vb + 4
Vb =12
Q: 10) Solar rays are incident at 450 on the surface of water ( = 4 / 3) . What is the length of the
shadow of a pole of length 1.2m erected at the bottom of the pond, if the pole is vertical
assuming that 0.2m of the pole is above the water surface?
Solution:
Applying Snells law at point c
1 sin 45 0 =
sin =
4
sin
3
3
4 2
Here AE = CD = 0.2m
tan =
sin =
3
4 2
BC BE
=
= BE
CE
1
BE
1 + ( BE )
BE
1 + ( BE )
BE = 0.625 m
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A.D
R.D
y'
y
y ' =y
h =x +y '
h = x + y
Differentiating
dh dx
dy
=
+
dt
dt
dt
dy
9 =3 +
dt
dy
6
=
= 4.5 m / s
( 4 / 3)
dt
Q: 12) A convex lens of focal length 0.2m is cut into two halves each of which is displaced by 0.0005m
and a point object is placed at a distance of 0.3m form the lens, as shown in figure. The position
of the image is ________
Solution:
1
1 1
=
f
v u
1
1 1
= +
v
f
u
u = 0.3m
1
1
1
=
v
0.2 0.3
f = 0 .2
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v = 0 .6 m
Q: 13) A pole 5m high is situated on a horizontal surface. Sun rays are incident at an angle 30 0 with the
vertical. The size of shadow in horizontal surface is______
Solution:
tan 30 0 =
BC
5
BC = 5 tan 30 0 =
5
m
3
Q: 14) The Sun subtends an angle = 0.50 at the pole of a concave mirror. The radius is curvature of
concave mirror is R = 1.5m. The size of image formed by the concave mirror is_____
Solution:
As Sun is at infinity image is formed at the focus of mirror
1)
1
0.5 0 108
2
1
= 0.5
105
2
180
=
= 0.654 cm
POQ = =
DS
Or
u
Di
= magnification = v = f
DS
u
u
Di
R
=
DS 2u
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Di =
R
DS
2u
tan 1 =
h0
( h i)
= u2 .
( u)
(v)
h i 1 V
=
h0
2 u
u = PO
V = + PI
LATERAL MAGNIFICATION
dv
dx
2 dv 1
. +
=0
v 2 du u 2
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REFRACTION AT PRISM
A prism is a portion of a transparent medium bounded by two plane faces inclined to each
other at a suitable angle.
a) Calculation of angle of Derivation:
In passing through the prism, ray KL suffers two refractions and has tweed through an
LQPN = . (with is angle of direction)
In PLM ,
= PLM + PML
= ( i1 r1 ) + ( i2 r2 )
= ( i1 + i2 ) ( r1 + r2 ) (1)
In OLM
O + r1 + r2 = 180 0
(2)
In Quadrilateral ALOM,
As
(Sum of 4 angles of a Quad = 360)
L + M = 180 0
A + O =180
O + r1 + r2 A + O
r1 + r2 = A
.(3)
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r +r = A
2r =A
A + m = 2i
( or )
i=
A + m
2
MAXIMUM DEVIATION:
For
i1 = 90 0
i2 = ?
At surface BD
1 sin i1 = .sin r1
1sin 90 0 = .sin r1
1
sin r1 =
1
r1 = sin 1
or
( r1 = C )
We know that r1 + r2 = A
r2 = ( A r1 )
r2 = ( A C )
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For surface CD
sin r2 = sin i2
sin i2 = sin ( A C )
i2 = sin 1 [ sin ( A ) ]
CONCEPT: Sometimes a part of a prism is given and the keep on thinking whether how should
we proceed? To solve such problems first complete the prism then solve as the problems of
prism are solved
Axial Chromatic Aberration: The variation of the image distance form the lens with the colour
measures axial chromatic Aberration.
Lateral Chromatic Aberration: The variation in the size of the image with colour measures the
lateral transverse chromatic aberration.
Concept of Dispersion of Light:
Dispersion of light is the phenomenon of splitting of a beam of white light into its constituent
colours on passing through a prism. (accuse due to wavelength).
The band of seven colours so obtained is called the visible spectrum.
The order of colours from the lower end of spectrum is VIBGYOR.
Violet colour deviates through maxi. Value and red colour deviates through the minimum
angle.
Causes of Dispersion: Each colour has in own wavelength according to Cauchys formula
R.I. of a material depends on wavelength ( )
B C
= A + 2 + 4 + ..........
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( V
R ) A + V'
'
R
) A'= 0
In this Situation
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R
+
Net deviation = 1 + ' = ( 1) + ( '1) A ' = ( 1) A + 1 V'
'
V R
= ( 1) A ( ' 1)
( V R )
R'
'
V
( R ) ( ' 1)
= ( 1) A V
'
V R'
( 1)
1
Usually ' < so is in the same direction as produced by the first prism.
The prism which produces deviation without dispersion is called achromatic prism.
Dispersion without deviation:
Net deviation = 0, Net dispersion 0
Necessary condition 1 + ' = 0
( 1) A + ( '1) A ' = 0
( 1)
A ' =
A
( '1)
1 1
II)
In this situation
'
'
Net dispersion = ( v r ) A + v r A '
( 1) A
= ( v r ) A + ( v' r' )
( '1)
( 1) A
= ( v r ) A + v' r'
( '1)
prism.
r v' r'
= ( 1) A v
( '1)
( 1)
= [']
If ' > , the resultant dispersion is negative. (i.e.) opposite to that produced by the first
This prism which produces dispersion without derivation is called direct vision prism.
Q: 1) A prism having an apex angle 40 and refractive index 1.5 is located in front of a vertical plane
mirror. Through what total angle is the ray deviated after reflected form the mirror?
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Solution:
prism = ( 1) A = (1.5 1) 4 0 = 2 0
= (1.5 1) 4 0 + 180 2 2 0
= 2 + 176 = 178
0
Q: 2) A container contains water upto a height of 20cm and there is a point source at the centre of the
bottom of the container. A rubber ring of radius r floats centrally on the water. The ceiling of
the from is 2.0m above the wager surface.
(a) Find the radius of the shadow of the ring formed on the ceiling if r = 15cm.
(b) Find the maximum value of r for which the shadow of the ring is formed on the ceiling
( w = 4 / 3) ?
Solution: a) Using Snells Law
sin i = sin r
4
15
= 1
2
3
15 + 20 2
800
x =
cm
3
x
x + 200 2
2
b)
For shadow to be formed angle of incidence should be less than critical angle
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Ph: 040 64606657, 9391326657.
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59
rmax =
9
20 cm = 0.2268 m
7
Q: 3) Monochromatic light falls on a right angled prism at an angle of incidence 450. The emergent
light is found to slide along the face AC. Find the refractive index of material of prism?
Solution:
r2 =C
..(1)
r1 + r2 = A = 90
r2 = 90 r1
..(2)
C =90 r1
sin C = sin ( 90 r1 )
sin C = cos r1
1
Snells law AR
1 sin 45 0 sin r1
sin 45 0 = 1
1
= 2 1
2
1
= 2 1
2
3
2 = = 1. 5
2
= 1.5
Flat No.301, Rukkus & Yellus Arcade, Fever Hospital Road, Barkathpura, Hyd-500065.
Ph: 040 64606657, 9391326657.
www.asifiitphysics.vriti.com
60
Flat No.301, Rukkus & Yellus Arcade, Fever Hospital Road, Barkathpura, Hyd-500065.
Ph: 040 64606657, 9391326657.
www.asifiitphysics.vriti.com
61