Anda di halaman 1dari 17

See

discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/295253950

Cold-formed steel structures: Research review


2013-2014
Article in Advances in Structural Engineering February 2016
Impact Factor: 0.58 DOI: 10.1177/1369433216630145

READS

82

1 author:
Gregory J. Hancock
University of Sydney
226 PUBLICATIONS 3,203 CITATIONS
SEE PROFILE

All in-text references underlined in blue are linked to publications on ResearchGate,


letting you access and read them immediately.

Available from: Gregory J. Hancock


Retrieved on: 19 April 2016

Article

Cold-formed steel structures: Research


review 20132014

Advances in Structural Engineering


116
The Author(s) 2016
Reprints and permissions:
sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav
DOI: 10.1177/1369433216630145
ase.sagepub.com

GJ Hancock

Abstract
This article reviews research on cold-formed steel structures published in 2013 and 2014 in three leading journals: the Journal of
Structural Engineering, ASCE, Thin-Walled Structures and the Journal of Constructional Steel Research. It also reviews papers published in the
three main conferences in the area over the same period. These are Eurosteel 2014 (Naples, Italy), the 7th International Conference
on Thin-Walled Structures (Busan, Korea) and the 22nd International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures (St
Louis, MO, USA). Three research areas which have recently been incorporated in the North American Specification NAS S100:2012
or are being incorporated in the Australian/New Zealand Standard AS/NZS 4600 have been highlighted. These are the works on the
semi-analytical finite strip method for sections in shear by the author and his colleagues at the University of Sydney, net section rupture by Associate Professor Lip Teh at the University of Wollongong and fire design by Professor Mahendran at Queensland
University of Technology.

Keywords
cold-formed connections, cold-formed steel, cold-formed structures, research review

Introduction
Cold-formed steel (CFS) structures are structures composed of structural sections formed by folding at ambient temperature without any heat treatment. They are
normally thin-walled but sections up to 25-mm thick
are now being cold-formed from plate and strip. The
usual manufacturing process is by roll forming where
coil steel passes through a series of rollers which progressively form the desired shape. Traditionally, simple
channels (Cs), zeds (Zs), hat sections and decking have
been used mainly in roof and wall systems, steel storage racks, steel-framed houses (residential) and many
other similar secondary applications. However, the
sections are now being used more commonly in primary structures such as portal frames and floor systems. Furthermore, as the sections become thinner in
higher strength steel, more complex shapes are being
created with the inclusion of more complex stiffeners
both in the flat elements and at the section lips.
Research into CFS structures has increased considerably in recent years. In 2003, the author of this article published a similar review in the Journal of
Constructional Steel Research (Hancock, 2003) which
contained 60 publications. This review cites over 200
papers over a similar 2-year period 20132014 indicating a more than threefold increase in research in the
area. Since the publication of the 2003 paper, there

have been significant developments in CFS design


specifications and standards. The 2007 and 2012 editions of the North American Specification NAS:S100
and the 2005 edition of the Australian/New Zealand
Standard AS/NZS 4600 included the direct strength
method (DSM) of design in addition to the effective
width method (EWM). In the same period, European
Committee for Standardisation published Eurocode 3
Part 1.3 for cold-formed members and sheeting. It is
substantially based on the EWM. A recent text
explaining this code with examples has been prepared
by Dubina et al. (2013b). The Chinese Technical Code
of Cold-Formed Thin-Walled Steel Structures GB
50018 was published in 2002 based on the EWM.
Since 2003, there has been a considerable shift in
the areas of research. Some areas such as section buckling including generalised beam theory (GBT), the
finite strip method (FSM) and the constrained finite
strip method (cFSM), the DSM of design, shear walls,
fire design, and seismic design have increased
School of Civil Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW,
Australia
Corresponding author:
GJ Hancock, School of Civil Engineering, The University of Sydney,
Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
Email: gregory.hancock@sydney.edu.au

2
considerably. On the other hand, areas such as corrugated and curved panels, torsion and distortion
(excluding distortional buckling) and enhanced
mechanical properties have seen a reduction in
research. A review of cold-formed stainless steel has
not been included in this review.

Section buckling and design including


GBT, FSM and DSM
With the advent of the DSM of design based on the
buckling signature curve concept, there has been a substantial increase in research into the different methods
of buckling analysis of thin-walled sections. The two
principal methods used are the GBT and the FSM.
The finite element method (FEM) can be used, but it is
less useful in isolating the separate local, distortional
and overall (flexural/torsional) modes at this time and
the interaction between them. In preparing this review,
it has become difficult to separate buckling analyses
from design. However, papers where investigation of
the elastic buckling modes are the primary aim of the
paper are classified as buckling, whereas papers where
the theory or test results are used in design such as the
DSM have been classified as design.

Elastic buckling including interaction


The major work in elastic buckling has concentrated
on GBT mainly from Professor Camotim and his colleagues at the Universidade de Lisbon (TUL), the
cFSM both from Professor Schafer and his colleagues

Advances in Structural Engineering


at Johns Hopkins University and Professor Adany and
his colleagues at Budapest University of Technology
and Economics and the FSM for shear buckling at the
University of Sydney (Pham and Hancock). Other
researchers in the area are also cited.
Papers published using GBT (Basaglia et al., 2013,
2014b; Bebiano et al., 2014; De Miranda et al., 2013;
Taig et al., 2014) cover the areas of continuous purlins,
distortional postbuckling, inclusion of extension and
shear modes and the new GBTUL-2.0 software. Papers
published using the cFSM (Adany, 2013, 2014; Adany
and Schafer, 2014a, 2014b, 2014c; Li et al., 2014e)
include generalisation to arbitrary cross-sections and
extension to the FEM. Alternative methods (Becque
and Li, 2014; Karakonstantis and Becque, 2014) for
modal decomposition have recently been developed
based on polarisation. Further work on including perforations in the FSM has been performed by Smith
and Moen (2014).
Recent developments in the FSM include shear and
localised loading (Hancock and Pham, 2013, 2014a,
2014b; Pham and Hancock, 2013b). A new development in these latter papers is the shear signature curve
as shown in Figure 1(b) for sections in pure shear as
shown in Figure 1(a).
The curve semi-analytical finite strip method
(SAFSM; program bfinst7.cpp) is the buckling stress
versus half-wavelength signature curve of a lipped
channel in pure shear with unrestrained end sections,
and the curve labelled reSAFSM (program bfinst8.cpp)
is the elastic buckling curve versus length for a section
restrained with simply supported ends so that it is

Figure 1. Lipped channel section in shear: (a) shear flow distribution and (b) shear buckling curves (Hancock and Pham, 2013).

Hancock

Figure 2. Lipped channel buckling modes in pure shear (200 mm) (Hancock and Pham, 2013): (a) unrestrained buckling mode
(SAFSM) and (b) restrained buckling mode (reSAFSM).

Loughlan and Yidris, 2014; Martins et al., 2014a,


2014b; Rizzi et al., 2013; Santos et al., 2014;
Ungermann et al., 2014). Based on this research, there
is a need to review some of the design rules in existing
standards and specifications to further account for the
interactions.

DSM and other design methods

Figure 3. Simply supported lipped channel shear buckling


mode at L = 1000 mm (reSAFSM) (Hancock and Pham, 2013).

prevented from cross-sectional deformation at its ends.


A shear buckling mode at a half-wavelength of
200 mm from the SAFSM is shown in Figure 2(a) and
at with simply supported ends at a fixed length of
200 mm from reSAFSM is shown in Figure 2(b).
When the reSAFSM model length is increased to
1000 mm, then the buckling mode shown in Figure 3
with multiple half-wavelengths results. In this case, the
end conditions become less important so that the buckling stress is close to the value for the unrestrained single half-wavelength in Figure 2(a) as can be observed
from the stresses in Figure 1(b) by comparing the
reSAFSM curve at 1000 mm with the SAFSM at
200 mm.
Considerable research has been undertaken in the
area of mode interaction between local, distortional
and/or flexural/flexuraltorsional or combinations of
these (Dinis et al., 2014a; Dubina et al., 2013a;

The DSM has been further investigated in detail for


compression members, flexural members, combined
bending and compression, members in shear and the
interaction between the modes. The references are for
column design (De Miranda et al., 2014; He et al.,
2014; He and Zhou, 2014; Landesmann and Camotim,
2013; Young et al., 2013), for beam/purlin design
(Basaglia and Camotim, 2013; Basaglia et al., 2014a;
Gao and Moen, 2014; Keerthan and Mahendran,
2014a; Kumar and Kalyanaraman, 2014; Pham and
Hancock, 2013a), for shear design (Pham et al., 2014a,
2014b, 2014d; Pham and Hancock, 2014) and for
structural systems (Camotim and Basaglia, 2014). As
for buckling, there is a need to review some of the
design rules in existing standards and specifications to
further account for interaction. A rig for measuring
and classifying global, distortional and local imperfections in cold-formed members is described by Zhao
and Schafer (2014).

Compression members including wall


studs
Considerable work has taken place in the area of compression members including angles, sections with perforations and holes, sections built-up from single

4
members, wall stud member with sheathing attached
and eccentric loading (beamcolumns). The references
are for angles (Shifferaw and Schafer, 2014; Silvestre
et al., 2013), members with dimples and other indentations, perforations and holes (Ekmekyapar et al., 2014;
Kubde and Sangle, 2014; Kulatunga et al., 2014;
Kulatunga and Macdonald, 2013, 2014; Macdonald
and Kulatunga, 2014; Nguyen et al., 2014; Xu et al.,
2014), Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic (CFRP)
strengthening (Kalavagunta et al., 2013), for members
built-up from channel sections (Crisan et al., 2014a;
Dabaon et al., 2014; Fratamico and Schafer, 2014; Li
et al., 2014b; Piyawat et al., 2013; Selvaraj and
Madhavan, 2014; Ting and Lau, 2014a, 2014b), for
fixed-ended columns (Dinis et al., 2014c; Gunalan and
Mahendran, 2013b), for sheathed members (Peterman
and Schafer, 2014) and for members in combined
bending and compression (Li et al., 2014a; Torabian
et al., 2014). Clearly, the most recent research is
directed away from unperforated and single members
to more complex arrangements including perforated
members.

Flexural members including purlins,


sheeting and decking
Research into flexural members is wide ranging from
purlins with sleeves and different types of sheeting
restraint, novel shapes and sections including corrugated and stiffened webs, shear including shear with
holes, flexure with holes, web crippling, composite
floors including Oriented Strand Board (OSB), and
sheeting and decking. The references are for purlins
and beams (Gelji et al., 2014; Georgescu and
Ungureanu, 2014; Gutierrez et al., 2013; Kujawa and
Szymczak, 2014; Loureiro and Calvo, 2014; Moen
et al., 2013; Pham et al., 2014c; Seek, 2014; Uzzaman
et al., 2014; Ye et al., 2013), novel shapes including
stiffened and corrugated webs (Dubina et al., 2014;
Dubina and Ungureanu, 2014; La m et al., 2013,
2014a; qukowicz and Urbanska-Galewska, 2014;
Paczos, 2014; Siahaan et al., 2014a, 2014b; Tondini
and Morbioli, 2014; Wang et al., 2014c; Wang and
Young, 2014a, 2014b, 2014c), combined bending and
compression (Cheng et al., 2013), shear including combined bending and shear (Acharya et al., 2013;
Bruneau et al., 2014; Keerthan et al., 2014a; Keerthan
and Mahendran, 2013a, 2013b, 2013c, 2014b, 2014c),
web crippling (Gunalan and Mahendran, 2014c;
Keerthan et al., 2014b; Keerthan and Mahendran,
2014a, 2014d; Natario et al., 2014a, 2014b; Uzzaman
et al., 2013), composite floors including OSB board
(Chatterjee et al., 2014b; Zhou et al., 2014) and sheeting and decking (Adany et al., 2013; Casariego et al.,

Advances in Structural Engineering


2014; Danilov and Tusnina, 2014; Guo et al., 2014;
Lawson and Popo-Ola, 2013). The influence of sheeting, decking, sandwich panels and OSB board on flexural member behaviour including both purlins and
floors is being further investigated in detail to improve
reliability and performance.

Connections and fasteners


Research into connections has focussed on five areas.
These are bolted connections which include the majority of the papers, clinching, screwed connections, fastener reliability and moment connections. The
references are for bolted connections including section
rupture and bearing failure (Bolandim et al., 2013;
Clements and Teh, 2013; Liu et al., 2014; Teh and
Gilbert, 2013a, 2013b, 2014a, 2014b; Yu and
Panyanouvong, 2013; Yu and Xu, 2013), clinching and
pinned connections (Di Ilio, 2014; Lambiase and Di
Ilio, 2014; Mathieson et al., 2014; Mucha and
Witkowski, 2014), screwed connections (Moen et al.,
2014; Sivapathasundaram and Mahendran, 2014), fastener reliability (Chatterjee et al., 2014a) and moment
connections (Bucmys et al., 2014; Lim et al., 2014;
Sabbagh et al., 2013). The design of bolted connections
in net section rupture has had the most investigation
and is being incorporated in the NAS S100 and AS/
NZS 4600 standards. However, less research on connections seems to be being undertaken than in the
past.
Net section tension rupture is probably the most
familiar failure mode of bolted connections to both
engineers and non-engineers. Examples of this failure
mode in a flat sheet and in a channel section, both of
which are composed of cold-reduced sheet steel, are
shown in Figure 4. The net section tension capacity of
such a bolted connection may be reduced by the existence of shear lag, relative to bolted connections in
more ductile steel members.

Figure 4. Net section tension rupture in a flat sheet and a


channel section.

Hancock

Table 1. Net section efficiencies of channel braces bolted at the web.


Ww
(mm)

Wf
(mm)

t
(mm)

x
(mm)

L
(mm)

1 0.36 x=L
(NAS S100:2012)

50
50
75
75
75
75
125
125

20
30
25
25
40
40
40
50

1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
2.4
2.4

4.34
8.15
4.90
4.90
10.3
10.3
7.64
11.0

36
36
36
48
48
60
60
60

0.96
0.92
0.95
0.96
0.92
0.95
0.95
0.93

Figure 5. Shear lag factors for bolted connections in flat


sheets.

Attempts to account for the shear lag effect in flat


members by the major CFS design specifications
worldwide have led to anomalies (Teh and Gilbert,
2014a), which persisted despite various amendments
over the past several decades. For a bolted connection
where the bolt spacing is at least twice the bolt diameter, all the prevailing code equations predict the net
section tension capacity to increase with decreasing net
section area. This anomaly was recently resolved via
the use of calculus, and a new equation (Teh and
Gilbert, 2014a) that avoids the known anomalies has
been adopted into the 2016 edition of the North
American Specification for the Design of Cold-Formed
Steel Structural Members.
Comparisons between the in-plane shear lag factors
given by the prevailing design standards and the new
equation for a bolted connection in a flat brace can be
made in Figure 5. The variable d denotes the bolt diameter, and W is the bolt spacing in the direction perpendicular to loading, or, for a single bolted
connection, the connected member width.

1:1 + Ww +f2Wf + xL


(Teh and Gilbert, 2013b)



2:39t
+ 0:308 xL
Ww + x
(CCFSS)

0.69
0.63
0.70
0.71
0.64
0.65
0.70
0.66

0.74
0.60
0.66
0.73
0.57
0.61
0.65
0.58

1
W

0:301

Bolandim et al. (2013) found that the net section


tension rupture provisions in NAS S100:2012 for
bolted connections in angle and channel braces led to
reliability indices much lower than the target index of
3.5. Based on reliability analyses, they calculated the
required resistance factors to be as low as 0.30 for the
specifications design equations.
Teh and Gilbert (2013b) considered the three factors affecting the net section efficiency of a channel
brace bolted at the web, namely the in-plane shear lag,
the out-of-plane shear lag and the interaction between
the detrimental moment due to connection eccentricity
and the counteracting moment provided by the bolted
connection. They proposed a design equation that has
since been shown to provide reasonable estimates for
channel braces composed of G450 and SSC400 sheet
steels having various aspect ratios and bolting configurations (Teh and Gilbert, 2014a). This equation will
be adopted into the 2016 edition of the North
American Specification for the Design of ColdFormed Steel Structural Members NAS S100.
Comparisons between the net section efficiencies of
typical channel braces bolted at the web given by the
underlying equation in NAS S100:2012 and the new
equation to be used in NAS S100:2016 can be seen in
Table 1. The results of a regression analysis equation
derived by the Center for Cold-Formed Steel
Structures (CCFSS) at the University of Missouri are
also shown in the table. The variable Ww is the overall
web depth, Wf is the clear flange width, t is the wall
sheet thickness, x is the connection eccentricity and L
is the connection length.
For angle braces bolted at one leg, Teh and Gilbert
(2014b) proposed a design equation which will be
adopted into the 2016 edition of the North American
Specification for the Design of Cold-Formed Steel
Structural Members NAS S100. It has a similar form
to that proposed by Teh and Gilbert (2013b) for channel braces bolted at the web.

Advances in Structural Engineering

Shear walls
There has been a significant increase in research into
steel-framed clad walls, both in shear and compression. Investigations of both seismic and dynamic behaviour have become prominent. The references are for
clad shear walls in compression (Vieira and Schafer,
2013), blast load (Bondok et al., 2013), static shear
(Baldassino et al., 2014; Hernandez-Castillo et al.,
2014; Shakibanasab et al., 2014; Tian et al., 2013;
Yanagi and Yu, 2014) and seismic/dynamic shear
(Baldassino et al., 2014; Balh et al., 2014; Bian et al.,
2014; Buonopane et al., 2014; Iuorio et al., 2014a,
2014b; Javaheri-Tafti et al., 2014; Lin et al., 2014;
Macillo et al., 2014; Shahi et al., 2014; Shamim and
Rogers, 2013; Shimizu et al., 2013; Vigh et al., 2013;
Yu et al., 2014). It is clear that clad and braced shear
walls are useful for resisting seismic shear loads on
CFS frames.

Figure 6. CFS wall system.

Storage racks
The vast majority of storage racks are constructed
from CFS so that much of the research in the area of
the stability of steel framing is covered by storage
racks. The references are for rack uprights including
buckling (Bernuzzi and Maxenti, 2014; Casafont et al.,
2014; Crisan et al., 2014b; Dinis et al., 2014b; Nedelcu
et al., 2014; Ren and Zhao, 2014; Trouncer and
Rasmussen, 2014), analysis of frames (Gilbert et al.,
2014; Rasmussen and Gilbert, 2013) and connections
(Wang et al., 2014d; Zhao et al., 2014). Interaction
buckling in the uprights of storage rack frames is
clearly an active area of investigation.

Fire design
Fire design research has become more prominent in
recent years especially as more CFS is used in residential construction. Fire design rules in EC3 Part 1.2
(EN 1993-1-2, 2005) are considered to be applicable to
CFS members within the scope of EC3 Part 1.3 (EN
1993-1-3, 2006). However, they were specifically developed for hot-rolled steel structures, and despite some
special provisions given in Annex E of EC3 Part 1.2
for thin-walled sections, past studies have demonstrated the need for specific research on CFS members
exposed to fire conditions in order to develop suitable
fire design rules. CFS members are not always subjected to a uniform temperature exposure. For example, CFS wall and floor systems are often protected by
fire-resistant gypsum plasterboards (Figure 6), and
hence, their lipped channel members (studs and joists)
will be subjected to a non-uniform temperature distribution when exposed to fire on one side (Figure 7).

Figure 7. Non-uniform temperature distribution in wall studs.

The simplified method in EC3 Part 1.2 (EN 1993-12, 2005) requires that the design action effects in a
design fire is less than or equal to the corresponding
design capacity of the steel members at any given time
during the design fire, that is, subject to a particular
non-uniform or uniform elevated temperature exposure. This design approach requires thermal performance evaluation of members to determine their
temperature at any given time during the design fire
(Figure 7), a good understanding of the behaviour and
reduced capacities of CFS steel members (columns and
beams) subject to various buckling modes such as
local, distortional and flexural and flexuraltorsional
at elevated temperatures (Figure 8) as well as the
reduced mechanical properties of CFSs at elevated
temperatures (Figure 9). Fire research on CFS members has been addressing the above issues so that
improved fire design rules can be developed. Most
research was aimed at using the ambient temperature
design rules with appropriately modified elevated temperature mechanical properties of CFSs.
During 20132014, Gunalan et al. (2013) and
Gunalan and Mahendran (2013a) extended the fire
research on CFS members at the Queensland
University of Technology to CFS wall systems using
both full-scale fire tests and finite element analyses to
predict their structural and thermal performances in
standard fire conditions and developed suitable fire

Hancock

Figure 8. CFS member and wall failures in fire.

Figure 9. Elevated temperature mechanical properties of CFS


(Dolamune Kankanamge and Mahendran, 2011).

design rules within the Australian, North American


and European CFS design provisions. These design
rules can be used to predict the capacity of wall studs
in fire and the associated fire resistance ratings of wall
systems. Ariyanayagam and Mahendran (2014)
expanded this research to include CFS wall systems
exposed to more realistic fire timetemperature curves
including those based on parametric fires given in EC3
Part 1.2. Professor Y.C. Wang from the University of
Manchester continued his work on CFS wall systems
to develop a simple method to determine the nonuniform temperature distributions in the wall stud sections exposed to fire on one side without the need to
use finite element simulations (Shahbazian and Wang,
2013). Shahbazian and Wang (2014) then proposed a
fire design method for CFS walls exposed to parametric fires. In this design method, their simple temperature distribution prediction method is first used to
determine the wall stud temperatures in a given parametric fire, and their DSM-based design rules are then

7
used to calculate the capacity of wall studs subject to
local, distortional or global buckling effects, which
provide the required ultimate load of wall studs versus
time in such parametric fires.
Chen et al. (2013) and Chen and Ye (2014) conducted full-scale fire tests of CFS walls made of different configurations and confirmed Gunalan et al.s
(2013) findings that the use of external insulation
instead of cavity insulation improved the fire performance of walls. Chen et al. (2013) investigated the
effects of using different fire protection boards, based
on which suitable recommendations were made to
improve the fire performance.
Research on individual CFS columns and beams
was also continued during 20132014. Craveiro et al.
(2014) conducted fire tests of lipped channel and builtup channel columns with restrained thermal elongation
to investigate the effects of cross-section, end support
conditions, surrounding structure stiffness and applied
load level. Their results identified the critical parameters that reduced the critical temperature significantly. La m et al. (2014b) conducted a similar study
for CFS lipped channel and built-up channel beams to
investigate the effects of four different profiles, axial
restraint to thermal elongation and rotational stiffness
of beam supports on the failure modes, temperatures
and times. Their tests showed that any axial restraint
to thermal elongation was detrimental to fire performance while the use of closed built-up profiles
improved the fire performance. Cheng et al. (2014)
investigated the fire performance of CFS members
under axial and transverse loading while Gunalan
et al. (2014) investigated the flexuraltorsional buckling behaviour of CFS columns using uniform elevated
temperature tests and finite element analyses to
develop suitable fire design rules, which showed their
adequacy when appropriately reduced mechanical
properties were used.
Local buckling effects of CFS members at elevated
temperatures are currently accounted for using the
conventional EWM with elevated temperature yield
strength based on 0.2% proof strength. Couto et al.
(2014) used a numerical study to investigate the accuracy of this approach and proposed modified effective
width expressions for internal and outstand elements
of CFS profiles exposed to uniform elevated temperatures. Many research studies mentioned above used
nonlinear 3D finite element analyses to study the fire
performance of CFS members and to investigate the
accuracy of elevated temperature design rules.
Ellobody (2013) presents more details of this approach
and the main parameters to be considered for the heat
transfer and structural analyses of CFS columns in fire
conditions.

8
Limited work has been undertaken on CFS connections in fire. Yan and Young (2013) address this issue
through a detailed experimental study of double shear
bolted connections of thin steels exposed to uniform
elevated temperatures. They showed that the use of
ambient temperature design equations for connection
strengths provided conservative predictions when elevated temperature mechanical properties were used.
Assessing the residual strength of CFS structures
following a fire event is important and thus Gunalan
and Mahendran (2014a, 2014b) investigated the postfire mechanical properties of CFSs and proposed suitable predictive equations for this purpose.
Fire research on CFS members, connections and
structural systems is continuing, which will lead to
accurate design methods to predict their structural fire
performance for inclusion in future design standards.

Seismic design
As CFS structures are used in more active seismic
areas, there is an increasing need to carry out research
on cold-formed members and structural systems subject to cyclic loading. Shear walls under cyclic load are
already covered in section Shear walls. The references
are for moment frames (Bai and Lin, 2013; Li et al.,
2014d), strap-braced frames (Dao and Van de Lindt,
2013; Pali et al., 2014; Terracciano et al., 2014), midrise construction (Ozaki et al., 2013; Yuan and Xu,
2014) and framing members (Padilla-Llano et al.,
2014a, 2014b, 2014c). It is interesting to see increasing
research on mid-rise and moment-resisting frames.

Frames
Portal frames composed entirely of cold-formed members are being used frequently and so more research
on their structural behaviour is being undertaken. The
references are for residential and framed buildings (Li
et al., 2013, 2014c; Peterman et al., 2014), moment and
portal frames (Hanna, 2014; Zhang and Rasmussen,
2014) and stressed skin action (Phan et al., 2014a,
2014b; Wrzesien et al., 2014). A significant new area of
research is clad framed and residential buildings and
the effect of the cladding on the frame behaviour especially during seismic action.

Optimisation
Research into section shape optimisation has been carried out for a long time and continues as new algorithms are developed. The references are Ostwald and
Rodak (2013), Moharrami et al. (2014), Franco et al.

Advances in Structural Engineering


(2014), Leng et al. (2014) and Wang et al. (2014a,
2014b).

Conclusion
This article provides a bibliographical review of papers
published in the area of CFS structures in the Journal
of Structural Engineering, ASCE; Thin-Walled
Structures; Journal of Constructional Steel Research;
Eurosteel 2014 Conference, Naples; 7th International
Conference in Thin-Walled Structures, Busan, Korea,
2014; and the 22nd International Specialty Conference
on Cold-Formed Steel Design and Construction, St
Louis, MO, USA, 2014. The notable feature of this
article is the threefold increase in the number of papers
between a similar review in 2003 and this review from
60 to over 200. The highlight in the period has been
the inclusion of the DSM of design in the North
American Specification NAS:S100 and the Australian/
New Zealand Standard AS/NZS 4600. This has led to
a significant increase in stability research using the
GBT and the FSM including mode interaction. Two
other areas with a major increase in research are fire
design and shear walls particularly under seismic load.
There is an increased need to incorporate much of this
research into new design specifications and standards.
At the time of writing, new editions of NAS:S100 and
AS/NZS 4600 are under preparation using much of
this research.
The author has noted several areas that need further
research during this review. These are the inclusion of
localised loading/web crippling in the DSM of design
so that all modes of failure are covered, more studies
on structural systems and system effects including the
newly developing method of modular construction,
more research on the use of advanced analysis methods
for frames and further investigation of seismic design
of systems as opposed to simply shear walls.
Acknowledgements
The author is grateful for the material provided by
Professor Mahendran (QUT) and Associate Professor Lip
Teh (UOW).

Declaration of Conflicting Interests


The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with
respect to the research, authorship and/or publication of this
article.

Funding
The author(s) received no financial support for the research,
authorship and/or publication of this article.

Hancock
References
Acharya SR, Sivakumaran KS and Young B (2013) Reinforcement schemes for cold-formed steel joists with a large
web opening in shear zone an experimental investigation. Thin-Walled Structures 72: 2836.
Adany S (2013) Decomposition of in-plane shear in thinwalled members. Thin-Walled Structures 73: 2738.
Adany S (2014) Constrained finite element method: demonstrative examples on the global modes of thin-walled
members. In: 22nd international specialty conference on
cold-formed steel design and construction, St Louis, MO,
56 November, pp. 6782. Rolla, MO: Missouri University of Science and Technology.
Adany S and Schafer BW (2014a) Generalized constrained
finite strip method for thin-walled members with arbitrary
cross-section: primary modes. Thin-Walled Structures 84:
150169.
Adany S and Schafer BW (2014b) Generalized constrained
finite strip method for thin-walled members with arbitrary
cross-section: secondary modes, orthogonality, examples.
Thin-Walled Structures 84: 123133.
Adany S and Schafer BW (2014c) Modal decomposition for
thin-walled column and beam members with arbitrary
cross-sections. In: European conference on steel and composite structures, Eurosteel, 1012 September, Naples.
Adany S, Kachichian M, Kovesdi M, et al. (2013) Experimental studies on deep trapezoidal sheeting with perforated webs. Journal of Structural Engineering 139(5):
729739.
Ariyanayagam AD and Mahendran M (2014) Numerical
modelling of load bearing light gauge steel frame wall systems exposed to realistic design fires. Thin-Walled Structures 78: 148170.
Bai Y and Lin X (2013) Numerical simulation on seismic collapse of thin-walled steel moment frames considering post
local buckling behavior. Thin-Walled Structures 62:
424434.
Baldassino N, Accorti M, Zandonini R, et al. (2014) Lateral
loading response of CFS framed shear wall with cement
board panels. In: 22nd international specialty conference
on cold-formed steel design and construction, St Louis,
MO, 56 November, pp. 793808. Rolla, MO: Missouri
University of Science and Technology.
Balh N, DaBreo J, Ong-Tone C, et al. (2014) Design of steel
sheathed cold-formed steel framed shear walls. ThinWalled Structures 75: 7686.
Basaglia C and Camotim D (2013) Buckling, postbuckling,
strength, and DSM design of cold-formed steel continuous lipped channel beams. Journal of Structural Engineering 139(5): 657668.
Basaglia C, Camotim D and Coda H (2014a) Behaviour, failure and DSM design of cold-formed steel beams: influence
of the load point of application. Thin-Walled Structures
81: 7888.
Basaglia C, Camotim D, Gonc
xalves R, et al. (2013) GBTbased assessment of the buckling behaviour of coldformed steel purlins restrained by sheeting. Thin-Walled
Structures 72: 217229.

9
Basaglia C, Landesmann A and Camotim D (2014b) Distortional post-buckling strength of CFS columns GBT-based
assessment of the cross-section geometry influence. In:
European conference on steel and composite structures,
Eurosteel, 1012 September, Naples.
Bebiano R, Camotim D and Goncalves R (2014) GBTUL
2.0 a new/improved version of the GBT-based code for
the buckling analysis of cold-formed steel members. In:
22nd international specialty conference on cold-formed steel
design and construction, St Louis, MO, 56 November,
pp. 120. Rolla, MO: Missouri University of Science and
Technology.
Becque J and Li X (2014) The polarisation method for modal
decomposition of buckled shapes. In: 7th international
conference on thin-walled structures, Busan, Korea, 28 September2 October (ICTWS2014-S0701).
Bernuzzi C and Maxenti F (2014) European alternatives to
design perforated thin-walled cold-formed beamcolumns
for steel storage systems. Journal of Constructional Steel
Research 101: 121136.
Bian G, Buonopane SG, Ngo HH, et al. (2014) Fastenerbased computational models with application to coldformed steel walls. In: 22nd international specialty conference on cold-formed steel design and construction, St Louis,
MO, 56 November, pp. 825840. Rolla, MO: Missouri
University of Science and Technology.
Bolandim EA, Beck AT and Malite M (2013) Bolted connections in cold-formed steel: reliability analysis for rupture
in net section. Journal of Structural Engineering 139(5):
748756.
Bondok D, Salim H, Saucier A, et al. (2013) Static resistance
function of cold-formed steel stud walls. Thin-Walled
Structures 62: 177187.
Bruneau LA, Pham CH and Hancock GJ (2014) Experimental study of longitudinally stiffened web channels subjected predominantly to shear. In: 22nd international
specialty conference on cold-formed steel design and construction, St Louis, MO, November, 56 November, pp.
329344. Rolla, MO: Missouri University of Science and
Technology.
Bucmys Z, Dani
unas A and Rasiulis K (2014) Investigation
of cold formed steel connections: experimental and
numerical analysis of beam to column gusset plate connections. In: European conference on steel and composite
structures, Eurosteel, 1012 September, Naples.
Buonopane SG, Bian G, Tun TH, et al. (2014) Computationally efficient fastener-based models of cold-formed steel
shear walls with wood sheathing. Journal of Constructional Steel Research 101: 137148.
Camotim D and Basaglia C (2014) On the behaviour, failure
and direct strength design of thin-walled steel structural
systems. Thin-Walled Structures 81: 5066.
Casafont M, Pastor MM, Roure F, et al. (2014) Design
of steel storage rack columns via the direct strength
method. Journal of Structural Engineering 139(5):
669679.
Casariego P, Casafont M, Ferrer M, et al. (2014) Experimental tests on trapezoidal steel sheeting an investigation on

10
the effect of transverse corrugations. In: European conference on steel and composite structures, Eurosteel, 1012
September, Naples.
Chatterjee A, Moen CD, Arwade SR, et al. (2014b) Systemreliability sensitivity to fastener capacity in cold-formed
steel wood-sheathed floor diaphragms. In: European conference on steel and composite structures, Eurosteel, 1012
September, Naples.
Chatterjee A, Xiang Y, Moen CD, et al. (2014) Towards
quantifying beneficial system effects in cold-formed steel
wood-sheathed floor diaphragms. In: 22nd international
specialty conference on cold-formed steel design and construction, St Louis, MO, 56 November, pp. 903918.
Rolla, MO: Missouri University of Science and
Technology.
Chen W and Ye J (2014) Fire resistance prediction of load
bearing cold-formed steel walls lined with gypsum composite panels. In: 22nd international specialty conference on
cold-formed steel design and construction, St Louis, MO,
56 November, pp. 541556. Rolla, MO: Missouri University of Science and Technology.
Chen W, Ye J, Bai Y, et al. (2013) Improved fire resistant
performance of load bearing cold-formed steel interior
and exterior wall systems. Thin-Walled Structures 73:
145157.
Cheng S, Kim B and Li LY (2013) Lateraltorsional buckling of cold-formed channel sections subject to combined
compression and bending. Journal of Constructional Steel
Research 80: 174180.
Cheng S, Kim B and Li LY (2014) Fire performance of coldformed steel members: buckling behaviour of channel sections under axial and transverse uniform loading. In: European conference on steel and composite structures,
Eurosteel, 1012 September, Naples.
Clements DDA and Teh LH (2013) Active shear planes of
bolted connections failing in block shear. Journal of Structural Engineering 139(3): 320327.
Couto C, Real PV, Lopes N, et al. (2014) Effective width
method to account for the local buckling of steel thin plates at
elevated temperatures. Thin-Walled Structures 84: 134149.
Craveiro HD, Rodrigues JPC and La m L (2014) Coldformed steel columns made with open cross-sections subjected to fire. Thin-Walled Structures 85: 114.
Crisan A, Ungureanu V and Dubina D (2014a) Calibration
of design formula for buckling strength of built-up backto-back cold-formed steel members in compression. In: 7th
international conference on thin-walled structures, Busan,
Korea, 28 September2 October (ICTWS2014-0201).
Crisan A, Ungureanu V and Dubina D (2014b) Influence of
web members on the in-plane and out-of-plane capacities
of steel storage upright frames. Thin-Walled Structures 81:
175184.
Dabaon M, Ellobody E and Ramzy K (2014) Nonlinear
behaviour of built-up cold-formed steel section battened
columns. Journal of Constructional Steel Research 101:
1628.
Danilov A and Tusnina O (2014) A comparative analysis of
roofings made of sandwich panels. In: European

Advances in Structural Engineering


conference on steel and composite structures, Eurosteel,
1012 September, Naples.
Dao TN and Van de Lindt JW (2013) Seismic performance
of an innovative light-frame cold-formed steel frame for
midrise construction. Journal of Structural Engineering
139(5): 837848.
De Miranda S, Gutierrez A, Miletta R, et al. (2013) A generalized beam theory with shear deformation. Thin-Walled
Structures 66: 88100.
De Miranda S, Melchionda D, Miletta R, et al. (2014) Design
of thin-walled members undergoing distortional buckling:
a simple EC3-compliant approach based on the GBT. In:
European conference on steel and composite structures,
Eurosteel, 1012 September, Naples.
Di Ilio A (2014) An experimental study on clinched joints
realized with different dies. Thin-Walled Structures 85:
7180.
Dinis PB, Young B and Camotim D (2014a) L-D-G interaction in CFS lipped channel columns: experimental results,
numerical simulations and design considerations. In: European conference on steel and composite structures, Eurosteel, 1012 September, Naples.
Dinis PB, Young B and Camotim D (2014b) Localdistortional interaction in cold-formed steel rack-section columns. Thin-Walled Structures 81: 185194.
Dinis PB, Young B and Camotim D (2014c) Strength, interactive failure and design of web-stiffened lipped channel
columns exhibiting distortional buckling. Thin-Walled
Structures 81: 195209.
Dolamune Kankanamge N and Mahendran M (2011)
Mechanical properties of cold-formed steels at elevated
temperatures. Thin-Walled Structures 49(1): 2644.
Dubina D and Ungureanu V (2014) Cold-formed steel beams
of corrugated web: influence of lateral restraining and
economic considerations. In: 7th international conference
on thin-walled structures, Busan, Korea, 28 September2
October(ICTWS2014-0210).
Dubina D, Ungureanu V and Crisan A (2013a)
Experimental evidence of erosion of critical load in interactive buckling. Journal of Structural Engineering 139(5):
705716.
Dubina D, Ungureanu V and G lia L (2014) Cold-formed
steel beams of corrugated web and built-up section
chords. European conference on steel and composite structures, Eurosteel, 1012 September, Naples.
Dubina D, Ungureanu V and Landolfo R (2013b) Design of
Cold-formed Steel Structures. Brussels, Belgium: ECCS
and Ernst & Sohn (674 pp.).
Ekmekyapar T, Gogus MT and Ozaka M (2014) Tailoring
compression performance of cold-formed steel columns.
In: 22nd international specialty conference on cold-formed
steel design and construction, St Louis, MO, 56 November, pp. 143156. Rolla, MO: Missouri University of Science and Technology.
Ellobody E (2013) A consistent nonlinear approach for analysing steel, cold-formed steel, stainless steel and composite columns at ambient and fire conditions. Thin-Walled
Structures 66: 168187.

Hancock
EN 1993-1-2 (2005) Eurocode 3: Design of Steel Structures.
Part 1.2: general Rules Structural Fire Design. Brussels:
European Committee for Standardization.
EN 1993-1-3 (2006) Eurocode 3: Design of Steel Structures.
Part 1.3: General Rules Supplementary Rules for Coldformed Members and Sheeting. Brussels: European Committee for Standardization.
Franco JMS, Duarte JS, de Miranda Batista E, et al. (2014)
Shape grammar of steel cold-formed sections based on
manufacturing rules. Thin-Walled Structures 79: 218232.
Fratamico DC and Schafer BW (2014) Numerical studies on
the composite action and buckling behavior of built-up
cold-formed steel columns. In: 22nd international specialty
conference on cold-formed steel design and construction, St
Louis, MO, 56 November, pp. 213228. Rolla, MO: Missouri University of Science and Technology.
Gao T and Moen CD (2013) Extending the direct strength
method for cold-formed steel design to through-fastened
simple span girts and purlins with laterally unbraced compression flanges. Journal of Structural Engineering 140(6):
04014010.
Gelji B, Szedlak M, Visy D, et al. (2014) Understanding the
global buckling behavior of thin-walled members with
slotted web. In: 22nd international specialty conference on
cold-formed steel design and construction, St Louis, MO,
56 November, pp. 5166. Rolla, MO: Missouri University of Science and Technology.
Georgescu M and Ungureanu V (2014) Stabilisation of continuous Z-purlins by sandwich panels: full scale experimental approach. Thin-Walled Structures 81: 242249.
Gilbert BP, Teh LH, Badet RX, et al. (2014) Influence of pallets on the behaviour and design of steel drive-in racks.
Journal of Constructional Steel Research 97: 1023.
Gunalan S and Mahendran M (2013a) Development of
improved fire design rules for cold-formed steel wall systems. Journal of Constructional Steel Research 88: 339362.
Gunalan S and Mahendran M (2013b) Improved design rules
for fixed ended cold-formed steel columns subject to flexural
torsional buckling. Thin-Walled Structures 73: 117.
Gunalan S and Mahendran M (2014a) Experimental investigation of post-fire mechanical properties of cold-formed
steels. Thin-Walled Structures 84: 241254.
Gunalan S and Mahendran M (2014b) Post-fire mechanical
properties of cold-formed steels. In: European conference
on steel and composite structures, Eurosteel, 1012 September, Naples.
Gunalan S and Mahendran M (2014c) Web crippling tests of
cold-formed steel channels under two flange load cases.
Journal of Constructional Steel Research 101: 115.
Gunalan S, Heva YB and Mahendran M (2014) Design of
cold-formed steel columns at elevated temperatures subject to flexural-torsional buckling. In: European conference
on steel and composite structures, Eurosteel, 1012 September, Naples.
Gunalan S, Kolarkar P and Mahendran M (2013) Experimental study of load bearing cold-formed steel wall systems under fire conditions. Thin-Walled Structures 65:
7292.

11
Guo Y, Yao X and Liu K (2014) Design method of bending
load-carrying for sandwich panels with different metal
panel on both sides. In: 22nd international specialty conference on cold-formed steel design and construction, St Louis,
MO, 56 November, pp. 511524. Rolla, MO: Missouri
University of Science and Technology.
Gutierrez R, Loureiro A, Reinosa JM, et al. (2013) Numerical study of purlin joints with sleeve connections. ThinWalled Structures 62: 214224.
Hancock GJ (2003) Cold-formed steel structures. Journal of
Constructional Steel Research 59: 473487.
Hancock GJ and Pham CH (2013) Shear buckling of channel
sections with simply supported ends using the semianalytical finite strip method. Thin-Walled Structures 71:
7280.
Hancock GJ and Pham CH (2014a) Buckling analysis of
thin-walled sections under localised loading using the
semi-analytical finite strip method. In: 7th international
conference on thin-walled structures, Busan, Korea, 28
September2 October (ICTWS2014-0703).
Hancock GJ and Pham CH (2014b) Developments in the
finite strip buckling analysis of plates and channel sections
under localised loading. In: 22nd international specialty
conference on cold-formed steel design and construction, St
Louis, MO, 56 November, pp. 295310. Rolla, MO: Missouri University of Science and Technology.
Hanna MT (2014) Structural performance of steel cold
formed sections portal frames. In: European conference on
steel and composite structures, Eurosteel, 1012 September, Naples.
He Z and Zhou X (2014) Strength design curves and an effective width formula for cold-formed steel columns with distortional buckling. Thin-Walled Structures 79: 6270.
He Z, Zhou X, Liu Z, et al. (2014) Post-buckling behaviour
and DSM design of web-stiffened lipped channel columns
with distortional and local mode interaction. Thin-Walled
Structures 84: 189203.
Hernandez-Castillo LA, Ortiz-Lozano JA, Hernandez-Marin
M, et al. (2014) Fragility curves for thin-walled coldformed steel wall frames affected by ground settlements
due to land subsidence. In: 22nd international specialty
conference on cold-formed steel design and construction, St
Louis, MO, 5-6 November, pp. 857872. Rolla, MO: Missouri University of Science and Technology.
Iuorio O, Macillo V, Terracciano MT, et al. (2014a) Evaluation of the seismic performance of light gauge steel walls
braced with flat straps. In: 22nd international specialty
conference on cold-formed steel design and construction, St
Louis, MO, 56 November, pp. 841856. Rolla, MO: Missouri University of Science and Technology.
Iuorio O, Macillo V, Terracciano MT, et al. (2014b) Seismic response of CFS strap-braced stud walls: experimental investigation. Thin-Walled Structures 85:
466480.
Javaheri-Tafti MR, Ronagh HR, Behnamfar F, et al. (2014)
An experimental investigation on the seismic behavior of
cold-formed steel walls sheathed by thin steel plates. ThinWalled Structures 80: 6679.

12
Kalavagunta S, Naganathan SK and Mustapha NB (2013)
Proposal for design rules of axially loaded CFRP
strengthened cold formed lipped channel steel sections.
Thin-Walled Structures 72: 1419.
Karakonstantis V and Becque J (2014) Modal classification
and decomposition of instabilities in thin-walled structural members. In: 7th international conference on thinwalled structures, Busan, Korea, 28 September2 October
(ICTWS2014-0705).
Keerthan P and Mahendran M (2013a) Experimental studies
of the shear behaviour and strength of lipped channel
beams with web openings. Thin-Walled Structures 73:
131144.
Keerthan P and Mahendran M (2013b) New design rules for
the shear strength of LiteSteel beams with web openings.
Journal of Structural Engineering 139(5): 640656.
Keerthan P and Mahendran M (2013c) Suitable stiffening
systems for LiteSteel beams with web openings subjected
to shear. Journal of Constructional Steel Research 80:
412428.
Keerthan P and Mahendran M (2014a) Direct strength
method based design for hollow flange channel beams
subject to web crippling. In: 7th international conference
on thin-walled structures, Busan, Korea, 28 September2
October (ICTWS2014-0203).
Keerthan P and Mahendran M (2014b) Improved shear
design rules for lipped channel beams with web openings.
Journal of Constructional Steel Research 97: 127142.
Keerthan P and Mahendran M (2014c) Numerical modelling
and design of lipped channel beams subject to shear. In:
European conference on steel and composite structures,
Eurosteel, 1012 September, Naples.
Keerthan P and Mahendran M (2014d) Web crippling tests
of hollow flange channel beams end one flange and interior one flange load cases. In: European conference on
steel and composite structures, Eurosteel, 1012 September, Naples.
Keerthan P, Hughes D and Mahendran M (2014a) Experimental studies of hollow flange channel beams subject to
combined bending and shear actions. Thin-Walled Structures 77: 129140.
Keerthan P, Mahendran M and Steau E (2014b) Experimental study of web crippling behaviour of hollow flange
channel beams under two flange load cases. Thin-Walled
Structures 85: 207219.
Kubde PW and Sangle KK (2014) Determination of load
carrying capacity of perforated cold formed steel column
using direct strength method. In: 7th international conference on thin-walled structures, Busan, Korea, 28 September2 October (ICTWS2014-S0202).
Kujawa M and Szymczak C (2014) Numerical and experimental investigation of rotational stiffness of zed-purlins
connection with sandwich panels. Thin-Walled Structures
75: 4352.
Kulatunga MP and Macdonald M (2013) Investigation of
cold-formed steel structural members with perforations of
different arrangements subjected to compression loading.
Thin-Walled Structures 66: 7887.

Advances in Structural Engineering


Kulatunga MP and Macdonald M (2014) The efficient
design of cold formed perforated thin-walled steel structural members subjected to compression loading. In: 7th
international conference on thin-walled structures, Busan,
Korea, 28 September2 October(ICTWS2014-S0207).
Kulatunga MP, Macdonald M, Rhodes J, et al. (2014) Load
capacity of cold-formed column members of lipped channel cross-section with perforations subjected to compression loading Part I: FE simulation and test results. ThinWalled Structures 80: 112.
Kumar MVA and Kalyanaraman V (2014) Distortional
buckling of CFS stiffened lipped channel compression
members. Journal of Structural Engineering 140(12):
04014099.
La m L, Rodrigues JPC and Craveiro HD (2014a) Numerical
modeling and analysis on the flexural behaviour of coldformed steel beams. In: European conference on steel and
composite structures, Eurosteel, 1012 September, Naples.
La m L, Rodrigues JPC and da Silva LS (2013) Experimental
and numerical analysis on the structural behaviour of
cold-formed steel beams. Thin-Walled Structures 72: 113.
La m L, Rodrigues JPC and da Silva LS (2014b) Experimental analysis on cold-formed steel beams subjected to fire.
Thin-Walled Structures 74: 104117.
Lambiase F and Di Ilio A (2014) An experimental study on
clinched joints realized with different dies. Thin-Walled
Structures 85: 7180.
Landesmann A and Camotim D (2013) On the direct strength
method (DSM) design of cold-formed steel columns
against distortional failure. Thin-Walled Structures 66:
168187.
Lawson RM and Popo-Ola S (2013) Load capacity of continuous decking based on small-scale tests. Thin-Walled
Structures 69: 7990.
Leng J, Li Z, Guest JK, et al. (2014) Shape optimization of
cold-formed steel columns with fabrication and geometric
end-use constraints. Thin-Walled Structures 85: 271290.
Li Y, Li Y and Song Y (2014a) Experimental investigation
on ultimate capacity of eccentrically-compressed coldformed beam-columns with lipped channel sections. In:
22nd international specialty conference on cold-formed steel
design and construction, St Louis, MO, 56 November,
pp. 393406. Rolla, MO: Missouri University of Science
and Technology.
Li Y, Li Y, Wang S, et al. (2014b) Ultimate load-carrying
capacity of cold-formed thin-walled columns with builtup box and I section under axial compression. ThinWalled Structures 79: 202217.
Li Y, Ma R and Shen Z (2014c) Numerical simulation on
dynamic behavior of a cold-formed steel framing building
test model. In: 22nd international specialty conference on
cold-formed steel design and construction, St Louis, MO,
56 November, pp. 873886. Rolla, MO: Missouri University of Science and Technology.
Li Y, Shen Z, Yao X, et al. (2013) Experimental investigation
and design method research on low-rise cold-formed thinwalled steel framing buildings. Journal of Structural Engineering 139(5): 818836.

Hancock
Li Y, Xu Z, Li Y, et al. (2014d) Investigation on seismic performance of cold-formed steel portal frames. In: 22nd
international specialty conference on cold-formed steel
design and construction, St Louis, MO, 56 November,
pp. 633642. Rolla, MO: Missouri University of Science
and Technology.
Li Z, Abreu JCB, Leng J, et al. (2014e) Review: constrained
finite strip method developments and applications in coldformed steel design. Thin-Walled Structures 81: 218.
Lim JBP, Hancock GJ, Clifton GC, et al. (2014) Direct
strength method for ultimate strength of bolted momentconnections between cold-formed steel channel members.
In: 22nd international specialty conference on cold-formed
steel design and construction, St Louis, MO, 56 November, pp. 729744. Rolla, MO: Missouri University of Science and Technology.
Lin SH, Pan CL and Hsu WT (2014) Monotonic and cyclic
loading tests for cold-formed steel wall frames sheathed
with calcium silicate board. Thin-Walled Structures 74:
4849.
Liu J, Xu L and Fox S (2014) Structural strength of lapped
cold-formed steel Z-shaped purlin connections with vertical slotted holes. In: 22nd international specialty conference on cold-formed steel design and construction, St Louis,
MO, 56 November, pp. 697712. Rolla, MO: Missouri
University of Science and Technology.
Loughlan J and Yidris N (2014) The localoverall flexural
interaction of fixed-ended plain channel columns and the
influence on behaviour of local conditions at the constituent plate ends. Thin-Walled Structures 81: 132137.
Loureiro A and Calvo R (2014) Experimental results of a
completed Z-purlings system. In: European conference on
steel and composite structures, Eurosteel, 1012 September, Naples.
qukowicz A and Urbanska-Galewska E (2014) Deformations
of innovative cold-formed GEB sections. In: European
conference on steel and composite structures, Eurosteel, 10
12 September, Naples.
Macdonald M and Kulatunga MP (2014) The effects of end
conditions on the load capacity of cold-formed steel column members of lipped channel cross-section with perforations subjected to compression loading. In: 22nd
international specialty conference on cold-formed steel
design and construction, St Louis, MO, November, pp.
129142.
Macillo V, Iuorio O, Terracciano MT, et al. (2014) Seismic
response of Cfs strap-braced stud walls: theoretical study.
Thin-Walled Structures 85: 301312.
Martins AD, Dinis PB, Camotim D, et al. (2014a) Localdistortional interaction in web-stiffened LC columns:
post-buckling behaviour, strength and DSM design. In:
European conference on steel and composite structures,
Eurosteel, 1012 September, Naples.
Martins AD, Dinis PB, Camotim D, et al. (2014b) On the
influence of local-distortional interaction in the behavior
and design of cold-formed steel web-stiffened lipped channel columns. In: 22nd international specialty conference on
cold-formed steel design and construction, St Louis, MO,

13
56 November, pp. 171192. Rolla, MO: Missouri University of Science and Technology.
Mathieson CD, Clifton GC and Lim JBP (2014) Development of a novel pinned connection for cold-formed steel
trusses. In: 22nd international specialty conference on coldformed steel design and construction, St Louis, MO, 56
November, pp. 745760. Rolla, MO: Missouri University
of Science and Technology.
Moen CD, Padilla-Llano DA, Corner SA, et al. (2014)
Towards load-deformation models for screw-fastened
cold-formed steel-to-shear shear connections. In: 22nd
international specialty conference on cold-formed steel
design and construction, St Louis, MO, 56 November,
pp. 761774. Rolla, MO: Missouri University of Science
and Technology.
Moen CD, Schudlich A and von der Heyden A (2013)
Experiments on cold-formed steel C-section joists with
unstiffened web holes. Journal of Structural Engineering
139(5): 695704.
Moharrami M, Louhghalam A and Tootkaboni M (2014)
Optimal folding of cold formed steel cross sections under
compression. Thin-Walled Structures 76: 145156.
Mucha J and Witkowski W (2014) The clinching joints
strength analysis in the aspects of changes in the forming
technology and load conditions. Thin-Walled Structures
82: 5566.
Natario P, Silvestre N and Camotim D (2014a) Computational modelling of flange crushing in cold-formed steel
sections. Thin-Walled Structures 84: 393405.
Natario P, Silvestre N and Camotim D (2014b) Web crippling failure using quasi-static FE models. Thin-Walled
Structures 84: 3449.
Nedelcu M, Crisan A, Ungureanu V, et al. (2014) Analysis of
storage rack members by using GBT and shell FEA. In:
7th international conference on thin-walled structures, Busan,
Korea, 28 September2 October (ICTWS2014-S0208).
Nguyen VB, English MA and Castellucci MA (2014) Finite
element analysis of cold-formed dimpled steel columns.
In: 22nd international specialty conference on cold-formed
steel design and construction, St Louis, MO, 56 November, pp. 115128. Rolla, MO: Missouri University of Science and Technology.
Ostwald M and Rodak M (2013) Multicriteria optimization
of cold-formed thin-walled beams with generalized open
shape under different loads. Thin-Walled Structures 65:
2633.
Ozaki F, Kawai Y, Kanno R, et al. (2013) Damage-control
systems using replaceable energy-dissipating steel fuses
for cold-formed steel structures: seismic behavior by
shake table tests. Journal of Structural Engineering 139(5):
787795.
Paczos P (2014) Experimental investigation of C-beams with
non-standard flanges. Journal of Constructional Steel
Research 93: 7787.
Padilla-Llano DA, Moen CD and Eatherton MR (2014a)
Cyclic axial response and energy dissipation of coldformed steel framing members. Thin-Walled Structures
78: 95107.

14
Padilla-Llano DA, Moen CD and Eatherton MR (2014b)
Local buckling hysteretic nonlinear models for coldformed steel axial members. In: 22nd international
specialty conference on cold-formed steel design and construction, St Louis, MO, 56 November, pp. 919929.
Rolla, MO: Missouri University of Science and
Technology.
Padilla-Llano DA, Moen CD, Eatherton MR, et al. (2014c)
Cyclic flexural hysteretic models for cold-formed steel
seismic simulation. In: European conference on steel and
composite structures, Eurosteel, 1012 September, Naples.
Pali T, Iuorio O, Macillo V, et al. (2014) Seismic behaviour
of all-steel CFS structures: experimental Tests. In:
European conference on steel and composite structures,
Eurosteel, 1012 September, Naples.
Peterman KD and Schafer BW (2014) Sheathed cold-formed
steel studs under axial and lateral load. Journal of Structural Engineering 140(10): 04014074.
Peterman KD, Madsen R and Schafer BW (2014) Experimental seismic behavior of the CFS-NEES building:
system-level performance of a full-scale two-story light
steel framed building. In: 22nd international specialty conference on cold-formed steel design and construction, St
Louis, MO, 56 November, pp. 887902. Rolla, MO:
Missouri University of Science and Technology.
Pham CH and Hancock GJ (2013a) Experimental investigation and direct strength design of high-strength, complex
C-sections in pure bending. Journal of Structural Engineering 139(11): 18421852.
Pham CH and Hancock GJ (2013b) Shear buckling of channels using the semi-analytical and spline finite strip methods. Journal of Constructional Steel Research 90: 4248.
Pham CH and Hancock GJ (2014) Numerical investigation
of longitudinally stiffened web channels predominantly
in shear. In: 7th international conference on thin-walled
structures, Busan, Korea, 28 September2 October
(ICTWS2014-0304).
Pham CH, Bruneau LA, Chin YH, et al. (2014a) New developments in the direct strength method of design for coldformed sections subject to shear. In: European conference
on steel and composite structures, Eurosteel, 1012 September, Naples.
Pham CH, Chin YH, Boutros P, et al. (2014b) The behaviour
of cold-formed C-sections with square holes in shear. In:
22nd international specialty conference on cold-formed steel
design and construction, St Louis, MO. November, 56
November, pp. 311328. Rolla, MO: Missouri University
of Science and Technology.
Pham CH, Davis AF and Emmett BR (2014c) Numerical
investigation of cold-formed lapped Z purlins under combined bending and shear. Journal of Constructional Steel
Research 95: 116125.
Pham SH, Pham CH and Hancock GJ (2014d) Direct strength
method of design for shear including sections with longitudinal web stiffeners. Thin-Walled Structures 81: 1928.
Phan DC, Woon KS, Wrzesien AM, et al. (2014a) Investigation of stressed-skin effect on building length of coldformed steel portal frame. In: 7th international conference

Advances in Structural Engineering


on thin-walled structures, Busan, Korea, 28 September2
October (ICTWS2014-S0211).
Phan DT, Wrzesien AM, Lim JBP, et al. (2014b) Effect of
stressed-skin action on optimal design of a cold-formed
steel portal framing system. In: 22nd international specialty conference on cold-formed steel design and construction, St Louis, MO, 56 November, pp. 661678. Rolla,
MO: Missouri University of Science and Technology.
Piyawat K, Ramseyer C and Kang THK (2013) Development
of an axial load capacity equation for doubly symmetric
built-up cold-formed sections. Journal of Structural Engineering 139(12): 04013008.
Rasmussen KJR and Gilbert BP (2013) Analysis-based
design provisions for steel storage racks. Journal of Structural Engineering 139(5): 849859.
Ren C and Zhao X (2014) Influence of diagonal bracing
restraint on cold-formed steel perforated columns under
axial compression. In: 22nd international specialty conference on cold-formed steel design and construction, St Louis,
MO, 56 November, pp. 601616. Rolla, MO: Missouri
University of Science and Technology.
Rizzi NL, Varano V and Gabriele S (2013) Initial postbuckling behavior of thin-walled frames under mode interaction. Thin-Walled Structures 68: 124134.
Sabbagh AB, Petkovski M, Pilakoutas K, et al. (2013) Cyclic
behaviour of bolted cold-formed steel moment connections: FE modelling including slip. Journal of Constructional Steel Research 80: 100108.
Santos ES, Dinis PB, Batista EM, et al. (2014) Cold-formed
steel lipped channel columns undergoing local-distortional-global interaction: experimental and numerical
investigation. In: 22nd international specialty conference
on cold-formed steel design and construction, St Louis,
MO, 56 November, pp. 193212. Rolla, MO: Missouri
University of Science and Technology.
Seek M (2014) Improvements to the prediction of brace
forces in Z-purlin roof systems with support + third
point portion bracing. In: 22nd international specialty conference on cold-formed steel design and construction, St
Louis, MO, 56 November, pp. 557570. Rolla, MO:
Missouri University of Science and Technology.
Selvaraj S and Madhavan M (2014) Study on partially closed
built-up sections using cold formed steel with geometric
imperfection combinations under axial compression. In:
7th international conference on thin-walled structures,
Busan, Korea, 28 September2 October (ICTWS2014S0707).
Shahbazian A and Wang YC (2013) A simplified approach
for calculating temperatures in axially loaded cold-formed
thin-walled steel studs in wall panel assemblies exposed to
fire from one side. Thin-Walled Structures 64: 6072.
Shahbazian A and Wang YC (2014) A fire resistance design
method for thin-walled steel studs in wall panel constructions exposed to parametric fires. Thin-Walled Structures
77: 6776.
Shahi R, Lam N, Gad E, et al. (2014) In-plane behavior of
cold-formed steel-framed wall panels sheathed with fibre
cement board. In: 22nd international specialty conference

Hancock
on cold-formed steel design and construction, St Louis,
MO, 56 November, pp. 809825. Rolla, MO: Missouri
University of Science and Technology.
Shakibanasab A, Attari NKA and Salari M (2014) A statistical and experimental investigation into the accuracy of
capacity reduction factor for cold-formed steel shear
walls with steel sheathing. Thin-Walled Structures 77:
5666.
Shamim I and Rogers CA (2013) Steel sheathed/CFS framed
shear walls under dynamic loading: numerical modelling
and calibration. Thin-Walled Structures 71: 5771.
Shifferaw Y and Schafer BW (2014) Cold-formed steel lipped
and plain angle columns with fixed ends. Thin-Walled
Structures 80: 142152.
Shimizu N, Kanno R, Ikarashi K, et al. (2013) Cyclic behavior of corrugated steel shear diaphragms with end failure.
Journal of Structural Engineering 139(5): 796806.
Siahaan R, Keerthan P and Mahendran M (2014a) Numerical studies of rivet-fastened rectangular hollow flange
channel beams. In: 22nd international specialty conference
on cold-formed steel design and construction, St Louis,
MO, November, 56 November, pp. 259276. Rolla, MO:
Missouri University of Science and Technology.
Siahaan R, Keerthan P and Mahendran M (2014b) Section
moment capacity tests of rivet-fastened rectangular hollow flange channel beams. In: 22nd international specialty
conference on cold-formed steel design and construction, St
Louis, MO, 56 November, pp. 277294. Rolla, MO: Missouri University of Science and Technology.
Silvestre N, Dinis PB and Camotim D (2013) Developments
on the design of cold-formed steel angles. Journal of Structural Engineering 139(5): 680694.
Sivapathasundaram M and Mahendran M (2014) Pullthrough failure tests of thin steel roof battens under wind
uplift loads. In: 22nd international specialty conference on
cold-formed steel design and construction, St Louis, MO,
56 November, pp. 679696. Rolla, MO: Missouri University of Science and Technology.
Smith FH and Moen CD (2014) Finite strip elastic buckling
solutions for thin-walled metal columns with perforation
patterns. Thin-Walled Structures 79: 187201.
Taig G, Ranzi G, Piccardo G, et al. (2014) A dynamic approach
for generalised beam theory including extension and shear
modes. In: 7th international conference on thin-walled structures, Busan, Korea, 28 September2 October (ICTWS2014S0301).
Teh LH and Gilbert BP (2013a) Net section tension capacity
of cold-reduced sheet steel angle braces bolted at one leg.
Journal of Structural Engineering 139(3): 328337.
Teh LH and Gilbert BP (2013b) Net section tension capacity
of cold-reduced sheet steel channel braces bolted at the
web. Journal of Structural Engineering 139(5): 740747.
Teh LH and Gilbert BP (2014a) Design equations for tensile
rupture resistance of bolted connections in cold-formed
steel members. In: 22nd international specialty conference
on cold-formed steel design and construction, St Louis,
MO, 56 November, pp. 713728. Rolla, MO: Missouri
University of Science and Technology.

15
Teh LH and Gilbert BP (2014b) Net section tension capacity
of equal angle braces bolted at different legs. Journal of
Structural Engineering 140(6): 06014002.
Terracciano MT, Macillo V, Iuorio O, et al. (2014) Seismic
behaviour of all-steel CFS structures: design criteria, In:
European conference on steel and composite structures,
Eurosteel, 1012 September, Naples.
Tian HW, Li YQ and Yu C (2013) Testing of steel sheathed
cold-formed steel trussed shear walls. Thin-Walled Structures 62: 280292.
Ting TCH and Lau HH (2014a) Thickness reduction method
(TReM) for axially loaded cold-formed steel back-to-back
C-channel built-up columns Part 1: design. In: 7th international conference on thin-walled structures, Busan, Korea,
28 September2 October (ICTWS2014-0205).
Ting TCH and Lau HH (2014b) Thickness reduction method
(TReM) for axially loaded cold-formed steel back-to-back
C-channel built-up columns Part 2: experiment. In: 7th
international conference on thin-walled structures, Busan,
Korea, 28 September2 October (ICTWS2014-0206).
Tondini N and Morbioli A (2014) Experimental analysis of
cold-formed steel rectangular hollow flange sections. In:
European conference on steel and composite structures,
Eurosteel, 1012 September, Naples.
Torabian S, Zheng B and Schafer BW (2014) Development
of a new beam-column design method for cold-formed
steel lipped channel members. In: 22nd international specialty conference on cold-formed steel design and construction, St Louis, MO, 56 November, pp. 359376. Rolla,
MO: Missouri University of Science and Technology.
Trouncer AN and Rasmussen KJR (2014) Flexuraltorsional
buckling of ultra light-gauge steel storage rack uprights.
Thin-Walled Structures 81: 159174.
Ungermann D, Lubke S and Brune B (2014) Tests and design
approach for plain channels in local and coupled localflexural buckling based on Eurocode 3. Thin-Walled
Structures 81: 108120.
Uzzaman A, Lim JBP, Nash D, et al. (2013) Effect of offset
web holes on web crippling strength of cold-formed steel
channel sections under end-two-flange loading condition.
Thin-Walled Structures 66: 3448.
Uzzaman A, Wrzesien A, Hamilton R, et al. (2014) Numerical investigation of cold-formed steel top hat purlins. In:
22nd international specialty conference on cold-formed steel
design and construction, St Louis, MO, 56 November, pp.
571586. Rolla, MO: Missouri University of Science and
Technology.
Vieira LCMJr and Schafer BW (2013) Behavior and design
of sheathed cold-formed steel stud walls under compression. Journal of Structural Engineering 139(5): 772786.
Vigh LG, Deierlein GG, Miranda E, et al. (2013) Seismic performance assessment of steel corrugated shear wall system
using non-linear analysis. Journal of Constructional Steel
Research 85: 4859.
Wang B, Gilbert BP, Molinier AM, et al. (2014a) Shape optimisation of cold-formed steel profiles with manufacturing
constraints Part I: algorithm. In: 22nd international specialty conference on cold-formed steel design and

16
construction, St Louis, MO, 56 November, pp. 2136.
Rolla, MO: Missouri University of Science and
Technology.
Wang B, Gilbert BP, Molinier AM, et al. (2014b) Shape
optimisation of cold-formed steel profiles with manufacturing constraints Part II: applications. In: 22nd international specialty conference on cold-formed steel design
and construction, St Louis, MO, 56 November, pp. 37
50. Rolla, MO: Missouri University of Science and
Technology.
Wang FL, Yang J and Lim J (2014c) Numerical studies of
collapse behaviour of multi-span beams with cold-formed
sigma sections. In: 22nd international specialty conference
on cold-formed steel design and construction, St Louis,
MO, 56 November, pp. 345358. Rolla, MO: Missouri
University of Science and Technology.
Wang L and Young B (2014a) Cold-formed steel channel
sections with web stiffeners subjected to local and distortional buckling Part I: tests and finite element analysis.
In: 22nd international specialty conference on cold-formed
steel design and construction, St Louis, MO, 56 November, pp. 229242. Rolla, MO: Missouri University of Science and Technology.
Wang L and Young B (2014b) Cold-formed steel channel
sections with web stiffeners subjected to local and distortional buckling Part II: parametric study and design
rule. In: 22nd international specialty conference on coldformed steel design and construction, St Louis, MO, 56
November, pp. 243258. Rolla, MO: Missouri University
of Science and Technology.
Wang L and Young B (2014c) Design of cold-formed steel
channels with stiffened webs subjected to bending. ThinWalled Structures 85: 8192.
Wang T, Zhao X and Chen Y (2014d) Calculation for
moment capacity of beam-to-upright connections of steel
storage pallet racks. In: 22nd international specialty conference on cold-formed steel design and construction, St
Louis, MO, 56 November, pp. 587600. Rolla, MO:
Missouri University of Science and Technology.
Wrzesien AM, Lim JBP and Lawson RM (2014) Effect of
stressed-skin action on the behaviour of cold-formed steel
portal frames. In: 22nd international specialty conference
on cold-formed steel design and construction, St Louis,
MO, 56 November, pp. 643660. Rolla, MO: Missouri
University of Science and Technology.
Xu L, Shi Y and Yang S (2014) Compressive strength of coldformed steel C-shape columns with slotted holes. In: 22nd
international specialty conference on cold-formed steel design
and construction, St Louis, MO, 56 November, pp. 157
170. Rolla, MO: Missouri University of Science and
Technology.

Advances in Structural Engineering


Yan S and Young B (2013) Effects of elevated temperatures
on double shear bolted connections of thin sheet steels.
Journal of Structural Engineering 139(5): 757771.
Yanagi N and Yu C (2014) Effective strip method for the
design of cold-formed steel framed shear wall with steel
sheet sheathing. Journal of Structural Engineering 140(4):
04013101.
Ye W, Wang CJ, Mynors DJ, et al. (2013) Loaddeflection
behaviour of sleeved joints in modified Z purlin system.
Thin-Walled Structures 73: 318328.
Young B, Silvestre N and Camotim D (2013) Cold-formed
steel lipped channel columns influenced by localdistortional interaction: strength and DSM design. Journal of Structural Engineering 139(6): 10591074.
Yu C and Panyanouvong MX (2013) Bearing strength of
cold-formed steel bolted connections with a gap. ThinWalled Structures 66: 110115.
Yu C and Xu K (2013) Shear strength of a cold-formed steel
sheet in bolted connections using oversized holes. Journal
of Structural Engineering 139(5): 860864.
Yu C, Yu G and Wang J (2014) Innovative cold-formed steel
framed shear wall sheathed with corrugated steel sheets:
experiments and dynamic analysis. In: 22nd international
specialty conference on cold-formed steel design and construction, St Louis, MO, 56 November, pp. 775792. Rolla, MO:
Missouri University of Science and Technology.
Yuan XL and Xu L (2014) Simplified seismic design for midrise buildings with vertical combination of cold-formed
steel and concrete framing. In: 22nd international specialty
conference on cold-formed steel design and construction, St
Louis, MO, 56 November, pp. 617632. Rolla, MO: Missouri University of Science and Technology.
Zhang X and Rasmussen K (2014) Tests of cold-formed steel
portal frames with slender sections. In: European conference on steel and composite structures, Eurosteel, 1012
September, Naples.
Zhao X and Schafer BW (2014) Laser scanning to develop
three-dimensional fields for the precise geometry of coldformed steel members. In: 22nd international specialty conference on cold-formed steel design and construction, St
Louis, MO, 56 November, pp. 97114. Rolla, MO: Missouri University of Science and Technology.
Zhao X, Wang T, Chen Y, et al. (2014) Flexural behavior of
steel storage rack beam-to-upright connections. Journal of
Constructional Steel Research 99: 161175.
Zhou XH, Shi Y, Wang RC, et al. (2014) Study on the flexural capacity of cold-formed steel joists-OSB composite
floors. In: 22nd international specialty conference on coldformed steel design and construction, St Louis, MO, 56
November, pp. 495511. Rolla, MO: Missouri University
of Science and Technology.

Anda mungkin juga menyukai