INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

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INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

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Skin Functions
Protects deeper tissues from:
Mechanical damage

Chemical damage
Bacterial damage

Thermal damage
Ultraviolet radiation

Desiccation
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Skin Functions
Aids in heat regulation
Aids in excretion of urea and uric acid
Synthesizes vitamin D
Sensation

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Skin Structure
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue

Smooth Muscle
Nervous tissue

Figure 4.3
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EPIDERMIS
Stratified
squamous
epithelium

Often keratinized
(hardened by
keratin)
Avascular
Receives
nourishment from
the dermis
Figure 4.3
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DERMIS
Highly vascular
Sebaceous glands
Sudoriferous glands

Hair follicle
Nerves

Connective tissue

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Layers of the Epidermis

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 Stratum corneum
- dead cells (squamous)
- keratinocytes
Stratum lucidum
- 3-5 layers
- dead, flat cells
- thick skin
Stratum granulosum
- 3-4 layers
- flattened, dying cells
Stratum spinosum
- 8-10 rows of keratinocytes
Stratum basale
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

DERMIS

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Stratum papillarosum
Areolar connective
tissue
in contact with
epidermis

Papillae are projections

of the dermis into the
epidermis
framework for
fingerprints (friction
ridges)
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Stratum reticulosum
reticular layer (meshlike)
Collagen fibers
Elastic fibers
Stretches well, but can
be overstretch
stretch marks

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ACCESSORY STRUCTURES
OF THE SKIN

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HAIR

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HAIR STRUCTURE
Shaft
- superficial portion
Root
- below the surface
Hair develops in
follicles
Hair papilla
- contains blood vessels
and nerves
- nourishes the hair
Bulb
- contains matrix
- epithelial cells responsible
for growth

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Figure 4.7a

Hair Anatomy
Inner medulla
Middle Cortex surrounds
medulla
Outer Cuticle

- outside of cortex
Most heavily
keratinized

Figure 4.7b
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 Smooth muscle
contracts in response to
intense emotion or cold
goose bumps

medical term cutis anserina

or horripilation

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GLANDS

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SEBACEOUS GLANDS
Connected to hair
follicle
Secrete waxy substance
Sebum

Secretion increases at
puberty

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SUDORIFEROUS GLANDS
Simple tubular coiled
glands
Produce perspiration
Water, salt, urea, met.
wastes
Thermoregulation

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 Sweat glands
Widely distributed in skin

Two types
Eccrine/Merocrine

Simple coiled tubular gland

Most common in the skin of forehead,
palms and soles

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 Apocrine

Simple coiled tubular gland

Larger than merocrine
Produce secretion containing protein and
lipids

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Differentiating
Features

Eccrine Glands

Apocrine Glands

Distribution

Throughout the skin

(except at the axilla,
margin of the eyes, nail
bed, penis, clitoris)

Axilla, areola, some

parts of external
genitalia, margin of the
eyes)

Location of Secretory
Portion

Dermis

Subcutaneous layer of
the skin/hypodermis

Termination of
Excretory Duct

Surface of the
epidermis

Hair follicle

Nature of Secretion

Less viscous

More viscous because

of protein and lipids

Function

Thermoregulation

Emotional stress, sexual

excitement

Onset of Function

At birth

Active at Puberty

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

1.

Epidermis
- stratified squamous epithelium
- divided into 2 layers:
a. stratum corneum
- outermost layer
- squamous cells
- shed off
b. stratum germinativum
- inner to s. corneum
- columnar cells
- mitosis
- stratum Malpighi
- chromatophores
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Dermis
- Made up connective tissue
- Composed of 2 regions
1. stratum spongiosum
- loose connective tissue, blood vessels, pigment
cells and glands
2 types of glands
1. Mucous glands
- smaller, more numerous
- Mucus
- Moist and slimy
- Prevents drying up
2. poison glands
- larger, fewer
- produce substances that can be mildly irritating to very toxic
depending on the species
- protection against enemies
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2. stratum compactum
- dense connective tissue
- smooth muscle fibers

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings