BEMESS
BEMESS
Task Description. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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2
2.1.
2.1.1.
2.1.2.
2.1.3.
2.1.4.
2.1.5.
2.1.6.
2.2.
2.2.1.
2.2.2.
2.2.3.
2.3.
2.4.
2.4.1.
2.4.2.
2.4.3.
2.4.4.
2.4.5.
2.4.6.
2.4.7.
2.5.
Theoretical Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bending Design of Reinforced Concrete. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
General Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Reinforcement Meshes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Disks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Shells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other Design Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Service Load Checks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Minimum Thickness Check of the Compression Zone . . . . . . .
Crack Width Control without Direct Calculation . . . . . . . . . . .
Crack Width Control with Direct Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Shear Checks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Punching Checks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
General Informations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Column Input and Control Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Inner, Edge and Corner Columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Shear and Bending Design at the Column . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Special Features at Wall Ends and Wall Corners . . . . . . . . . . . .
Punching Check Foundation Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Punching Check at a ThreeDimensional System . . . . . . . . . .
Stress Determination. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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211
213
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223
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3.1.
3.2.
3.3.
3.4.
3.5.
3.6.
3.7.
3.8.
3.9.
3.10.
3.11.
3.12.
3.13.
3.14.
Input Description. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Input Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Input Records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CTRL Control of the Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CRAC Control of the Service Load Checks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
MREI Minimum Reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
NSTR SLS Checks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
MAT Input of Material Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
GEOM Input of the Cross Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
GEO Input of the Cross Section in cm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
DIRE Definition of Orthogonal Twocourse Reinforcement
THRE Definition of Skew 2 and 3course Reinforcement
PARA Design Parameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
PUNC Punching Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
LC Selection of Design Load Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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321
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328
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3.15.
3.16.
3.17.
3.18.
3.19.
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344
346
348
349
4
4.1.
4.2.
4.3.
4.4.
4.5.
4.6.
4.7.
4.8.
4.9.
Output Description. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Design Parameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Design Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Reinforcement List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Design Moments or Membrane Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
External Defined Forces and Moments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Punching Check . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fatigue and Stress Amplitude Check . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Stress Determination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Reinforcement Indexel Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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44
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411
5
5.1.
5.2.
5.3.
5.4.
5.5.
5.6.
Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bending Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Design with Service Load Checks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Building Construction Plate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Building Construction Plate with Balcony. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Design with DIRE and THRE for External Forces. . . . . . . . . . .
Examples in the Internet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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514
521
532
535
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BEMESS
Task Description.
The internal forces and moments which have been calculated with the programs SEPP, TALPA or ASE or superimposed with the program MAXIMA
are stored in the database or they are input as socalled external forces and
moments. The program BEMESS is used for the reinforcement design according to DIN10451988, DIN 10451, OeNORM B 4700, Part 8 and 9, EuroCode 2, Part 1, British Standard or ACI_318M, or it determines the extreme
stresses according to the linear elastic theory.
When the design is performed for several load cases, the result of the design
calculation represents the maximum reinforcement amount which is calculated from these load cases. BEMESS does not perform any load case superpositions. This is the task of the program MAXIMA.
Additionally to the calculation of the statically required reinforcement, the
program may perform the socalled working load checks. These include the
crack width control and the crack reduction check. They are complemented
by the check of minimum thickness of compressive zones which is frequently
required in civil engineering.
The compression reinforcement for shells and disks is calculated equivalently
to the tensile reinforcement according to the stress state. For this the requirements of the minimum reinforcement of the respective code are taken into
consideration (e.g. minimum compression reinforcement of the statically required cross section, minimum reinforcement of diaphragm girders). The appropriate parameters are preset according to each code. Notice that the definition of these parameters with zero makes this control ineffective. The use
of compression reinforcement in plates is not a part of a good engineering
practice. Therefore a warning is issued in the case of compression reinforcement in designed cross section.
A centre point or an axis in the middle can be defined for circular plates, cylinders or similar structures. A tangential and a radial reinforcement are calculated then for all included elements or nodes (socalled circular reinforcement).
The program performs a punching check at point supports (columns) as well
as at wall corners and wall ends, if the necessary load cases of the maximum
support reactions are available.
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Theoretical Principles
2.1.
2.1.1.
General Comments
2.1.2.
Reinforcement Meshes
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orthogonal nets. The steel requirement increases more than linearly with the
skewness of the reinforcement mesh. A twocourse reinforcement is only allowed for 90 up to 60 degree skewness. For higher skewness a third layer is
necessary to avoid large crack width.
Threecourse reinforcement meshes are the best statical solution for the case
of an elliptic stress state (universal tension or compression): The required
steel amount is minimal, i.e. it corresponds to the required cross section of an
orthogonal reinforcement mesh laid parallel to the principal stresses. On the
other hand there is no threecourse solution for the case of the hyperbolic
stress states (simultaneous tension and compression). For this a radically
minimised twocourse solution is sought. This is done via breaking off of this
reinforcement layer which is used least statically. The stiffening compressive
concrete force which generally must be assigned to another direction,
however, is set at this place.
The loading of the heterogeneous reinforced concrete continuum is
transformed according to the compliance of the internal force equilibrium
along the reinforcement directions (tension or compression) and the
stiffening fictitious compression strut of the concrete. The concrete stress can
be checked only when the reinforcement layers get their statically required
cross section due to the design. If the permissible compressive concrete stress
is exceeded, a compression reinforcement is inserted if possible.
2.1.3.
Disks
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Now the concrete compressive force is not in line with the external
principal normal force. If the angle reaches 45 degrees between
the new concrete compressive force and the principal compression
reinforcement, then no further loads can be taken up anymore.
Now it is not possible to design the cross section. Then the error
message Angle between compressive force and compression
reinforcement too large is printed.
CTRL PFAI 2 can be used to alleviate this mechanically exact
procedure and therefore to avoid the error message. The non
absorbable concrete compressive force is then fully taken up by
the reinforcement and it is assumed, that the compressive force
of this inserted compression reinforcement is transferred to the
neighbouring elements. Usually this is possible at singular points
and at reentrant corners, but not possible at free edges!
For special cases the design for the relevant elements can be
repeated in a 2nd calculation with a threecourse reinforcement
(one additional 45degreereinforcement bar).
If the reinforcement is exactly in the principal compressive force
direction, any arbitrary compressive force can be added then
about the reinforcement increase until the maximum permissable
9% of the reinforcement content is reached.
Minimum reinforcement of the pressed cross sections for disks:
The cross sections designed with BEMESS are always considered
as "reinforced walls". Even if no reinforcement is necessary for
certain statical points, the points are still considered as a part of
a reinforced wall. A classification according to DIN10451988
chapter 25.5.5.2(2) does not occur. A minimum reinforcement
with 0.8% (= default in record MAT ... AM3) of the statically
necessary cross section is always inserted. The minimum
reinforcement calculation occurs in the direction of the principal
stresses. The skew reinforcement is considered with the square of
the cosine of the angular deviation.
2.1.4.
Plates
The plate moments mx, my and mxy are transformed according to the
method of Baumann into two or three design moments along the specified
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reinforcement directions. For this case the lever arm of the inner forces is
determined in dependence on the compression zone utilization. The design of
the necessary reinforcement cross sections occurs according to the material
strengths and laws of the respective code.
The increase of the effective moments according to DIN10451988, chapter
17.2.1(6) in the case of the small statical efficient heights are taken into
consideration.
Safety coefficients design:
For all calculations the literals SS1 and SC1 (for usage of
DIN10451988 SC1=SS1=1.75) are considered for the high
compression zone utilization, because for a possible case of the
steel extension less than 3 per mille a compression reinforcement
is arranged (see Betonkalender 1994 I S. 385).
Steel stress compression reinforcement: is not limited for plates
Permissible concrete compressive stress > see disks
Compression reinforcement plates
For plates a compression reinforcement is only allowed, if the
reinforcement directions agree at the upper and lower plate side,
because only then it is guaranteed, that the stiffening force of the
reinforcement mesh can be considered by the opposite tensile side.
No compression reinforcement is approved for plates with twisted
reinforcement directions of the upper and lower side.
For lateral tension the necessary reinforcement is higher than for
lateral compression, because the compressive force taken up by
the concrete is smaller due to a lower permissible concrete
commpression stress. In this case the lever arm also becomes
smaller and the smaller permissible concrete compressive stress
is reached faster. This means that compression reinforcement is
inserted earlier. The reduction of the permissable concrete
compressive stress for lateral tension can be eliminated with
CTRL TENS 0.
Minimum reinforcement of pressed cross sections is not valid for plates.
2.1.5.
Shells
The moments mxx, myy and mxy as well as the membrane forces nxx,
nyy and nxy are converted to effective membrane forces acting on fictitious
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The mesh reinforcement design occurs separately for the two fictitious disks
at the shell outer sides. The shear design is performed similarly to that of
plates.
Safety coefficients design:
Also for strongly pressed cross sections with small moments SS1
is employed always for the reinforcement at the tensile side (for
usage of DIN10451988 SS1=1.75), because through the zone
thought in the interior without compressive stresses
(0.30construction element thickness) a reduction of the tensile
steel strain less than 3 % is not possible.
If tensile reinforcement is necessary, the compression
reinforcement might be calculated then too with the safety of 1.75.
Since the compressive force direction in the compressive zone in
general deviates from the tensile force direction in the tensile zone
for shells, however, the compression reinforcement is designed
always with SS2 (for usage of DIN10451988 2.1), because in the
compressive force direction in the compressive zone the cross
section can be overpressed completely.
For the determination of the permissible concrete compressive
stress SC1 (1.75) is considered always for shells in contrast to
disks, because only 20.35construction element thickness and/or
0.5thicknessSC1/SC2 is used for centrical compression.
Permissible concrete compressive stress > see disks
Permissible steel stress > see disks
Compression reinforcement:
To the absorption of the compressive force in the thought disk at
the shell outer side only their thickness of 0.35construction
element thickness is available. In the intervening area no
compressive stresses can be excavated. A compression
reinforcement in the thought disk is allowed then like for >
disks with consideration of the lateral compression. In
problematic cases the reduction through the lateral compression
can be disconnected with CTRL TENS 0.
Minimum reinforcement of pressed cross sections
Cross sections designed with BEMESS are considered always as
"reinforced walls". A classification according to DIN10451988,
chapter 25.5.5.2(2) does not occur. The minimum reinforcement
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2.1.6.
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CAT 1: gamman=1.00
CAT 2: gamman=1.10
CAT 3: gamman=1.20
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To change the safety class, an AQUA run with only an input for record
NORM can be set in front of the BEMESS.
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2.2.
If requested with the input, the following checks are performed after each
other. If necessary the reinforcement is increased which is requested
statically by the appropriate amount.
2.2.1.
The program calculates the compression zone height in the principal moment
direction and in the principal axial force direction. The smaller value is
decisive. The design is performed according to the formulas in Betonkalender
1992/I, pages 465466. For this purpose the reinforcement whose the
direction does not usually coincide with the direction of the checked section
normal gets converted in the checked direction.
If this check is concluded without a reinforcement increase, it is followed with
the check 2.2.4, if requested. If it turns out that the required minimum
thickness of the compression zone is not kept with the statically required
reinforcement, the check 2.2.4 may occur at first, so that the possible
reinforcement increase which results from it may be taken into account in
handling the present check. The compression zone thickness is adjusted then
to the required value through iterative variation of the reinforcement.
The standard check is performed separately in the two principal moment
directions. A stricter check can be requested with CTRL THIC FULL (see
record CTRL).
The check is requested with an input XMIN in the record CRAC.
2.2.2.
The check limits the available steel stress during usage to the permissible
value according to the tables of the corresponding standard:
DIN10451988:
DIN 10451:
EC2:
OeNorm B 4700:
EHE(2000):
Table 14
Table 20
Table 4.11
Table 9 und 10
Input via SIGO, SIGU in record GRP
For the crack design according to DIN 10451 table 20 other crack widths are
possible. The table values are determined according to Heft 525 page 196
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equation (21). For crack check according to DIN 10451 the interpretations
of the Normenausschuss Bau NABAU (No. 123) are considered.
It is assumed a crack formation through load. A crack internal force for
example according to DIN10451988, chapter 17.6.2(3) is not considered.
For thick plates the limit diameters are increased according to the standard.
According to OeNORM B 4700 table 9+10 ht=0.5h is always used also for
shells with normal forces because of the problematic nature of different
tensile zone heights in different directions! Only for disks h=t is used there.
For arbitrary crack widths the interpolation of the maximum bar diameter
is done according to table 9 and 10 OeNORM B 4700.
For the Eurocode EC 2 199211:2004(E) and :2005(D) following boxed value
is used according to NA 005 07.01.00 N 0196:
# 68 7.3.4(3) Analysis of the crack width
For the limitation of the crack width a tabular check according to EN
199211:200.. 7.3.3 (CRAC WK TAB) is implemented. The calculation of the
crack width is done according to EN 199211:200.. 7.3.4 (CRAC WK 0.15)
and the minimum reinforcement according to EN 199211:200.. 7.3.2
(MREI...).
Minimum reinforcement fr early restraint according to DIN 10451:
According to NABAU No. 238 from November 2005 to 11.02.2 Tab. 20 the
table 20 is extended for steel stresses lower than 160 N/mm2.
For the Swiss code SIA 262, the Russian code SNIP 2.03.01 and the Swedish
code BBK 04 and BBK 94 the crack width check is done with CRAC WK TAB
and the check for the steel stresses with GRP...SIGU (or PARA SSU). For
these codes a direct crack width design according to EC2 4.4.2.4 is alternative
possible with CRAC WK 0.15.
The check is requested with the input DDES in the record CRAC as well as
an input of the environmental conditions or the crack width in the record
ELEM or NODE. CRAC...WK must not be input for this check according to the
tables! It is implemented for all reinforcement types DIRE and THRE.
2.2.3.
If the simple check according to the tables is not sufficing, a direct calculation
can occur with the default of the permissible crack width:
DIN10451988:
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DIN 10451:
EC2:
The method should be used only in special cases. In the normal case the
limitation of the crack width without direct calculation according to the
tables is recommended.
The precise" check is requested with an input WK and DDES in the record
CRAC. It is implemented for all reinforcement types DIRE and THRE.
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2.3.
BEMESS
Shear Checks.
A shear check is performed for plates and shells. The critical shear force V is
determined from the shear forces VX and VY via a geometrical addition. This
shear force, divided by the lever arm of the internal forces (see bending
design), results in the effective shear stress 0.
Three cases are distinguished according to DIN10451988:
0 < 011:
no shear reinforcement necessary (shear zone 1);
0 < 02:
Shear reinforcement is required (shear zone 2). The necessary shear
reinforcement is /s; is either equal to 0 in the case of the permanent
loads which are not mainly stationary or it is equal to the reduced shear
stress value according to DIN10451988, equation 17, in the case of the
permanent loads which are mainly stationary;
0 > 02:
without input 03: inadmissible stress region (shear zone 3)
with input 03: shear zone 3 until 0 = 03
with full shear consideration (girder constuction elements)
The output includes the shear zone, the existing shear stress 0 and possibly
the shear stress which has to be considered. Perpendicular links are
assumed during the calculation of the required shear reinforcement. The
shear reinforcement can be output in reference to an area (cm2/m2) or to the
elements (cm2).
The shear design according to DIN 10451, EuroCode 2 and OENORM B
4700 is based on three design values of the sustainable shear force:
VRd1:
Design value of the sustainable shear force without shear
reinforcement
VRd2:
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For EC2 the standard method is checked and used additionally, if it delivers
a smaller shear reinforcement. Therefore also a minimum shear
reinforcement is used for V>VRd1 with 60% of the values of the table 5.5
according to EC2 (Betonkalender 1998IS.242).
During the calculation of VRd1, VRd2 and the compression strut inclination
the available longitudinal tensile and longitudinal compressive
reinforcement as well as the normal force to be included in the principal shear
force direction are considered. Reinforcements are considered in this case
with the square of the cosine of the angular deviation to the principal shear
force direction.
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The basic value of the shear strength according to EC2 and OENORM is to
be input in the record MAT at item TRD, if defaulted values are not used. For
DIN 10451 no shear stress limits may be input. The design occurs there
exclusively due to the concrete stiffness fcd.
Reinforcement in steps is input at record MAT item K.
The shear design according to British Standard occurs like the check
according to EC2. The from the concrete alone sustainable shear stress vc
is determined in this case in dependence on the bending reinforcement in
principal shear force direction according British Standard Table 3.9.
The shear design of the American standard ACI occurs according to
ACI_318M_11.3 "Strength design" with the differentiated concrete design
resistance Vc according to bending, compressive or tensile bending. In
general a material safety of 0.85 (ACI_318M_B.9.3.2) is used for the shear.
Special features of the Eurocode EC 2 199211:2004 (E) und :2005 (D)
Following boxed values according to NA 005 07.01.00 N 0196 are used:
# 45 6.2.2(1) Shear VRd,ct analysis
# 47 6.2.3(2) max. compression angle cot0
Special characteristics D not equal to E:
For shear in D and E, VRd,ct and VRd,max are calculated with different
factors. The additional limitation of the compression strut inclination
according to DIN 10451 equation (73) is not known in the original
EC2.
Special features OENORM B 4700 difference to EC2
Unlike the original EC2 the standard method in the shear design which
shows a smaller shear reinforcement at weak loaded cross sections
may not be employed here. The compression strut inclination beta is
limited to 0.6 (according to B4700 equation 23).
Special features French Design Code BAEL 91 Revision 99 difference
to EC2
Shear design ass = s (u0.3ftj k)/(0.9fe)
max. shear stress 0.2fcj/b or 5 MPa (compression strut)
Special features Italian Design Code D.M.9 genniao 1996 difference
to EC2
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The shear check for BBK 94 is done according to the old model. Slight
normal forces taken here into account for the concrete part Vc with
0.1Nd according to 3.7.3.5.
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2.4.
Punching Checks.
2.4.1.
General Informations
Precondition
Load cases with support reactions have to be contained in the indicated load
cases. If the internal forces and moments from the program MAXIMA are
designed, the program BEMESS has to be informed also about the load case
of the extreme support reactions (record LC).
The use of boundary elements for linear wall support is the precondition for
the automatic identification of wall ends and wall corners. An elastic edge
support is recommended. The stiffness of this linear edge support results to
c=ED/h (with h=wall height) in this case and can be input generally with
approximate 500000 kN/m for the usual building constructions. Indeed a PZ
support with an additional output edge element is possible, however, high
singular corner moments which depend on the element mesh strongly are
calculated then at the reentrant corners!
Processing
The program searches then single support nodes (single columns) and wall
ends as well as wall corners and performs a punching check for these points.
Nodes with less than 5 kN support reaction are not considered! This has to
be considered for the control of the punching points (with program WING
QUAD ASPS SCHH 0.20")!
Within the punching area (see figure) the plate shear design is replaced then
by a punching check. The elements lying within this area get then at least the
for the punching check necessary upper longitudinal reinforcement. If the
bending design shows a higher longitudinal reinforcement, this becomes
determinent. A normal plate shear design occurs outside of the punching
area.
A consideration of studrails is not planned currently (see Column Input and
Control Parameters). The program can be informed (PUNC ... HEAD=DUEB),
however, that the check is supposed to be performed later. No increase of the
upper longitudinal reinforcement occurs then. The program does not
interrupt with a design error in spite of incorrect punching. The in WING
with ***** marked columns can be checked subsequently manually.
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Punching area
Determinent cut
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tional check at the column face is added. As the german version NA 005
07.01.00 N 0196 does not give boxed values, punching is then calculated
acc. DIN 10451.
Special feartures OENORM B 4700 difference to EC2
The original EC2 equation with 40ro1 is used for VRdc for punching and
not the equation (44) of B 4700, because the span l in the case of FE
plates is in general unknown. VRds is limited to 1.4VRdc. The punching
reinforcement is approximately twice so large as with the original EC2
due to the effective coefficient ks!
Special features according to American Standard ACI
Punching occurs with marking (without precise particularization) of
possible necessary shear arms according to ACI_318M_11.12
"Strength design". Like for the shear check a material safety of 0.85
(ACI_318M_B.9.3.2) is used also here.
Special features French Design Code BAEL 91 Revision 99 difference
to EC2
Punching form: rectangle around the column
Check of the shear stress in distance d/2
If not possible without shear reinforcement, then a warning is printed
with reference to manual determintation of punching reinforcement.
Special features Italian Design Code D.M.9 genniao 1996 difference
to EC2
Punching is only checked according to EC2. If not possible without
shear reinforcement, then a warning is printed with reference to manual determintation of punching reinforcement.
Special features Swiss Code SIA 262
Punching is checked according to german DIN 10451, because in SIA
262 the span length l and the resistance MRd influence are not known
in general. The collaps reinforcement according to SIA 262 4.3.6.7.1 is
taken into account. If necessary punching must be checked according
to SIA 262 separately. The collaps securing is considered according to
SIA 262 4.3.6.7.1.
220
Version 11.61
BEMESS
2.4.2.
Version 11.61
221
BEMESS
2.4.3.
For edge and corner columns the effective round cut u is smaller than
u0=PI(dS+ effective depth). In addition the calculated shear stress has to be
increased there around 40 % (DIN10451988).
BEMESS determines itself the effective round cut automatically, when it is
controlled whether in individual sectors around the column blockouts or
edges are to be found. It applies in this case individual sector areas like for
the block load analysis (SEPPBBLO). If for a sector area plate elements are
used with 100%, the sector is considered as effective for the punching.
Currently 36 sectors are arranged with 10 degrees per sector. The search
sectors extend from dS/2 to dS/2+6effective depth.
All effective search sectors together produce the effective perimeter u of the
punching round cut. The ratio u/u0 is output in % in the result list.
A column is considered as an inside column from 1.00u0 to 0.80u0., as an
edge column from 0.80u0 to 0.49u0, as a corner column smaller 0.49u0.
According to the standard the shear stress in the round cut determined with
u is increased with the following factor for the rough consideration of not
axisymmetric bending loading:
Increasing factor of the calculated shear stress in round cut:
Standard: DIN10451988
Inner column
1.00
Edge column
1.40
Corner column
1.40
2.4.4.
10451
1.15
1.40
1.50
EC2
1.15
1.40
1.50
BS
1.15
1.40
1.40
ACI
is consi
dered at
Vc
Within the punching area the regular plate shear design is omitted and
replaced by the punching check.
The high node moment in a singular supported node is reduced with deltam
= A/8bmin/bmax (A = maximum support reaction, bmin, bmax = smaller,
larger column dimension). It is considered, that for biaxial moment loading
(mI=mII) the support pressure can be determined only in each case to a half
222
Version 11.61
BEMESS
for a mI and a mII support moment reduction, therefore deltamI= A/16 and
deltamII= A/16 for bx=by. The moment reduction is limited to max. 20 %.
In addition a larger thickness is used during the bending design of the central
column node. In this case the thickness is increased from the column edge
with 1:3. With the default of a plate thickness in the record GEOM as well as
at wall ends and wall corners this increase does not occur. The increased
thickness is printed in the case of ECHO REIN FULL per node.
2.4.5.
The critical round cut is used only at the wall front edges and at the wall
lateral edges according to the new DIN10451 picture 38. The support forces
are transformed in a smeared linear reaction and then integrated over a
length of a1/2 as shown in the pictures below. The single node force of the
corresponding edge node is used, however, at least to 2/3. The shear stress R
is always increased around 40 % due to the nonaxisymmetric loading. For
EC2 and British Standard the values are valid according to the standard.
The program uses a wall thickness D with 24 cm as an effective support wall
area for the default as well as a corresponding wall length according to the
design code. If a wall thickness already exists in the database, this is used so.
A load increasing factor of 1.05 is considered at wall ends for a normal design.
According to Betonkalender 2006II page 186 the DIN defines no load increasing factor for wall ends and wall corners. In the example according to
Betonkalender the load increasing factor is used however with 1.40, on the
other hand a longer check cut is selected with the side length of 1.5d. BEMESS sets the side length to 1.0d according to DIN and selects the load incresing factor with 1.05. Thus a "balanced design" described as in the Betonkalender is reached. It is also possible to use a load increasing factor of 1.40, if
an integration of the loads is defined to 1.5d or smaller with CTRL WINT 1.5.
Thus smaller punching loads result then, however. Another possibility is to
increase the side length with CTRL WEND 0.60.
Legend
1
2
Version 11.61
223
BEMESS
a2b
a 1 v
5, 6d * b1
b
b1 v 2, 8d
DIN10451, figure 38 Determinent sections for the critical round cut in the
case of extensive support areas
1
Wall end
224
Version 11.61
BEMESS
Wall corner
Legend
If two wall ends are direct side by side, u is limited to 0.6u0 in order to prevent
an overlap of the round cuts. The design moment is reduced. An increase of
the plate thickness in the central node does not occur, however, because in the
rule it is supported onto a masonry wall.
Input example:
PROG BEMESS
HEAD
ECHO full no; ECHO para,punc full
PUNC WALL
D 0.365
$
PUNC WALL X 3.20 Y 5.26 D 0.24
PUNC WALL X 8.15 Y 2.10 HEAD DUEB
PUNC
D 0.40 B 0.40 $
LC (801 806 1) $ MAXMIN load cases of
901,902
$ MAXMIN load cases of
LC
GEOM HA 30 DHA 10 HB 30 DHB 10
$
DIRE 0 0
$
END
With the first line PUNC WALL" without X,Y the wall thickness D is preset
to 36.5 cm for all wall punching checks. For an individual wall end near X 3.20
Version 11.61
225
BEMESS
Y 5.26 the check for D=24 cm is required. The third line defines that studrails
are inserted at the wall end at X 8.15 to Y 2.10 and therefore no increase of
the upper longitudinal reinforcement is supposed to occur. The program does
not interrupt then with a design error in spite of incorrect punching. The
fourth PUNC input without WALL" produces a default for the dimensions of
single columns, here 4040 cm.
The punching check for wall ends and wall corners may be deactivated with
PUNC WALL HEAD DUEB REIN 0.0. Then it can be checked manually.
2.4.6.
226
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BEMESS
a foundation punching check occurs at the position X,Y with the defined
maximum column force P for a column with the dimension D,B. In this case
the soil pressure of the load case LC_P is deducted in the circle area dK.
Example:
PUNC FOUN X 3.20 Y 5.26 D 0.40 B 0.40 P 1280 LC_P 818
Like for the column punching check a from the column edge about 1/3
increased plate thickness is considered at the design of the central node. The
design moment is reduced.
2.4.7.
Version 11.61
227
BEMESS
Knoten 2944
VULS= 187.8 kN
Perimeter 1 4.32 cm2
Perimeter 2 1.11 cm2
Knoten 3635
VULS= 546.9 kN
ASS= 0 cm2
Knoten 3935
VULS= 247.2 kN
ASS= 0 cm2
Knoten 1322
VULS= 345.2 kN
Perimeter 1 7.62 cm2
Perimeter 2 2.12 cm2
Knoten 3645
VULS= 239.1 kN
ASS= 0 cm2
Knoten 1402
VULS= 183.4 kN
Perimeter 1 4.12 cm2
Knoten 1582
Perimeter 2 1.11 cm2
VULS= 112.1 kN
Knoten 3945
ASS= 0 cm2
Knoten 1874
VULS= 115.0 kN
VULS= 551.2
kN0 cm2
ASS=
ASS= 0 cm2
Knoten 1884
VULS= 235.6 kN
ASS= 0 cm2
Knoten 2174
VULS= 553.4 kN
ASS= 0 cm2
Knoten 363
VULS= 637.5 kN
ASS= ******
Knoten 2474
VULS= 246.3 kN
Knoten 683 ASS= 0 cm2
VULS= 581.1 kN
Perimeter 1 16.2 cm2
Perimeter 2 8.39 cm2
Perimeter 3 4.89 cm2
Perimeter 4 6.19 cm2
Knoten 41
VULS= 323.2 kN
Perimeter 1 8.33 cm2
Knoten
Perimeter 2 4.28
cm22184
VULS=
Perimeter 3 2.55
cm2 234.5 kN
ASS=
Perimeter 4 3.23
cm20 cm2
Knoten 373
VULS= 1193 kN
Perimeter 1 18.2 cm2
Perimeter 2 7.53 cm2
Knoten 693
VULS= 1206 kN
Perimeter 1 18.6 cm2
Perimeter 2 7.79 cm2
Knoten 61
VULS= 326.4 kN
Perimeter 1 6.86 cm2
Perimeter 2 3.44 cm2
Perimeter 3 2.68 cm2
Perimeter 4 3.27 cm2
Knoten 383
VULS= 576.0 kN
Perimeter 1 12.7 cm2
Perimeter 2 6.28 cm2
Perimeter 3 5.10 cm2
Perimeter 4 6.22 cm2
Knoten 2484
VULS= 111.1 kN
ASS= 0 cm2
5.00
Knoten 1003
VULS= 280.3 kN
Perimeter 1 6.44 cm2
Perimeter 2 2.87 cm2
Knoten 3043
VULS= 116.1 kN
ASS= 0 cm2
Knoten 3345
VULS= 240.1 kN
ASS= 0 cm2
0.00
Knoten 1262
VULS= 386.9 kN
Perimeter 1 9.54 cm2
Perimeter 2 3.75 cm2
Knoten 1483
VULS= 191.2 kN
Perimeter 1 4.48 cm2
Perimeter 2 1.71 cm2
Knoten 2863
VULS= 181.0 kN
Perimeter 1 4.01 cm2
Knoten 3335 Perimeter 2 1.11 cm2
VULS= 537.3 kN
ASS= 0 cm2
Knoten 2783
VULS= 336.4 kN
Perimeter 1 7.21 cm2
Perimeter 2 2.12 cm2
5.00
Knoten 2723
VULS= 383.7 kN
Perimeter 1 9.39 cm2
Perimeter 2 3.64 cm2
Knoten 703
VULS= 573.2 kN
Perimeter 1 12.6 cm2
Perimeter 2 6.21 cm2
Perimeter 3 5.10 cm2
Knoten 1013
VULS= 594.4 kN
Perimeter 1 13.3 cm2
Perimeter 2 6.70 cm2
Perimeter 3 5.10 cm2
Perimeter 4 6.22 cm2
Knoten 1023
VULS= 319.2 kN
Perimeter 1 6.40 cm2
Perimeter 2 3.09 cm2
Perimeter 3 2.68 cm2
10.00
Y X
Z
5.00
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
Kontur
Durchstanzen, Bemessungsfall 1 (Max=33.0)
Durchstanzen an 3D Hochhausdecken
SEITE 1173
The program BEMESS may carry out now additionally a stress amplitude
check. If the stress amplitude is exceeded for the defined load cases, the
reinforcement is increased automatically until the check is correct. The link
stress for the full shear consideration with 45 degree diagonal strut
inclination is determined for the stress amplitude of the shear reinforcement.
228
Version 11.61
2.5.
BEMESS
Stress Determination.
Stresses of the single load cases or of the single load cases from superposition
may be printed directly without the program BEMESS with the program
WINGRAF at cuts or isolines.
The option of the stress determination in BEMESS is used for the search of
extreme stresses from a series of load cases. In this case BEMESS selects
itself the maximum stress from the indicated load cases for each element.
Then a plot of this extreme stresses shows in general results of different load
cases like a moment envelope.
The normal stresses are determined according to the formula:
s + N " M
W
A
(1)
This is done separately for the two sides of the plate or the shell for x, y and
xy. These can be used for the calculation of the principal stresses I and II
and the angle .
The shear stress at the plate centre or shell centre is calculated according to
the formula:
t + 1.5 @ V
A
(2)
The design shear force V is the maximum shear force determined at the
design point by means of geometric addition of the shear forces VX and VY:
V + V 2x ) V 2y
12
(3)
Also von mise stresses on top, on bottom and as maximum values are calculated. To get the maximum von mise stress also inside an element, the elements are cut into 10 layers for the sigv analysis.
The stress determination with BEMESS must not be used after a material
nonlinear calculation with ASE, because the formula = N/A M/W is not
valid anymore for the structure thickness of a nonlinear stress distribution!
Nonlinear stresses can be requested with the program WING in a separate
way.
Version 11.61
229
BEMESS
230
Version 11.61
BEMESS
Input Description.
3.1.
Input Language
The program BEMESS uses the CADINP input language, see general manual SOFiSTiK: FEA / STRUCTURAL Installation and Basics.
3.2.
Input Records
Items
CTRL
TYPE
PFAI
WINT
MUEZ
K1
FFCT
SIGS
FACU
RMOD
RO_V
WEND
XMIN
DDEB
KC
SIGT
FACL
SYST
ROBU
REDN
DDES
WKB
K
CHKC
FACV
WALL
COTT
RADP
STAN
AUGM
FACH
GALF
WARN
THIC
LCRI
TENS
VF70
LCR
SNIP
WK
BETA
BOND
BET1
BET2
ROBU
CHKS
FACP
PARA
FATC
SIGP
LS_U
LOCP
LS_L
LS_V
LS_P
MAT
CONC
T03
SS1
STEE
AM3
SS2
K
FC
BETZ
FY
N
TU0
MINC
TUGR
MSTA
TRD
T011
SC1
T02
SC2
GEOM
GEO
DIRE
THRE
PARA
H
H
UPP
ABEX
NOG
WKU2
SSL2
BSU2
TYPE
MREI
HA
HA
LOW
ABMI
NOEL
WKU3
SSL3
BSU3
X
P
DHA
DHA
TYPE
ABIN
DU
WKL
ASU
BSL
Y
LC_P
HB
HB
X
BEEX
DU
WKL2
ASU2
BSL2
Z
DHB
DHB
Y
BEMI
DU3
WKL3
ASU3
BSL3
D
DDHA
DDHA
Z
BEIN
DL
SSU
ASL
TYPE
B
DDHB
DDHB
HPRE
HPRE
DL2
SSU2
ASL2
DL3
SSU3
ASL3
WKU
SSL
BSU
HEAD
DHEA
RO_V
CRAC
MREI
NSTR
PUNC
Version 11.61
31
BEMESS
Records
Items
LC
GRP
ELEM
NODE
NO
NO
FROM
FROM
SIGB
NO
NXY
PERC
ENVA
TO
TO
ENVB
DELT
DELT
WKU
ENVA
ENVA
WKL
ENVB
ENVB
SIGU
WKA
GROU
SIGL
WKB
WKA
SIGA
WKB
SIGB
SIGA
NO1
MX
MY
MXY
VX
VY
NX
NY
OPT
VAL
S
ECHO
The input sequence of the input records is arbitrary. However, END must always be the last input record. Each ELEM or NODE record causes a design
with the already defined parameters (possible as the default values). An
input of GEO or DIRE or THRE after ELEM/NODE refers thus always to the
next design specifications.
The records HEAD, END and PAGE are described in the general manual SOFiSTiK: FEA / STRUCTURAL Installation and Basics.
A reasonable analysis is possible even without data. The default values are
activated in each case.
32
Version 11.61
BEMESS
3.3.
Item
Description
TYPE
RMOD
CTRL
Dimension
Default
Design task
SERV Reinforced concrete design,
for loadcases on SLS level
STRE Stress calculation according
to theory of elasticitiy
ULTI Reinforced concrete design,
for loadcases on ULS level
SLS
SLS design checks
> MREI, CRAC or NSTR
default: in dependence on the system
LIT
LIT
SAVE
Version 11.61
33
BEMESS
Item
Description
SYST
Dimension
Default
LIT
SPAC
WALL
Deep beam
(see also record MAT AM3)
YES
Requirements for minimum
reinforcement
0.05% per side for DIN
10451988
0.075% per side for
DIN 10451
0.10% per side for OENorm
B 4700
0.15% per side for EC2,
BS,ACI
(Default for disks)
NO
No minimum reinforcement
(Default for shells)
LIT
AUGM
LIT
YES
34
Version 11.61
BEMESS
Description
Dimension
Default
GALF
THIC
LIT
SEPA
TENS
LCR
PFAI
Version 11.61
35
BEMESS
Item
Description
RO_V
Dimension
Default
0.2
ROBU
N/mm2
COTT
FACH
36
Version 11.61
BEMESS
Description
Dimension
Default
WARN
LCRI
VF70
Factor for increase of the load bearing capacity for accidental loading situation
1.0
SNIP
0.9
WINT
2.0
(1.5)
WEND
REDN
1.0
6.0
RADP
With CTRL TYPE ULTI can be defined, that the load cases contain internal
forces and moment in the ultimate limit state. The default for CTRL ULTI is
defined in the following manner: If the superposition occurs with actions for
the design state in program MAXIMA, this is recognized by BEMESS. The
program uses the load cases as load cases with ultimate limit loads also without an input CTRL ULTI.
With GALF the load cases can get a factor for the design according to the
EuroCode 2. If already a load case superposition occurred including the partial safety factors of EuroCode 2 with the program MAXIMA, CTRL ULTI
with CTRL GALF=1.0 is to be used. ULTI means that the design load cases
already represent ultimate loads and they do not have to be provided with any
additional load safety coefficients. If MAXIMA has not determined any load
case combinations in accordance with EuroCode 2, this can be done approximately in BEMESS. SERV implies an average value between 1.3 for g loads
Version 11.61
37
BEMESS
and 1.5 for q loads. Any arbitrary value can be input additionally for GALF.
The input for GALF has no importance for DIN10451988.
The literal CTRL TYPE CRAC can be used for the identification of a pure BEMESS service load check. In this case the load safety factor CTRL GALF is
used with 1.0. Additionally no check for the ultimate limit state, no shear design and no punching check are printed. The function CTRL TYPE CRAC is
only possible in connection with the option CTRL RMOD SUPE to complete
a previous design in the ultimate limit state. Because data about the punching are also necessary for the service load check, e.g. support moment reduction over the column, the punching check should be activated for a pure BEMESS service load check. In this case the load cases of the program MAXIMA
has to be defined with the maximum support reactions of the service load
superposition! However, for CTRL SLS the punching is considered, but it is
not saved to avoid an influence of the failure results which are determinent
for the punching, e.g. for the program WING. A shear check does not occur
for CTRL SLS.
Compression zone thickness strict method:
If a plate has a crack at its lower side and a 90 degrees rotated
crack at its upper side (twisting moments at the plate corners), the
compression zone thickness can be kept perpendicularly to each
crack. This case is considered correct by CTRL THIC SEPA.
Since, however, the compression zones do not pass through the
middle, the cracks meet at the interior. The strict check reports
this case by an error message as not admissible. Consider, that almost none finite element analysis can manage without an error
message for the minimum thickness check of the compression
zone (twisting moments always arise at some place without supporting axial forces).
The check in separate directions occurs as the default (CTRL
THIC SEPA). A reinforcement increase is performed only in these
directions.
The strict check must be requested explicitly by CTRL THIC
FULL.
For shear checks according to DIN 10451, EC2, ACI and British Standard
it is possible to input a maximum percentage of reinforcement RO_V. If the
38
Version 11.61
BEMESS
normal shear check without shear reinforcement is not possible with the reinforcement determined from the bending, the program attempts to increase
the bending reinforcement ratio without an use of a shear reinforcement.
This succeeds mostly, particularly in the area of the moment zero points. In
this case the bending reinforcement is increased up to a maximum reinforcement ratio RO_V in percent.
Punching at wall ends:
To get more to the save side, the integration length has been set to 2*wall
width. Following input is possible e.g. with:
CTRL WINT 2.00
CTRL WEND 0.70
The shadowing area may be input for the punching at wall ends with CTRL
WEND for the adaptation to other standards or conditions. E.g. CTRL WEND
0.7 defines the use of maximum 70 % of the full round cut. In this example 30
% = 108 degree are shadowed. If this factor is input larger than 0.8, the increasing factor for nonaxisymmetric loading is set to at least 1.4. (See
Chapter 2)
The check of a minimum reinforcement for the safety of a ductile member behaviour (robustness reinforcement) occurs with an input for ROBU (at this
time only for twocourse reinforcement). The check according to DIN10451
with a crack moment due to the concrete tensile strength fctm is performed
with CTRL ROBU FCTM. However, a different tensile strength may be input
with CTRL ROBU, e.g. CTRL ROBU 2.50 (N/mm2). The crack moment can
be converted into a necessary minimum reinforcement with a fixed lever arm
value kz=0.9 and the steel yield strength fyk.
Superposition of various design calculation with LCRI
With CTRL LCRI ... it is possible to determine the reinforcement maximum
(incl. punching reinforcement) from some previous design calculations. This
maximum can be used then as basis for the current calculation. The current
calculation is saved with the reinforcement distribution number which is defined with CTRL LCR. CTRL RMOD SUPE is activated automatically.
It is also possible to generate the maximum in a BEMESS calculation without
further analysis, e.g.:
Version 11.61
39
BEMESS
prog bemess
head
ctrl LCRI 1,2,3,4
ctrl LCR 11
end
BEMESS
Design with reduced normal forces
LCR 1 LCRI 2 RMOD SUPE
REDN 0.8
It is also possible to processed both BEMESS parts with LCR 1 (without input
for LCR).
RADP Factor the modification of the check radius for punching
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Version 11.61
BEMESS
The check radius for punching perimeters can be modified with CTRL RADP.
Sectors with openings or boundaries closer than 6d to the column edge do not
act in the perimeter by default. With RADP this factor can be changed (default 6.0 for thin slabs, intern already reduced for thick slabs).
Version 11.61
311
BEMESS
See also:
3.4.
Item
Description
MUEZ
XMIN
CRAC
Dimension
Default
cm
0.
DDES
mm
28.
STAN
WK
BETA
BOND
312
1.7
LIT
RIB
Version 11.61
BEMESS
Description
Dimension
Default
BET1
BET2
/LIT
STAT
K1
Version 11.61
313
BEMESS
Item
Description
DDEB
WKB
Dimension
Default
mm
DDES
mm/LIT
WK
The simple crack width check with the limitation of the steel stress with
tables is controlled with DDES and WK=TAB via the environmental conditions or the crack width in the records GRP, ELEM or NODE.
The precise" crack width check with a direct calculation (DAfStbHeft 400,
EuroCode 2 or DIN 10451) is activated via the input of a value for WK in the
record CRAC. The concrete tensile stress BETZ of the record MAT has not to
be defined then to zero. The parameters WK to K1 are used only for the precise" check.
This record remains effective until another CRAC record is input. Without a
CRAC input, no service load checks occur!
314
Version 11.61
BEMESS
MREI Minimum
Reinforcement
MREI
Item
Description
FFCT
KC
ROBU
PARA
Dimension
Default
YES
Version 11.61
315
BEMESS
input in record GRP! Then WKU is used for the minimum reinforcement and
SIGA is used for the limitation of the crack width without a direct calculation
according to table 21.
Example: see bemess2.dat.
The check of a minimum reinforcement for the safety of a ductile member behaviour (robustness reinforcement) occurs with an input for ROBU (at this
time only for twocourse reinforcement). The check according to DIN10451
with a crack moment due to the concrete tensile strength fctm is performed
with ROBU=FCTM. With CTRL ROBU=FCTK the design runs with fctk for
DINFB. However, a different tensile strength may be input with ROBU, e.g.
ROBU=2.50 (N/mm2). The crack moment can be converted into a necessary
minimum reinforcement with a fixed lever arm value kz=0.9 and the steel
yield strength fyk.
Varying MREI input is possible with multiple input. A MREI input defines
the values for the following GRP selection.
316
Version 11.61
BEMESS
3.6.
Item
Description
SIGS
NSTR
Dimension
Default
N/mm2
SIGT
N/mm2
0.454*
SIGS
CHKC
CHKS
Version 11.61
317
BEMESS
Item
Description
Dimension
Default
FATC
days
LS_U
LS_L
LS_V
LS_P
FACU
FACL
FACV
FACP
1.75
1.4
1.75
1.75
N/mm2
SIGP
LOCP
Attention: Using SIGS, SIGT, CHKS, LS_U, LS_L, LS_V, FAKU, FAKL or
FAKV, the reinforcement will be increased to fullfill the check.
Using CHKC, the stress will only be calculated and has to be checked by the
user usually graphically in WINGRAF.
The stress amplitude of the reinforcement may be verified with the input record NSTR. At first a normal design occurs with possible additional service-
318
Version 11.61
BEMESS
Version 11.61
319
BEMESS
A fatigue check for steel is realized, if at least an input for LS_U, LS_L, LS_V,
FAKU, FAKL or FAKV is done. Here SIGS means according to 4.3.7.5 DIN
FB 102:
SIGS + Ds Rsk N *
Example for fatigue check: See DIN_FB_Platte.dat
320
Version 11.61
BEMESS
3.7.
Item
Description
CONC
STEE
MAT
Dimension
Default
Concrete class
15,25,35,45,55
DIN 10451988
C12,C16,C20,C25,
C30,C35,C40,C45,
C50
EC2/DIN 10451
(dependent on
country code, see
program AQUA
record NORM
BS20,BS25,BS30,
BS40,BS50
Britisch Standard
OENORM B 4700,
EHE, ACI
only from database
*
Concrete from the
database, else 25
LIT
LIT
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Item
Description
Dimension
Default
LIT
K1S
BETZ
MPa
MINC
0.2
MSTA
LIT
YES
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Description
Dimension
Default
T011
MPa
T02
MPa
T03
MPa
AM3
FC
FY
MPa
MPa
*
*
TU0
TUGR
TRD
MPa
MPa
MPa
*
*
*
SC1
SC2
SS1
SS2
*
*
*
*
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SC1
SC2
SS1
SS2
1.50
1.75
1.00
1.50
1.50
1.50
1/0.9
1.50
2.10
1.00
1.50
1.50
1.50
1/0.7
1.15
1.75
1.00
1.15
1.15
1.05
1/0.9
1.15
2.10
1.00
1.15
1.15
1.05
1/0.7
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See also:
3.8.
Item
Description
GEOM
Dimension
Default
Plate thickness
Default: as available in the database
mm
HA
Centre distance of the upper outer reinforcement from the upper plate edge
mm
35
DHA
mm
10
HB
Centre distance of the lower outer reinforcement from the lower plate edge
mm
HA
DHB
mm
DHA
DDHA
Centre distance of the upper inner reinforcement from the middle reinforcement
mm
DHA
DDHB
Center distance of the lower inner reinforcement from the middle reinforcement
mm
DHB
HPRE
mm
The inputs for HA, DHA, HB, DHB, DDHA and DDHB have no effect for disk
structures.
This record remains effective until another record GEOM is input. More explanations are to be found in the description of the records DIRE and THRE.
Note
The design of orthotropic plates by BEMESS requires additional effort. A different thickness should be defined for each load case and each direction of the
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principal moments. In such cases BEMESS prints a warning; the user should
specify the thicknesses explicitly.
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See also:
3.9.
GEOM
Item
Description
GEO
Dimension
Default
Plate thickness
Default: as available in the database
cm*
HA
Centre distance of the upper outer reinforcement from the upper plate edge
cm*
3.5
DHA
cm*
HB
Centre distance of the lower outer reinforcement from the lower plate edge
cm*
HA
DHB
cm*
DHA
DDHA
Centre distance of the upper inner reinforcement from the middle reinforcement
cm*
DHA
DDHB
Center distance of the lower inner reinforcement from the middle reinforcement
cm*
DHB
HPRE
cm*
* The input is done here in cm. For an input in mm and further explanations
> see record GEOM.
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3.10.
Item
Description
UPP
LOW
TYPE
DIRE
Dimension
Default
Angle between the upper main reinforcement direction and the local x axis (between 0 and 180)
Angle between the lower main reinforcement direction and the local x axis (between 0 and 180)
degrees
degrees
LIT
FEST
m
m
m
FIX
The reinforcement direction, if it was determined once, remains the same for all
other load cases. This allows the determination of the maximum reinforcement for
all load cases together.
FREE
The reinforcement direction is determined separately for each load case. The
maximum reinforcement and the suggested reinforcement are not calculated.
X
Y
Z
An orthogonal steel mesh can be laid both at the upper (support reinforcement) than also at the lower side (span reinforcement). The direction of the
main reinforcement is specified and the transverse reinforcement is perpendicular to it. Clockwise angles are positive and they are defined in degrees.
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They are relative to the x axis of the local coordinate system, which is in the
case of plane problems identical with the global coordinate system. The location of the coordinate system in threedimensional cases can be defined in
GENF.
If UPP and LOW are input with the value 1, the main reinforcement direction is prescribed automatically in the x or the y direction depending on the
existing stress. TYPE controls in such case only whether this process is repeated for every load case (e.g. for recognition of the main stressing) or
whether a direction is retained, if it is selected for superposition purposes. An
automatic direction choice in main stress direction is not implemented.
If a value is input for UPP or LOW, the main reinforcement (the reinforcement position with the larger statical effective height) is laid in that direction,
even if the main stress is in another direction.
Any input for LOW is ignored in the case of disk structures; the reinforcement
directions are the same at both sides.
A special option allows the design of a circular mesh reinforcement by defining a reference circle centre and the items UPP/LOW equal to 0 or 90 degrees.
Then the radial or tangential reinforcement lies at the outer side.
In the case of threedimensional systems, Z=0 defines a Z axis through the
point X,Y. If Z is not equal to 0, then X=0 defines a X axis through Y,Z, and Y=0
a Y axis through X,Z. The tangential direction has priority against the radial
direction in the case of diagonally cut elements. At DIRE 0 0 the 2nd layer lies
then tangential, while the 1st layer can deviate perpendicularly to the radial
direction.
In the normal case of the spiral stair the input DIRE 0 0 0 0 0 is correct for
all elements. The stair links lie then as principal direction outside in radial
direction, the structural irons are tangential in the 2nd layer (with X=Y=0 =
spiral axis).
This record remains effective until another record DIRE (or THRE) is input.
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See also:
3.11.
Item
Description
ABEX
THRE
Dimension
Default
Angle between the upper outer reinforcement direction and the local x axis (between 0 and 180)
degrees
0.
ABMI
Angle between the upper middle reinforcement direction and the local x axis
(between 0 and 180)
degrees
90.
ABIN
Angle between the upper inner reinforcement direction and the local x axis (between 0 and 180)
degrees
BEEX
Angle between the lower outer reinforcement direction and the local x axis (between 0 and 180)
degrees
0.
BEMI
Angle between the lower middle reinforcement direction and the local x axis
(between 0 and 180)
degrees
90.
BEIN
Angle between the lower inner reinforcement direction and the local x axis (between 0 and 180)
degrees
The upper reinforcement mesh (support reinforcement) and the lower reinforcement mesh (span reinforcement) are selected independently of each
other; thus two and threecourse reinforcement is simultaneously possible.
An orthogonal twocourse reinforcement laid at both sides should be specified, however, by means of the record DIRE. The angles of the reinforcement
directions are defined in degrees and they are positive in the clockwise direction. They are relative to the x axis of the local coordinate system. The terms
main and transverse reinforcement in THRE are used analogously, e.g in reference to the percentage parameter MINC of the input record MAT.
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Any input for the parameters BEEX, BEMI and BEIN is ignored in the case
of disk structures. The reinforcement directions are the same at both sides.
The service load checks are not performed for skew two and three course
meshes.
This record remains effective until another THRE (or DIRE) record is input.
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See also:
3.12.
Item
Description
NOG
NOEL
Group number
* no input: values for all groups
Element number
DU
DU2
DU3
PARA
Dimension
Default
mm
mm
mm
10
DU
DU2
DL
DL2
DL3
mm
mm
mm
DU
DL
DL2
WKU
WKU2
WKU3
mm
mm
mm
WKL
WKL2
WKL3
mm
mm
mm
SSU
SSU2
SSU3
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
SSU
SSU2
SSL
SSL2
SSL3
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
SSU
SSL
SSL2
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Description
Dimension
Default
ASU
ASU2
ASU3
cm@/m
cm@/m
cm@/m
ASL
ASL2
ASL3
cm@/m
cm@/m
cm@/m
BSU
BSU2
BSU3
cm@/m
cm@/m
cm@/m
BSL
BSL2
BSL3
cm@/m
cm@/m
cm@/m
TYPE
The design parameter, for example the geometry with GEOM and the reinforcement direction with DIRE, had to be input up to now always again for
some BEMESS calculations in one input file. With the new concept the inputs
have to be defined only once for a separate BEMESS calculation. Then they
are available in the database for all following calculations. In this separate
BEMESS calculation all inputs from DIRE, THRE and GEOM (except for
GEOD) can be done. A following PARA input is necesary to define the group
or element selection. Only the design task and the elements which should be
designed have to be input in the other BEMESS calculations.
Manual inputs for PUNC are saved also in the database. They have to be defined only in one BEMESS input.
With PARA ... TYPE MOD only defined values of this input line are used for
special groups or elements. Previous global data to DIRE or GEOM are not
changed. Also defaults e.g. for DU2=DU are not set. All values that shall be
modified must be set! Usage e.g.:
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BEMESS
GEOM
PARA
GEOM
PARA
$
PARA
HA 25 DHA
NOG DU 10
HA 40 DHA
NOG 3 DL 20
$
$
$
$
Exposition XC1
class F
Exposition XC4
class E
This type of input is only allowed in the ASCII input and is not supported via
the SSD reinforcement dialog.
Example: see bemess6_din1045_1.dat.
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3.13.
Item
Description
TYPE
PUNC
Dimension
Default
LIT
X
Y
Z
m
m
m
D
B
m
m
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Item
Description
Dimension
Default
HEAD
m/LIT
DHEA
RO_V
1.5
MREI
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Description
LC_P
REIN
Dimension
Default
kN
The punching check is performed with the maximum support reaction with
the load cases defined in LC. If no support reactions are found, also no punching check occurs. With PUNC node number HEAD OFF a node can be deselected from punching checks.
For systems which are loaded with single loads the punching force integration is activated, because these single loads result often from higher floors.
It is also possible to input the node number of a punching node for DUST
TYPE, e.g. DUST 518 D 0.30 for a circular column at the node 518.
The punching check at wall ends and wall corners can be deactivated with
PUNC WALL HEAD DUEB RO_V 0.0 for a later manual design (With RO_V
0.0 the program does not increase the reinforcement in no case.)
For simplification of the input it is possible to define PUNC CHEK instead
of PUNC HEAD DUEB.
The collapse reinforcement according to DIN10451, 13.3.2(12) is considered
automatically. In this case the reinforcement Ved/fyk is distributed at the effective column circumference. No collapse reinforcement is used at wall ends.
IF punching shear links are required for DIN 10451, the DUST...ro_v value
is no taken for the longitudinal reinforcement. As sometimes too high shear
reinforcement occurs, a negative input for MREI can be used only if shear reinforcement is necessary.
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BEMESS
See also:
3.14.
Item
Description
NO
PERC
LC
Dimension
Default
AUTO
100
AUTO selects all necessary load cases for a normal design and sets the design
task. In dependence of the load cases CTRL TYPE SERV or CTRL TYPE
ULTI is set (please also refer to CTRL GALF).
With LC DESI/ULTI the load cases which were superpositioned with program MAXIMA for the design with ultimate limit loads are selected automatically. For codes with actions, LC DESI has to be taken, for codes without
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actions, LC ULTI is more correct. Please check the selected load cases in the
BEMESS output.
Using LC ACCI/EARQ please check the material safety factors (see record
MAT).
The input of the load cases with maximum support reactions is also necessary
for punching checks.
Service load checks are reasonable only for load cases for which PERC is different from 0; in the case PERC equal to 0 they are carried out with a warning.
For stress range this input PERC is not possible then only 100 % are allowed
(refer to NSTR SIGS).
The input of PERC is possible for the service checks according to the EuroCode 2; however, this procedure is not described in the EC2 specifications.
The correct way is that the service load and limit load checks according to
EuroCode 2 for different load case combinations should be performed in two
separate design calculations:
First of all the statically required reinforcement for the limit load combination is calculated and saved in the database by means of CTRL
RMOD SAVE.
Then follows the service load checks; the computed reinforcement is
saved with the option CTRL RMOD SUPE.
The result of these two designs is then a reinforcement superposition which
fufills both checks; it is printed in the 2nd design calculation with ECHO RTAB
YES and it is of course available for graphical representations by means of
the program WING.
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BEMESS
See also:
3.15.
LC ELEM NODE
Item
Description
NO
Group number
Default: all groups
GRP
Dimension
Default
N/mm2
N/mm2
ENVB
WKU
WKL
SIGU
SIGL
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All elements and nodes of the defined groups are used for the checks with the
record GRP. In this way GRP replaces the records ELEM and NODE.
With the input of an evironmental condition a crack width check occurs with
the bar diameter input in CRAC DDES according to DIN10451988 table
14 or EC2 4.4.2.2.
With the input of a crack width a crack width check occurs with the bar diameter input in CRAC DDES according to DIN 10451 table 20.
The steel stress for the permanent loading is limited with the input for SIBA
and SIGB (see record LC). In this way the check according to the tables for
the maximum values of the reinforcement bar distances may occur now for
all design codes.
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BEMESS
See also:
3.16.
Item
Description
FROM
TO
INC
ELEM
Dimension
Default
FROM
1
WKA
N/mm2
N/mm2
WKB
SIGA
SIGB
A design or a stress analysis for the load case LC is carried out for all elements
from FROM to TO in increments of INC.
With the input of an evironmental condition a crack width check occurs with
the bar diameter input in CRAC DDES according to DIN10451988 table
14 or EC2 4.4.2.2.
With the input of a crack width a crack width check occurs with the bar diameter input in CRAC DDES according to DIN 10451 table 20.
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The steel stress for the permanent loading is limited with the input for SIBA
and SIGB (see record LC). In this way the check according to the tables for
the maximum values of the reinforcement bar distances may occur now for
all design codes.
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BEMESS
See also:
3.17.
LC GRP ELEM
Item
Description
FROM
NODE
Dimension
Default
FROM
1
ENVA
ENVB
GROU
Node groups
Default: all groups
N/mm2
N/mm2
TO
INC
SIGA
SIGB
A design for the load case LC is carried out for all nodes from FROM to TO
in increments of INC.
With the input of an evironmental condition a crack width check occurs with
the bar diameter input in CRAC DDES according to DIN10451988 table
14 or EC2 4.4.2.2.
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With the input of a crack width a crack width check occurs with the bar diameter input in CRAC DDES according to DIN 10451 table 20.
The steel stress for the permanent loading is limited with the input for SIBA
and SIGB (see record LC). In this way the check according to the tables for
the maximum values of the reinforcement bar distances may occur now for
all design codes.
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BEMESS
See also:
3.18.
LC
Item
Description
NO
NO1
Element number
Additional number used for distinction of
several input records
MX
MY
MXY
VX
VY
NX
NY
NXY
Dimension
Default
1
0
kNm/m
kNm/m
kNm/m
kN/m
kN/m
kN/m
kN/m
kN/m
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
For the input of external forces and moments the informations which are
saved in the database may be ignored possibly. This means that an element
thickness has to be input and that the shear reinforcement per element as
well as the reinforcement index can not be determined.
Results are not saved in the database!
External forces and moments are assigned to the load case 1; the results can
not be saved.
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3.19.
Item
Description
OPT
VAL
ECHO
Dimension
Default
LIT
FULL
LIT
FULL
YES
NO
The design results of all single load cases are output with ECHO REIN FULL.
For usage of materials from the data base the material number of the reinforcement MRF is printed too.
ECHO REIN EXTR supplies the applied lever arm of the inner forces.
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BEMESS
Only the elements that require a reinforcement increase from the stress amplitude check are printed with ECHO SIGS FULL. ECHO SIGS EXTR generates the maximum stresses of all load cases per element as well as the used
updated lever arms. Additionally it is possible to check the stress amplitudes
with ECHO SIGS EXTR. Only the maximum is output for ECHO SIGS YES.
All warnings and error reports are printed with ECHO WARN FULL and
with that they are not suppressed anymore from a specific number.
All warnings and error reports are printed with ECHO WARN YES (default).
With ECHO WARN No the warning or error report which is defined with the
number No is not output.
The meaning of the ECHO options is more explained in the chapter 4: Output
Description.
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Output Description.
The printout begins with an information about the used design code and for
which design state (ultimate limit state, serviceability limit state) the design
is done.
4.1.
Design Parameter
The design parameter are printed with ECHO PARA YES (default).
In the first table the load cases which are used for the design are printed for
check purposes:
Load Cases for the Design
Loadcase
If checks for serviceability were done, then the factor of the permanent acting
load in percent is printed in a table:
Load Cases with factors of dead load in per cent
LcNo
per cent
Material number
Nominal strength of concrete
Computed strength of concrete
Yield stress of steel
Final strength of steel
Tensile strength of concrete
Ratio Es/Eb
Transverse reinforcement ratio
Type of loading
Materialsafetyfactors
Version 11.61
41
BEMESS
Mat
concr
SC1
SC2
steel
SS1
SS2
The information about the geometry and about the elements which are designed are printed at the end:
Geometry (axial covers)
No
heupper [mm]
hmupper [mm]
hiupper [mm]
helower [mm]
hmlower [mm]
hilower [mm]
Elem. height
42
group number
element number
upper bar distance to the edge
lower bar distance to the edge
upper bar distance 2nd layer to the edge
Version 11.61
BEMESS
The table of the selected elements is printed definitively for the design parameters:
Selection of elements
Group
Element
Version 11.61
43
BEMESS
Node
from
to
inc
GEOMETRY
LIVENo
crack width
upper [mm]
lower side [mm]
4.2.
Design Results
The design results in the elements and nodes are printed as next one:
REINFORCEMENT ACC. TO design code in [cm2/m] upper/lower
General load safety factor as defined in BEMESS: Gammaf =
Shear: stresses VEd/d and VRd,ct/d with d=effective depth = hhm
Shear index 2m = minimum shear reinforcement
Group
ELEM No
NODE No
LC No
No1
MAT No
MBW
GEO No
h [m]
Reinforcement
main
cross
dir
dphi deg
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Shear zone
Design value of shear 1st value
Possible shear force
2nd value
Shear reinforcement per m2
describes the maximum reinforcement from
all single load cases
no output
only output of the maximum values
additionally design results of all load cases
Lastflle
additionally lever arm for upper and lower
reinforcement, information about V_design,
VRD1 (design value of the sustainable shear
force without shear reinforcement),
VRD2 (design value of the sustainable shear
force with shear reinforcement)
and ro (longitudinal reinforcement ratio)
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BEMESS
Asm
Asi
diameter [mm]
da
dm
di
Reinforcmt req.
Asa
Asm
Asi
4.3.
Reinforcement List
A list of the the maximum reinforcement is output with ECHO RTAB YES
after the reinforcement analysis:
Maximum Reinforcement [cm2/m]
(stored in data base file with reinforcementdistributionno. No)
Element
Element number or
Node
Node number
Group
Group number (for nodes only)
upper:As
Upper longitudinal reinforcement
Ast
Upper transverse reinforcement
dir
Upper reinforcement direction
lower:As
Lower longitudinal reinforcement
Ast
Lower transverse reinforcement
dir
Lower reinforcement direction
Ass [cm2/m2]
Shear reinforcement
AssE [cm2]
Shear reinforcement (for elements only)
4.4.
The design internal moments are printed with an explicit input ECHO
DMOM YES:
Design Moments
in [kNm/m] upper / lower
+ signs the concrete stiffening moment (two course reinforcement
active)
+ signs design shear forces requiring shear reinforcement
* signs undesignable design moments/ membrane forces
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4.5.
Element number
Number NO1 from record S
Upper first layer
Upper second layer
Upper third layer
Lower first layer
Lower second layer
Lower third layer
Shear stress in MPa
If external forces and moments were defined with the record S, then these are
output with ECHO EFOR YES (default):
Shell Forces and Moments
ELNo
No1
mxx [kNm/m]
myy [kNm/m]
mxy [kNm/m]
vx [kN/m]
vy [kN/m]
Version 11.61
Element number
further number
Bending moment mxx
Bending moment myy
Bending moment mxy
Shear force vx
Shear force vy
47
BEMESS
nxx [kN/m]
nyy [kN/m]
nxy [kN/m]
4.6.
Punching Check
Only a summary of the punching checks is output with ECHO PUNC YES
(default):
Punching Design (design code)
CONCLUSION
NodeNo
Typ
X [m]
Y [m]
VULS [kN]
dcol [m]
ucrit [m]
=%u0 [o/o]
vmax [MPa]
AssSum [cm2]
ast [cm2/m]
nperi
Node number
Member type for punching check:
I
inner column
E edge colum
C corner column
F foundation
W wall end
L wall corner
G girder end
Coordinates of the node
Maximum shear force
Column diameter
Effective length of the 1st perimeter,
reduced due to openings and edges
Reduction factor due to openeingsand free
edges = u0/(u0tot)
Shear stress
Shear reinforcement, total sum of all
perimeters
Minimum required bending reinforcement
in punching zone
Perimeter till where shear reinforcement is
necessary
The extensive output is printed with ECHO PUNC FULL , e.g. for a wall end:
Punching Design (design code)
Node number
=
48
X=
[m]
Y=
[m]
Version 11.61
BEMESS
[m]
[kN/m]
4.7.
The results of the fatigue and/or stress amplitude check for the elements
and/or nodes with the maximum values are printed with ECHO NSTR YES
(default) or ECHO SIGS FULL (default, additionally to ECHO NSTR):
Stell stress, concrete pressure, stress range
Group
E=ELEM
N=NODE
Stress range on top
Asa [MPa]
Asm [MPa]
Asi [MPa]
Stress range bottom
Asa [MPa]
Version 11.61
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BEMESS
Asm [MPa]
Asi [MPa]
links
Ass [MPa]
cocnre
sigc [MPa]
steel
sigmax [MPa]
The results of the fatigue or stress amplitude check for all elements and nodes
are output additionally with ECHO NSTR EXTR or ECHO SIGS EXTR (additionally to ECHO NSTR). Furthermore the tensile stress, the lever arm
and/or the zeroline position are printed for all elements and nodes in dependence on the reinforcement layer (on top / bottom) and the load cases and finally the stress ranges for the reinforcement within the table of the reinforcement (see subchapter: Design Results) .
ELEM No
ELEM No
NODE No
NODE No
" as=
4.8.
bottom lay. No
top
lay. No
bottom lay. No
top
lay. No
.. [cm2/m] :
...
...
...
...
...
N/mm2 leverarm
N/mm2 zeroline
N/mm2 leverarm
N/mm2 zeroline
=
... N/mm2
= ...m
outside
= ... m
outside
Stress Determination
If the element stresses were calculated with CTRL STRE, then these stresses
are output with ECHO STRE EXTR:
Shell Stresses
ELEM No
Loadcase
T [m]
sigx [MPa]
sigy [MPa]
sigxy [MPa]
sigI [MPa]
sigII [MPa]
alpha [grad]
tau [MPa]
410
upper/lower
Element number
Load case number
Element thickness
Element stresses
Principal stresses
Angle of the principal stress sigI
Shear stress
Version 11.61
BEMESS
upper/lower
Group
Group number
NODE No
Node number
and the output values as for elements
The maximum and minimum values are printed as summary at the end of the
table.
Only the maximum and minimum values are output with ECHO NSTR YES
(default) or FULL.
4.9.
Reinforcement Index
el Index
An overview about the total amount of reinforcement is printed with the explicit input ECHO INDX YES:
Reinforcement index:
Version 11.61
. . . (Upper)
. . . (Lower)
. . . (Shear)
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Version 11.61
Examples
5.1.
Bending Design.
BEMESS
AQUA
PLATE IN GROUND WATER
DIN 10451
1 C
30 ; BMAT 1 C 4000.
2 C
30 ; BMAT 2 C 5000.
3 C
30 ; BMAT 3 C 5000.
11 BST 500SA TITL Reinforcement bars
12 BST 500MA TITL mesh reinforcement
13 BST 500SB TITL bar reinforcement high ductile
PROG GENF
HEAD PLATE IN GROUND WATER
PAGE 1
SYST GIRD
$
NODE ( 1 3 1)
(0.0 0.50) 0.0
NODE ( 4 8 1)
(1.75 0.75) 0.0
NODE (9 10 1)
(5.25 0.50) 0.0
NODE (11 13 1)
(6.75 1.00) 0.0
NODE 14
9.0
0.0
NODE (15 17 1)
(9.50 0.50) 0.0
NODE 21
0.0
0.5
NODE 41
0.0
0.95
NODE 61
0.0
1.5
NODE 81
0.0
2.0
NODE (101 161 20) 0.0
(3.0 1.0)
NODE 181
0.0
6.45
NODE 197
10.5
6.45
$
GRP 0 T .4
IMES 1 17 1
181 20
MNO 1
$ NEGATIVE NODENUMBERS REDEFINITION FROM MNO
QUAD ( 1 16 1) MNO 2
QUAD (21 36 1) MNO 2
QUAD (41 56 1) MNO 2
Version 11.61
51
BEMESS
QUAD
QUAD
QUAD
$
SPRI
SPRI
SPRI
$
END
(61 76 1)
(94 154 20)
(95 155 20)
22
29
36
22 DZ 1 CP 40000.
29 ==
36 ==
Then the loads of the single load cases are defined with the program SOFILOAD. The input for the program SEPP which calculates the internal forces
and moments is very simple. Only the load case numbers have to be input
with the record LC.
PROG SOFILOAD
HEAD Loads
ECHO FULL EXTR
LC
1
DLZ 1.0
QUAD 41 176
1 PG 40.0
QUAD 28
29
1 PG (180+140+40+50)/(0.5*1.0)
NODE 49
MYY 40*1.60
LINE QGRP 0 TYPE MXX P1 13.4 X1 0
Y1 0.95
P2 13.4 X2 10.5 Y2 0.95
LINE QGRP 0 TYPE MXX P1 +13.4 X1 0
Y1 6.45
P2 +13.4 X2 10.5 Y2 6.45
LINE QGRP 0 TYPE MYY P1 13.4 X1 0
Y1 0.95
P2 13.4 X2 0
Y2 6.45
LINE QGRP 0 TYPE MYY P1 +13.4 X1 10.5 Y1 0.95
P2 +13.5 X2 10.5 Y2 6.45
$
LC
2
DLZ 1.0
QUAD 41 176
1 PG 40.0
QUAD 28
29
1 PG (180+140+40+50)/(0.5*1.0)
END
PROG SEPP
HEAD
ECHO DISP,REAC,FORC,NOST,BEDD NO
LC 1,2
END
The input for a pure bending design is usually very easy. In the following
example only the centre distances of the concrete covers, the selection of the
design load cases and the selection of the elements are defined. If the record
ELEM is omitted, all elements are calculated in the centre of gravity and in
the element nodes.
52
Version 11.61
BEMESS
1
2
Material (DIN10451)
Mat
fck
fcr
fyk
[MPa] [MPa] [MPa]
1
30.0
25.5
2
30.0
25.5
3
30.0
25.5
11
500.0
steel SS1
SS2
1.15
1.15
Version 11.61
53
BEMESS
all
After the list of the punching checks which are explained more in example 3
the list of the bending design follows with the output of the design results in
the elements.
REINFORCEMENT ACC. TO DIN10451 in [cm2/m]
upper/lower
General load safety factor as defined in BEMESS: Gammaf = 1.45
Shear: stresses VEd/d and VRd,ct/d with d=effective depth = hhm
Shear index 2m = minimum shear reinforcement
ELEM
LC MAT GEO
h Reinforcement
dphi Shr VEd/d
Ass
No
No No No [m] main cross dir deg zon [MPa] [cm2/m2]
MBW
VRd,ct/d
1
1
2
1 0.40 10.30 10.30
0
45
1 0.504
11
6.05 6.05
0
0
0.504
2
2
1 0.40 10.30 10.30
0
43
1 0.504
11
6.05 6.05
0
0
0.504
maximum
10.30 10.30
0
1 0.504
11
6.05 6.05
0
0.504
2
1
2
1 0.40 10.30 10.30
0
45
1 0.504
11
6.05 6.05
0
45
0.504
2
2
1 0.40 10.30 10.30
0
40
1 0.504
11
6.05 6.05
0
50
0.504
maximum
10.30 10.30
0
1 0.504
11
6.05 6.05
0
0.504
3
1
2
1 0.40 10.30 10.30
0
58
1 0.264
11
6.05 6.05
0
32
0.302
2
2
1 0.40 10.30 10.30
0
52
1 0.271
11
6.05 6.05
0
38
0.302
maximum
10.30 10.30
0
1 0.271
11
6.05 6.05
0
0.302
. . .
174
175
54
1
11
2
1
11
maximum
11
1
1
11
2
1
11
maximum
1 0.40
1 0.40
1.70
0.01
0.67
0.01
1.70
1.50
0.04
0.28
0.04
1.50
1 0.40
1 0.40
1.49
0.01
0.38
0.01
1.46
0.03
0.24
0.03
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
30
67
23
1
1
1
38
57
33
1
1
0.015
0.195
0.010
0.192
0.015
0.195
0.015
0.189
0.012
0.188
0.015
Version 11.61
BEMESS
176
11
1
1
11
2
1
11
maximum
11
1.49
1.46
1.31
1.40
0.13
0.18
1.31
1.40
1 0.40
1 0.40
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
55
1
53
1
0.189
0.010
0.186
0.010
0.186
0.010
0.186
196
2
11
2
2
11
maximum
11
1
2
11
2
2
11
1 0.40
1 0.40
1.60
0.01
0.52
0.01
1.60
1.43
0.07
0.20
0.07
1.43
1.43
1.38
0.02
0.16
1 0.40
1 0.40
Version 11.61
0.28
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
29
67
23
1
1
1
33
60
30
0.015
0.191
0.011
0.188
0.015
0.191
0.012
0.185
0.011
0.184
55
BEMESS
197
maximum
11
1
2
11
2
2
11
maximum
11
1.43
0.02
1.38
1 0.40
1.32
1.35
1 0.40
0.13
1.32
0.13
1.35
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
42
1
44
1
0.012
0.185
0.010
0.184
0.010
0.184
0.010
0.184
0.01
0.01
0.04
0.03
0
0
0
1.70
1.49
1.31
1.50
1.46
1.40
0
0
0
56
0
0
0
0.01
0.07
0.02
0
0
0
1.60
1.43
1.32
1.43
1.38
1.35
0
0
0
Version 11.61
BEMESS
The first load case 1 defines the direction of the reinforcement. The main reinforcement is placed always here in Y direction. The load case 2 uses then the
chosen direction. Usually the reinforcement direction and the definition of
the external layer is prescribed firmly with the input RICH 0 0 (default).
Only the maximum of the reinforcement determination from the load cases
1 and 2 is printed as the default. A shear reinforcement is not necessary in
this example.
As example for the graphical output the pictures of the upper and lower reinforcement in the elements are printed subsequently:
Upper einforcement in elements design case 1
Lower reinforcement in elements design case 1
Version 11.61
57
BEMESS
5.2.
The first example of a pure bending design is expanded now by the service
load checks. They occur according to DIN10451 together with the check of
the compliance of the compression zone thickness.
PROG BEMESS
HEAD PLATE IN GROUND WATER Design with crack control German DIN10451
HEAD Design of all Elements and Nodes
ECHO REIN FULL
CRAC XMIN 5 DDES 16 WK TAB
GEOM
40 10 40 10 $ mm
LC
1,2 PERC 100
GRP WKU 0.3 WKL 0.3 $ Check according to table
END
With the input CRAC XMIN 5" the check of the minimum compression zone
height is requested, here 5 cm. The input WK TAB for CRAC causes that the
crack width check occurs according to table. The crack width check according
to table uses the following inputs:
bar diameter 16 mm with the input CRAC ... DDES 16
factor of the permanent load with the input LC ... PERC 100
crack widths with the input GRP ... WKU 0.3 WKL 0.3
The list of the input data follows:
Design according to DIN10451
Loadcases have been calculated in the Serviceability State
General load safety factor as defined in BEMESS: Gammaf = 1.45
Load Cases for the Design
Loadcase
Loadcase
1
2
58
Version 11.61
BEMESS
3
30.0
25.5
2.896 6.3 0.20 mainly static
11
500.0 525.0
A robustness minimum reinforcement has not been requested [MREI] and
has to be checked separately.
A minimum reinforcement has not been requested [MREI] and
has to be checked separately.
Reduction of FC in case of transvers tension = 25.0 [o/o]
Materialsafetyfactors:
Mat
concr SC1
SC2
1
1.50 1.50
2
1.50 1.50
3
1.50 1.50
11
steel SS1
SS2
1.15
1.15
Version 11.61
59
BEMESS
510
Version 11.61
BEMESS
11
2
2
11
maximum
11
1
2
11
2
2
11
maximum
11
5.51
1.10
4.80
1.18
5.51
4.08
6.53
4.08
5.55
4.08
6.53
1.18
4.08
2.03
4.08
2.03
4.08
2.03
1.70
0.01
0.67
0.01
1.70
1.50
0.04
0.28
0.04
1.50
1.49
0.01
0.38
0.01
1.49
1.46
0.03
0.24
0.03
1.46
1.31
1.40
0.13
0.18
1.31
1.40
1 0.40
1 0.40
1 0.40
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
****
1 1.00
12
**** GRZD
1
0
1
0
3
1 1.00
1
****
1 1.00
1
****
1
0.288
0.162
0.288
0.165
0.288
0.160
0.263
0.149
0.276
0.160
0.276
. . .
174
175
176
1
11
2
1
11
maximum
11
1
1
11
2
1
11
maximum
11
1
1
11
2
1
11
maximum
11
1 0.40
1 0.40
1 0.40
1 0.40
1 0.40
1 0.40
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
30
67
23
1 1.00
**** GRZD
1 1.00 **** GRZD
**** GRZD
1
1
38
57
33
1 1.00
**** GRZD
1 1.00 **** GRZD
**** GRZD
1
1
1 1.00
**** GRZD
1 1.00
53
Version 11.61
55
1
**** GRZD
1
0.015
0.195
0.010
0.192
0.015
0.195
0.015
0.189
0.012
0.188
0.015
0.189
0.010
0.186
0.010
0.186
0.010
0.186
Reinforcmt req.
Asa
Asm
Asi
6.58 6.58
6.58 6.58
6.58 6.58
6.58 6.58
6.58 6.58
6.58 6.58
6.58 6.58
6.58 6.58
6.58 6.58
6.58 6.58
6.58 6.58
511
BEMESS
2 L
U
1 L
U
2 L
U
1 L
2 L
1 L
2 L
6
7
0.04>0.3
0.02>0.3
0.04>0.3
0.01>0.3
0.04>0.3
0.01>0.3
0.02>0.3
0.02>0.3
0.02>0.3
0.03>0.3
3.56
0.17
4.84
0.02
4.24
0.05
5.51
4.80
6.53
5.55
1.72
0.84
1.46
0.08
1.52
0.23
1.10
1.18
1.31
1.11
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
6.58
6.58
6.58
6.58
6.58
6.58
6.98
6.58
8.28
7.04
6.58
6.58
6.58
6.58
6.58
6.58
6.58
6.58
6.58
6.58
1.70
0.67
0.01
1.49
0.38
0.01
1.31
0.13
1.50
0.28
0.04
1.46
0.24
0.03
1.40
0.18
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
6.58
6.58
6.58
6.58
6.58
6.58
6.58
6.58
6.58
6.58
6.58
6.58
6.58
6.58
6.58
6.58
. . .
174
1 L 0.03>0.3
2 L 0.03>0.3
U 0.00>0.3
1 L 0.02>0.3
2 L 0.02>0.3
U 0.00>0.3
1 L 0.02>0.3
2 L 0.02>0.3
175
176
6.58
6.58
6.58
6.58
0
0
0
6.58
6.58
6.58
6.58
6.58
6.58
0
0
0
Explanations:
For element 5 LC 1 at the lower side (ELEM 5 LC 1 L) the compression zone
512
Version 11.61
BEMESS
thickness with the reinforcement Asa=4.84 cm2/m from the bending design
is 4 cm (x=.04 m first line of the table LIVELOAD DESIGN ACCORDING
TO DIN 10451"). With that the compression zone thickness is smaller than
the necessary thickness of 5 cm. Thus the check of the compression zone
thickness is decisive. The reinforcement is increased for so long until the
necessary thickness is reached. 6.58 cm2/m results here.
For ELEM 6 LC 1 L the available compression zone thickness after the bending design is only 2 cm (x=.02m). It is also smaller than the required thickness
of 5 cm. A necessary reinforcement from the check of the compression zone
thickness would be only 6.58 cm2/m. The determinant reinforcement of as=
6.98 cm2/m results here from the crack width check with the limit bar diameter of 16 cm.
For ELEM 7 LC 1 L the necessary reinforcement of 8.28 cm2/m results also
from the crack width check with the limit bar diameter of 16 cm. The bending
design showed only 6.53 cm2/m.
In ELEM 5 LC 1 U the difference is especially large between the reinforcement
from the bending design (0.02 cm2/m in principal direction, 0.08 cm2/m in
tranverse direction) and the identified necessary reinforcement according to
the service load checks (6.58 cm2/m). This results from an only very small
available compressive stress in the compression zone. A compression zone
thickness of 5 cm is attainable only with a very small steel strain and with
that a very small steel stress. A minimum reinforcement of 6.58 cm2/m results for a minimum compression zone thickness of 5 cm from reasons of the
equilibrium.
Version 11.61
513
BEMESS
5.3.
This example is used for the explanation of punching checks at single columns
according to DIN10451. For this purpose a building construction plate supported on 5 columns and external walls is supposed to be calculated for the
ultimate limit state. The figure shows the deformations and edge support reactions of the load case dead weight (the walls are supported elastically).
514
Version 11.61
BEMESS
For the design these load cases have to be indicated now. With CTRL ULTI
it was defined additionally, that the internal forces to be used are already the
ultimate internal forces. The load safety factors were considered already in
these internal forces. In addition the column dimensions 4040 cm were input
globally with the record PUNC in this example:
Version 11.61
515
BEMESS
PROG
HEAD
ECHO
CTRL
BEMESS
Design inclusive Punching Checks
FULL NO ; ECHO PARA,PUNC FULL
ULTI
$ The internal forces and moments contain
$ already the load load safety factors.
LC
AUTO
$ selects all necessary load cases of the MAXIMA
$ ULSSuperposition
$ please check the selected load cases in the result
$ file
PUNC D 0.40 B 0.40
GEOM
30 10 30 10 $ mm
DIRE 0 0
END
Due to the input ECHO PUNC FULL a detailed output of the punching checks
occurs at first. At the following output of an edge column the effective perimeter u is determined to 56 % from u0. With 6.91 cm2/m logitudinal reinforcement the punching check can be filled without shear reinforcement. The designations of the calculated values correspond to the designations in DIN
10451.
Punching Design (DIN10451)
Node number
=
230
X= 5.800 [m]
Y= 0.000 [m]
Max. shear force VULS= 133.5 [kN]
integrated of QUADs
Column size
b= 0.400 [m]
d= 0.400 [m]
Plate thickness hslab= 0.200 [m]
depth 0.165 [m]
1. perimeter at 1.5*d= 0.247 [m]
utot= 3.155 [m]
ucrit= 1.753 [m]
(u= 56 % of utot due to openings, edges or walls> edge column)
Min.reinforc. asupper= 4.89 [cm2/m] (Min.designmoment> edge column)
Min.reinforc aslower= 2.40 [cm2/m] (Min.designmoment> edge column)
Tension reinfor. as >= 6.77 [cm2/m] mue= 0.41 [o/o] VRdct 106.7 [kN/m]
VEd = 1.40*V/ucrit = 106.7 [kN/m]
<= 106.7 [kN/m] =Vrdct
No punching shear reinforcement necessary.
At the end of all detailed checks a summary follows, that is printed also at
ECHO PUNC YES (default, if no ECHO input was done):
Punching Design (DIN10451)
CONCLUSION
NodeNo Typ
X
Y VULS
No
[m]
[m]
[kN]
1 W
0.000 0.200
7.6
230 E
5.800 0.000 133.5
238 I
5.800 4.000 333.4
247 I
5.800 8.000 318.8
468 E 11.600 0.000 127.9
476 I 11.600 4.000 334.4
516
dcol
[m]
0.271
0.452
0.452
0.452
0.452
0.452
ucrit =%u0
[m] [o/o]
0.629
25
1.753
56
3.155
100
3.155
100
1.753
56
3.155
100
vmax AssSum
ast nperi
[MPa] [cm2] [cm2/m]
0.11
0.03
0.65
6.77
0.67
7.62
0.64
6.66
0.62
5.94
0.67
7.69
Version 11.61
BEMESS
11.600 8.000
17.400 0.200
36
25
0.57
0.13
4.60
0.05
Typ
In a second design calculation the column dimensions were varied and an enlarged column head is input at a column. The reinforcement ratio of the longitudinal reinforcement was limited to 0.8 % with RO_V in the record PUNC.
PROG
HEAD
ECHO
CTRL
BEMESS
Smaller and larger columns with shear reinforcement
FULL NO ; ECHO PARA,PUNC,REIN FULL
ULTI
$ The internal forces and moments contain
$ already the load load safety factors.
LC
AUTO
$ selects all necessary load cases of the MAXIMA
$ ULSSuperposition
$ please check the selected load cases in the result
$ file
CTRL LCR 2
PUNC X
Y
D
B HEAD DHEA REIN=0.8
5.800
.000 0.20 0.20
5.800 4.000 0.20 0.20 0.60 0.40
5.800 8.000 0.20 0.20
11.600
.000 0.60 0.60
11.600 4.000 0.20 0.20
GEOM
30 10 30 10 $ mm
DIRE 0 0
END
At the inside column X=11.60, Y=4.00 (in the following section pictures at the
righthand side below) the support reaction V can not be included now anymore without shear reinforcement. BEMESS determines itself a longitudinal
reinforcement of 13.2 cm2/m, with which the punching check with 5.76 cm2
shear reinforcement can occur:
Version 11.61
517
BEMESS
Node number
=
476
X= 11.60 [m]
Y= 4.000 [m]
Max. shear force VULS= 334.4 [kN]
integrated of QUADs
Column size
b= 0.200 [m]
d= 0.200 [m]
Plate thickness hslab= 0.200 [m]
depth 0.165 [m]
1. perimeter at 1.5*d= 0.247 [m]
utot= 2.355 [m]
ucrit= 2.355 [m]
Min.reinforc. asupper= 6.20 [cm2/m] (Min.designmoment> inner column)
Min.reinforc aslower= 5.97 [cm2/m] (collapsreinforcement VULS/fyk)
Tension reinfor. as >= 13.20 [cm2/m] mue= 0.80 [o/o] VRdct 133.3 [kN/m]
mue necessary to satisfy von vRD,max acc. DIN 10451 equation 107!
VEd = 1.05*V/ucrit = 149.1 [kN/m]
> 133.3 [kN/m] =Vrdct
1. design cut of shear reinforcement at point 0.5d > u= 1.318 [m]
Shear reinforcem. Ass= (VEd*ucrit/uVRdc)*u/fyd/kappas (kappas=0.70)
Shear reinforcem. Ass= 5.76 [cm2]
ass= 35.32 [cm2/m2]
to be provided in the 1. perimeter up to columnedge
+ 0.144 [m]
2. perimeter
Ass= 1.74 [cm2]
ass= 10.66 [cm2/m2] til 0.268 [m]
Ass= (VEd(u)VRdc)*u*sw/d/fyd/kappas
Second perimeter only necessary due to DIN 10451 13.3.3(7)
The collaps design acc. DIN 10451 13.3.2(12) increased the lower reinforcement.
Punching Design (DIN10451)
CONCLUSION
NodeNo Typ
X
Y VULS
No
[m]
[m]
[kN]
1 W
0.000 0.200
7.6
230 E
5.800 0.000 133.5
238 I
5.800 4.000 333.4
247 I
5.800 8.000 318.8
468 E 11.600 0.000 127.9
476 I 11.600 4.000 334.4
484 L 11.600 8.000
60.9
632 W 17.400 0.200
8.7
dcol
[m]
0.271
0.226
0.577
0.226
0.678
0.226
0.271
0.271
ucrit =%u0
[m] [o/o]
0.629
25
1.308
56
3.369
100
2.355
100
1.891
56
2.355
100
0.908
36
0.629
25
vmax AssSum
ast nperi
[MPa] [cm2] [cm2/m]
0.11
0.03
0.87
3.90
13.20
2
0.63
6.26
0.86
6.96
13.20
2
0.57
4.73
0.90
7.50
13.20
2
0.57
4.60
0.13
0.05
Cuts about the columns show now the computed necessary reinforcement:
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BEMESS
520
Version 11.61
5.4.
BEMESS
The punching checks at wall ends in the middle of the plate and at the plate
edge according to DIN10451 should be shown with this example of a second
building construction plate with balcony.
As in the previous examples the materials are defined with the program
AQUA. The system is generated with the program GENF.
PROG
HEAD
ECHO
NORM
CONC
STEE
STEE
STEE
CONC
END
AQUA
Example DIN 10451
MAT,SECT EXTR $ producesses pictures in Ursula
DIN 10451
1 C
30 $ C30/37
2 BST 500MA TITL mesh reinforcement
3 BST 500SA TITL bar reinforcement
4 BST 500SB TITL bar reinforcement high ductile
5 C
30 $ Balkon, C30/37
PROG
HEAD
SYST
ECHO
NODE
GENF
Example DIN 10451 Building Construction Plate with Balcony
GIRD GDIV 10000
FULL NO; ECHO SECT,MAT YES
NO
X
Y
101
0
0
121 10
0
$ 50 cm grid
1401
0
7.5 $ 50 cm grid
1421 10
7.5
MESH 101 1401 1421 121 M 13 20 MNO 0 $ node mesh
$
GRP 1 T 0.22 $ slab 1 internal area
MESH 101 1101 1109 109 M 10 8 MNO 1
GRP 2 T 0.22 $ slab 2 internal area
MESH 109 1109 1121 121 M 10 12 MNO 1
Version 11.61
521
BEMESS
GRP 3 T 0.18 $ balcony
MESH 1112 1412 1418 1118 M
$
GRP 0
BOUN 1 TITL External_wall_1
BOUN 2 TITL External_wall_2
BOUN 3 TITL External_wall_3
BOUN 4 TITL External_wall_4
BOUN 5 TITL External_wall_5
BOUN 6 TITL External_wall_6
BOUN 7 TITL Internal_wall_1
BOUN 8 TITL Internal_wall_2
END
;
;
;
;
;
;
;
;
6 MNO 5
500000
500000
500000
500000
500000
500000
500000
500000
The load case dead load and three imposed load cases, two load cases for the
inner plate areas and one load case for the balcony, are planned as loading.
For the superposition with the program MAXIMA it is necessary to define the
actions already with a SOFILOAD input. In this example the definition of the
actions and the loads is done separately in two SOFILOAD inputs. The load
cases are allocated then to the relevant action in the second SOFILOAD input
in record LC. The statical calculation of the single load cases is realized with
the program SEPP.
PROG SOFILOAD
HEAD Actions
ECHO ACT FULL
ACT G
TITL permanent loads G
$ payload for buildings
ACT Q_B GAMU 1.50 0.0 PSI0 0.7 0.5 0.3
END
PROG SOFILOAD
HEAD Loads
LC 1 TYPE G DLZ 1 TITL dead load
QUAD GRP 1 TYPE PG P 2.6
QUAD GRP 2 TYPE PG P 2.6
QUAD GRP 3 TYPE PG P 1.2 $ balcony
$
LC 2 TYPE Q_B
TITL qkspan 1
QUAD GRP 1 TYPE PG P 2.0
$
LC 3 TYPE Q_B
TITL qkspan 2
QUAD GRP 2 TYPE PG P 2.0
$
LC 4 TYPE Q_B
TITL qkbalcony
QUAD GRP 3 TYPE PG P 5.0
END
522
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PROG SEPP
HEAD Internal Forces and Moments, Single Load Cases
ECHO FORC,DISP,REAC,NOST,BEDD NO
LC ALL
END
A superposition of the internal forces and moments and the support reactions
for the ultimate limit state is still necessary with the program MAXIMA before design.
PROG MAXIMA
HEAD Superposition ULS Ultimate
ECHO FULL NO ;ECHO TABS YES
COMB 1 desi BASE 2100
SUPP 1 EXTR mami ETYP qua* TYPE
SUPP 1 EXTR mami ETYP qua* TYPE
ECHO LOAD,FACT YES
SUPP 1 EXTR mami ETYP NODE TYPE
END
Limit State
m
vx,vy
titl
titl
ULS_QUAD
ULS_QUAD
from 999999
from 999999
pz
titl
ULS_NODE
from 909
PROG BEMESS
HEAD Definition of reinforcement parameters
$ Internal rooms:
GEOM HA 25 DHA 10 HB 25 DHB 10 $ Exposition class XC1
DIRE 0 0
PARA NOG DU 10 WKU 0.40
$ class F
$ WKU for crack witdh check acc. table 20 DIN 10451
$ If check shall be done for table 21, directly the steel stress
$ can be defined with PARA...SSU. For parallel input of
$ WKU and SSU SSU is used for table 21 check. WKU may then be used for
$ minimum reinforcement check!
$ Balcony:
GEOM HA 40 DHA 10 HB 40 DHB 10 $ Exposition class XC4
DIRE 90 90
PARA NOG 3 DU 20 WKU 0.30
$ class E
$ 20 cm diameter only to get a result in the crack witdh check
$ Here minimum one PARA line has to be input, also if only PARA is defined
$ without further values!
END
Version 11.61
523
BEMESS
BEMESS
Design Ultimate Limit State inclusive Punching Check
PUNC FULL
REIN,RTAB YES
RO_V 0.5 $ Up to this bending reinforcement ratio it is attempted to
$ not use shear reinforcement. The shear check increases the
$ bending reinforcement up to this value if necessary. The
$ value PUNC can be modified for the punching areas:
PUNC D 0.30 B 0.30 RO_V 1.50 $ default single column
$ default support wall
PUNC TYPE WALL D 0.24
$ (All inputs for PUNC are saved in the database and have not to be defined
$ anymore in the following BEMESS inputs!)
$ Please do not make inputs for the dimensions for punching, if these inputs
$ are done already in the grafical input SOFIPLUS (otherwise they are
$ overwritten)!
$
$ Design task:
DESI $ selects all necessary load cases from MAXIMAULSsuperposition
LC
$ please check the selected load cases in the result file
END
1112
1118
The punching nodes 1112 and 1118 are the wall ends in the transition area
of the inner plate and the balcony. The element thicknesses and the statical
heights become average there automatically by the program BEMESS. The
following output of the punching checks results for these nodes with ECHO
PUNC FULL:
Punching Design (DIN10451)
Node number
= 1112
Max. shear force VULS= 55.0 [kN]
End of wall
b= 0.240 [m]
Plate thickness hslab= 0.206 [m]
524
X= 5.500 [m]
LC= 2156
d= 0.240 [m]
depth 0.161 [m]
Y= 5.769 [m]
Version 11.61
BEMESS
Also a punching reinforcement is not necessary for the wall ends of the inner
plates.
Node number
=
112
X= 5.500 [m]
Y= 0.000
Max. shear force VULS= 28.7 [kN]
LC= 2156
End of wall
b= 0.240 [m]
d= 0.240 [m]
Plate thickness hslab= 0.220 [m]
depth 0.190 [m]
1. perimeter at 1.5*d= 0.285 [m]
utot= 2.751 [m]
ucrit= 0.840
(u= 31 % of utot due to openings, edges or walls)
Tension reinfor. as >= 0.46 [cm2/m] mue= 0.02 [o/o] VRdct 47.75
VEd = 1.40*V/ucrit = 47.75 [kN/m]
<= 47.75 [kN/m] =Vrdct
No punching shear reinforcement necessary.
.
Node number
=
118
X= 8.500 [m]
Y= 0.000
Max. shear force VULS= 34.5 [kN]
LC= 2156
End of wall
b= 0.240 [m]
d= 0.240 [m]
Plate thickness hslab= 0.220 [m]
depth 0.190 [m]
1. perimeter at 1.5*d= 0.285 [m]
utot= 2.751 [m]
ucrit= 0.840
(u= 31 % of utot due to openings, edges or walls)
Tension reinfor. as >= 0.80 [cm2/m] mue= 0.04 [o/o] VRdct 57.50
VEd = 1.40*V/ucrit = 57.50 [kN/m]
<= 57.50 [kN/m] =Vrdct
No punching shear reinforcement necessary.
.
Node number
=
309
X= 4.000 [m]
Y= 1.154
Max. shear force VULS= 72.8 [kN]
LC= 2156
End of wall
b= 0.240 [m]
d= 0.240 [m]
Plate thickness hslab= 0.220 [m]
depth 0.190 [m]
1. perimeter at 1.5*d= 0.285 [m]
utot= 2.751 [m]
ucrit= 1.615
(u= 59 % of utot due to openings, edges or walls)
Tension reinfor. as >= 1.06 [cm2/m] mue= 0.06 [o/o] VRdct 63.13
VEd = 1.40*V/ucrit = 63.13 [kN/m]
<= 63.13 [kN/m] =Vrdct
No punching shear reinforcement necessary.
Version 11.61
[m]
[m]
[kN/m]
[m]
[m]
[kN/m]
[m]
[m]
[kN/m]
525
BEMESS
.
Node number
=
909
X= 4.000 [m]
Y= 4.615 [m]
Max. shear force VULS= 71.3 [kN]
LC= 2156
End of wall
b= 0.240 [m]
d= 0.240 [m]
Plate thickness hslab= 0.220 [m]
depth 0.190 [m]
1. perimeter at 1.5*d= 0.285 [m]
utot= 2.751 [m]
ucrit= 1.615 [m]
(u= 59 % of utot due to openings, edges or walls)
Tension reinfor. as >= 0.99 [cm2/m] mue= 0.05 [o/o] VRdct 61.78 [kN/m]
VEd = 1.40*V/ucrit = 61.78 [kN/m]
<= 61.78 [kN/m] =Vrdct
No punching shear reinforcement necessary.
It follows the summary of the punching checks (default ECHO PUNC YES):
Punching Design (DIN10451)
CONCLUSION
NodeNo Typ
X
Y VULS
No
[m]
[m]
[kN]
112 W
5.500 0.000
28.7
118 W
8.500 0.000
34.5
309 W
4.000 1.154
72.8
909 W
4.000 4.615
71.3
1112 W
5.500 5.769
55.0
1118 W
8.500 5.769
60.2
dcol
[m]
0.271
0.271
0.271
0.271
0.271
0.271
ucrit =%u0
[m] [o/o]
0.840
31
0.840
31
1.615
59
1.615
59
1.237
50
1.237
50
vmax AssSum
ast nperi
[MPa] [cm2] [cm2/m]
0.25
0.46
0.30
0.80
0.33
1.06
0.33
0.99
0.39
1.42
0.42
1.87
Typ
526
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Version 11.61
527
BEMESS
At first the design results are output again. It is to be noted that the results
are here the maximum from calculated and already stored reinforcement
(input CTRL RMOD SUPE). I.e. the design results are accepted from the calculation with the ultimate limit state. Only these design results which are
more unfavourable are overwritten in the serviceability limit state.
REINFORCEMENT ACC. TO DIN10451 in [cm2/m]
upper/lower
General load safety factor as defined in BEMESS: Gammaf = 1.00
Shear: stresses VEd/d and VRd,ct/d with d=effective depth = hhm
Shear index 2m = minimum shear reinforcement
ELEM
LC MAT GEO
h Reinforcement
dphi Df Load Crack
Shr VEd/d
No
No No No [m] main cross dir deg No fact check
zon [MPa]
MBW
VRd,ct/d
10101
maximum
0.22 0.60 0.64
0
1
1 0.031
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Version 11.61
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10102
maximum
0.22
10103
maximum
0.22
10104
maximum
0.22
10105
maximum
0.22
1.04
0.43
1.39
0.25
1.21
0.02
0.90
1.09
0.69
1.23
0.45
1.08
0.11
0.76
0.62
0.33
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.200
0.052
0.258
0.058
0.243
0.052
0.215
0.037
0.165
. . .
Only the elements and nodes at which the serviceability checks are decisive
are output. This table omits here, because the serviceability checks do not increase the reinforcement:
Reinforcement was not increased by liveload design in this run
The last output table is the summary of the necessary reinforcement. In this
example the necessary reinforcement which is printed here is the maximum
from the calculation with the ultimate limit state and the calculation with the
serviceability limit state.
Maximum Reinforcement [cm2/m]
(stored in data base file with reinforcementdistributionno. 1)
Element upper:As
Ast
dir lower:As
Ast
dir Ass[cm2/m2] AssE[cm2]
10101
4.82 4.82
0
4.82 4.82
0
10102
4.82 4.82
0
4.82 4.82
0
10103
4.82 4.82
0
4.82 4.82
0
10104
0.96 4.82
0
4.82 4.82
0
10105
0
4.82 4.82
0
10106
0.96 4.82
0
4.82 4.82
0
10107
4.82 4.82
0
4.82 0.96
0
10108
4.82 4.82
0
0
10201
4.82 4.82
0
4.82 4.82
0
10202
4.82 4.82
0
4.82 4.82
0
10203
0
4.82 4.82
0
10204
0
4.82 4.82
0
10205
0
4.82 4.82
0
10206
0.03 0.13
0
4.82 4.82
0
10207
4.82 4.82
0
4.82 0.96
0
10208
4.82 4.82
0
0
10301
4.82 4.82
0
4.82 4.82
0
. . .
At last the check of the robustness reinforcement for saving the ductile structural member behaviour occurs. The robustness reinforcement is indepen-
Version 11.61
529
BEMESS
BEMESS
Robustness Reinforcement to Consider the Ductile Member Behaviour
According to DIN 10451 13.1.1
REIN,RSUG,RTAB NO
SLS RMOD SUPE
ROBU FCTM $ robustness reinforcement with fctm
4.82
4.82
4.82
4.82
4.82
2.81
4.82
4.82
2.81
2.81
0
0
0
0
0
4.82
4.82
4.82
2.66
2.66
4.82
4.82
4.82
4.82
4.82
0
0
0
0
0
6.46
2.67
90
90
2.48
2.48
6.46
6.46
90
90
. . .
31112
31113
530
6.46
6.46
Version 11.61
BEMESS
6.46
6.46
6.46
2.67
2.67
2.67
90
90
90
2.48
2.48
2.48
6.46
6.46
6.46
90
90
90
. . .
Version 11.61
531
BEMESS
5.5.
For various types and arrangements of the steel meshes the fourth example
illustrates the multiple design of a plate element which is subjected to external forces and moments. Analyses of this type are often necessary for the design of the reinforcement layout in critical regions, if estimates of the critical
loadings are available.
Data for orthogonal, skew and threecourse reinforcement may be alternated
freely in the input file. The geometric data for both reinforcement types (DIRE
and THRE) are realized together via the record GEOM, so that a single definition can all subsequent design tasks. A warning is issued in the case of three
course meshes, if no definition of the third concrete cover is found.
The input of the materials occurs with the program AQUA. The external
forces and moments are input directly with the program BEMESS. The input
reads:
PROG
HEAD
NORM
CONC
STEE
STEE
END
AQUA
Materials
DIN 10451
1 C 30:DIN
2 BST 500MA TITL mesh reinforcement
3 BST 500SA TITL bar reinforcement
PROG BEMESS
HEAD DESIGN FOR EXTERNAL FORCES
ECHO DMOM FULL
GEOM
0.20 20 20 30 16
DIRE 45 45
S
12 01
MX 10 5
GEOM
0.20 20 20 30 16 18
THRE 90 135 40
45 135
S
12 02
MX 10 5
S
12 03
MX 10
5
DIRE 45 45
S
12 04
MX 10
5
END
16
The geometric data for all types of reinforcement meshes are summarized in
a table. The table of the design results includes by turns different headings
for steel meshes of the types DIRE and THRE, because the two design cases
532
Version 11.61
BEMESS
are not to be registered with a common heading. The output (ECHO DMOM
YES) ends with the table of the design disk forces. Negative values in the
table represent the compressive concrete struts of the force transformation
polygon in the case of twocourse skew reinforcement meshes. For a better
understanding of this table, the first heading is supplemented with several
comments.
Design according to DIN10451
General load safety factor as defined in BEMESS:
Material (DIN10451)
Mat
fck
fcr
fyk
ftk
[MPa] [MPa] [MPa] [MPa]
1
30.0
25.5
2
500.0 525.0
B1
30.0
25.5 500.0 525.0
Minimum reinforcement: 0.00 p.c.
Gammaf = 1.45
Param. fctm
N minQ type
[MPa] [] []
2.896 6.3 0.20 mainly static
2.896 6.3 0.20 mainly static
of stat. req. section
steel SS1
SS2
1.15
1.15
1.15
1.15
vx
[kN/m]
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
vy
[kN/m]
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
nxx
[kN/m]
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
nyy
[kN/m]
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
nxy
[kN/m]
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Version 11.61
533
BEMESS
MAT GEO
h Reinforcement 13 dphi Reinfcmt.angles Shr VEd/d
No1 No No [m]
Ase
Asm
Asi deg alp bet gam zon [MPa]
MBW
VRd,ct/d
2 B1
2 0.20
1.81 1.90
90
90 135
40
1
45 135
0.312
3 B1
2 0.20
1.72 1.98
90
90 135
40
1
1.00 1.00
45
45 135
0.313
ELEM
No
MAT GEO
h Reinforcement
dphi Shr VEd/d
Ass
No1 No No [m] main cross dir deg zon [MPa] [cm2/m2]
MBW
VRd,ct/d
12
4 B1
2 0.20 1.91 1.91
45
45
1
1.00 1.00
45
45
0.305
Explanations shear state Shr zon:
1 = check without necessary shear reinforcement
2 = shear reinforcement required
m = minimum shear reinforcement
Acc. DIN 10451 10.3.4(2) the leverarm z was limited to d2*nomc.
DESIGN MEMBRANE FORCES
in [kN/m]
upper/lower
+ signs the concrete stiffening force (two course reinforcement active)
+ signs design shear forces requiring shear reinforcement
* signs undesignable design moments/ membrane forces
ELEM No1 Ig u:Dir1
Dir2
Dir3
l:Dir1
Dir2
Dir3
Vmax
12
1
60.0
60.0
30.0+
63.0+
2
21.5+
57.0
59.8
63.0+
3
54.1
62.5
31.5
31.5
94.6+
4
60.0
60.0
90.0+
31.5
31.5
94.6+
Note:
An explicit design type was not input. Therefore the plate with bending stress
is designed as a shell according to the default (see CTRL SYST SPAC). The
results of a shell design differ generally from those of a plate design (for pure
bending), since the shell design has to fulfill more general conditions.
534
Version 11.61
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Version 11.61
535