UNIT ONE

SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
A clever person solves a problem.
A wise person avoids it.
-- Einstein
Task 1

Read the following text

Software engineering is the application of a systematic, disciplined, quantifiable approach

to the development, operation, and maintenance of software. The discipline of software
engineering encompasses knowledge, tools, and methods for defining software
requirements, and performing software design, software construction, software testing,
and software maintenance tasks. Software engineering also draws on knowledge from
fields such as computer engineering, computer science, management, mathematics,
project management, quality management, software ergonomics, and systems
engineering.
The software industry is growing rapidly and it is of increasing importance to economy
and standard of living. Software engineering is finding its way into many industries,
including telecommunications, power generation, biomedical and industrial product
companies.
The software engineering sector is continually advancing. New opportunities and
challenges include the development of more powerful software and computers. The array
of software engineering applications is growing, and ranges from special-effects software
for the movie industry, through to the software controlling devices such as digital
cameras and robots, to the software that drives businesses and the financial sector. The
software industry has grown dramatically over recent years and has significantly
impacted the global economy.
Software is often found in products and situations where very high reliability is expected,
even under demanding conditions, such as monitoring and controlling nuclear power
plants, or keeping a modern airliner aloft. Such applications contain millions of lines of
code, making them comparable in complexity to the most complex modern machines. For
example, a modern airliner has several million physical parts (and the space shuttle
about ten million parts), while the software for such an airliner can run to 4 million lines
of code.
Producing a program involves a number of stages including:
a) clarifying the problem by considering the requirements of the potential users
b) designing the solution to the problem by first deciding on the overall structure of
the solution
c) coding the program by first choosing an appropriate programming language and
inputting the program code
d) testing and debugging the program (identifying and fixing any problems or
faults in the program code)
e) documenting and maintaining the program including writing instructions for
using the program

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System analysts first need to talk to the people involved in the computing problem,
including the people managing the system and the users or potential users of the
system. They need to establish factors such as:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)

the nature of the problem

what systems already exist
to what extent any existing systems are computerised
what output will be required from the system
who will be using the system and what parts of the system they need to be able
to use
f) the computing experience of the staff and what training would be required
g) what hardware already exists and what would need to be added, including the
specification of the hardware and whether a networks system is required.
Then they have to plan the structure of the solution and check it through with the people
involved to make sure it meets their requirements. Next, they have to choose a suitable
programming language and write the program, continually testing and adapting it until it
works to the satisfaction of the customer and users. The system then has to be put into
service and the users have to be trained. This involves documenting the program
specifications and writing instructions for using the system.
Deliverables must be developed for many SE projects. Software engineers rarely make all
of these deliverables themselves. They usually cooperate with the writers, trainers,
installers, marketers, technical support people, and others who make many of these
deliverables.
Deliverables usually include the following:
Software
Database schemas and data
Documentation (online and/or printed) FAQ (frequently asked questions), Help
(for each role - User, Administrator, Manager, Buyer)
Administration and Maintenance policy, what should be backed-up, checked,
configured
Installers
Migration (Upgrade from previous installations, Upgrade from competitor's
installations)
Training materials, for each role (User, Administrator, Manager, Buyer)
Marketing and sales materials
White papers, explaining the technologies used in the applications
Comparisons with competitor products
(taken from: http://en.wikipedia.org and "Oxford English for Information Technology"
by Eric H. Glendinning and John McEwan)

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Task 2

Answer the following questions in a written form

1.
2.
3.

Task 3

Put these five stages of programming in the correct sequence

a
b
c
d
e

Task 4

What is software engineering?

What are the tasks of a system analyst?
What do deliverables developed for SE projects usually include?

Design a solution
Code the program
Document and maintain the program
Clarify the problem
Test the program

To which stage do each of these steps belong?

1. Clarify objectives and users
2. Debug the program
3. Write programmer documentation
4. Do a structured walkthrough

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Task 5

Link these statements with while or until, whichever is most

appropriate.

1. Calculate all sales. There are no more sales.

2. Search for records containing the term. There are still records
containing the term.
3. Total extra items. Extra items remain.
4. Search member records. There are no more records.
5. Print all addresses. There are still addresses available.
6. Display client names. There are no names remaining.
7. List all guests. There are no guests left.
8. Total monthly sales. There are no more sales for the current year.

VOCABULARY WORK
Hot verbs make, do
Task 1

Relate the following words with either make or do

1. a good impression
2. business
3. arrangements
4. a decision
5. a difference
6. research
7. a profit/a loss
8. your best
9. a start/a move
10. sth clear
11. a good job
12. a degree
13. an effort
14. sb a favour
15. a suggestion

Task 2

Complete the sentences with some of expression in Task 1

1. When you go for a job interview, it's important to _______________________.

2. I think we're all getting tired. Can I _____________________?
How about a break?
3. A lot of _______________ has been _______________ into the causes of cancer.
4. I think the director is basically _____________________.
He's reliable, he's honest and he gets results.
5. I'd like to __________________ right now that I am totally opposed to this idea.
6. Right. I think we should __________________ and get down to business.
7. I don't mind if we go now or later. It _____________ no _____________ to me.
8. Could you __________ me ____________ and lend me some money till tomorrow?
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Task 3

Match an expression in A with a line in B

She's made the big time as an actress.

She's an accountant.

We'll never make the airport in time.

I can make myself understood.

What does she do for a living?

Yeah. It really made my day.

You'll have to do more overtime and work

weekends.

The traffic is too bad.

She can command $20 million a movie.

How much do you want to borrow? $20?

How much Spanish do you speak?

Great. That'll do fine.

I hear the boss said you'd done really well.

That does it! I'm going to look for another

job!

Task 4

Phrasal verbs
Complete the sentences with a phrasal verb with do.
do away with sth
could with sth

do without sth
do sth up

1. I'm so thirsty. I ___________________ a cup of tea.

2. We've bought an old flat. We're going to _____________ it ___________
over the next few years.
3. I think we should ______________ the monarchy. They're all useless.
and expensive.
4. I could never _____________ my personal assistant.
She organizes everything for me.

Task 5

Do the same with these phrasal verbs with make.

make sth up
make sth of sb

make up for sth

make off with sth

1. Thieves broke into the castle and ____________ jewellery and

antique paintings.
2. Jake's parents buy him loads of toys. They are trying to _____________
always being at work.
3. What do you ______________ the new boss? I quite like him.
4. You didn't believe his story, did you?
He ___________the whole thing _____.

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Task 6

Compare the meaning in the pairs of sentences.

Are there any differences in meaning? Which tenses are used? Why?

1. Klaus comes from Berlin.

Klaus is coming from Berlin.
2. Youre very kind. Thank you.
Youre being very kind. What do you want?
3. What were you doing when the accident happened?
What did you do when the accident happened?
4. Ive lived in Singapore for five years.
I lived in Singapore for five years.
5. When we arrived, he tidied the flat.
When we arrived, hed tidied the flat.
6. Well have dinner at 8.00, shall we?
Dont call at 8.00. Well be having dinner.
7. How much are you paying to have the house painted?
How much are you being paid to paint the house?

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KEY TO EXERCISES
Task 3
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

Clarify the problem

Design a solution
Code the program
Test the program
Document and maintain the program

Task 4
1.
2.
3.
4.

clarifying the problem

testing and debugging the program
document and maintain the program
designing the solution to the problem

Task 5
1. Calculate all sales until there are no more sales.
2. Search for records containing the term while there are still records
containing the term.
3. Total extra items while extra items remain.
4. Search member records until there are no more records.
5. Print all addresses while there are still addresses available.
6. Display client names until there are no names remaining.
7. List all guests until there are no guests left.
8. Total monthly sales until there are no more sales for the current year.

VOCABULARY WORK
Task 1
1. make
2. do
3. make
4. make
5. make
6. do
7. make
8. do
9. make
10. make
11. do
12. do
13. make
14. make
15. make
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Task 2
1. When you go for a job interview, it's important to make a good impression.
2. I think we're all getting tired. Can I make a suggestion?
How about a break?
3. A lot of research has been done into the causes of cancer.
4. I think the director is basically doing a good job.
He's reliable, he's honest and he gets results.
5. I'd like to make clear right now that I am totally opposed to this idea.
6. Right. I think we should make a start and get down to business.
7. I don't mind if we go now or later. It makes no difference to me.
8. Could you do me a favour and lend me some money till tomorrow?

Task 3
A

She's made the big time as an actress.

She can command $20 million a movie.

We'll never make the airport in time.

The traffic is too bad.

What does she do for a living?

She's an accountant.

You'll have to do more overtime and work

weekends.

That does it! I'm going to look for another

job!

How much do you want to borrow? $20?

Great. That'll do fine

How much Spanish do you speak?

I can make myself understood.

I hear the boss said you'd done really well.

Yeah. It really made my day.

Task 4
I'm so thirsty. I could do with a cup pf tea.
We've bought an old flat. We're going to do it up over the next few years.
I think we should do away with the monarchy. They're all useless and expensive.
I could never do without my personal assistant. She organizes everything for me.

Task 5
Thieves broke into the castle and made off with jewellery and antique paintings.
Jake's parents buy him loads of toys. They are trying to make up for always being at work.
What do you make of the new boss? I quite like him.
You didn't believe his story, did you? He made the whole thing up.

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Task 6
1. Present Simple Tense
Present Continous Tense
2. Present Simple Tense
Present Continous Tense
3. Past Continous Tense
Past Simple tense
4. Present Perfect Tense
Past Simple Tense
5. Past Simple Tense
Past Perfect Tense
6. Simple Future Tense
Future Continous Tense
7. Present Continous Tense Active
Present continous Tense - Passive

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