From alkenes
Wurtz reaction
ALKANES
From alkyl halides
From alcohols
From ketones
From carbides
METHODS OF PREPARATION
From Elimination reactions
elimination of H2O-reagents-H2SO4,H3PO4,KHSO4,Alumina. Zaitzef
rule followed
elimination of HX-reagents-Bulky and strong bases like NaOEt.
Zaitzef rule followed
elimination of X2-reagents-Zn
Hoffmann elimination-Quaternary ammonium salts reacted with Ag2O+H2O mixture.Least
substituted alkene results.
Cope elimination-Quaternary amine oxides are heate.Least substituted alkene results.
ALKENES
Pyrolysis reaction
Heating esters at high temperatur yield alkenes
Heating halides at high temperatur yield alkenes
Wittig reaction-Carbonyl compounds are reacted with alkyl halides in the presence of Ph3P
and NaNH2
From Alkynes
Lindlar catalyst, H2 in the presence of Pd on BaSO4 converts alkyne to cis alkene
Na in liq ammonia converts alkyne to trans alkene
ALKYNES
REACTIONS OF ALKENES
Bromination-Alkenes give vic dihalides when reacted with Br2 in CCl4.Addition is anti.cis
alkene give threose compound as racemic mixture.trans alkene gives mesocompound
Reduction-Alkenes give alkanes when reacted with H2 in presence of Pd,Pt and Ni
Addition of haloacids-HX adds to alkene according to markonikof rule.X adds to highly
substituted carbon of alkene and H adds to least substituted carbon of alkene
Addition of HBr to alkene in the presence of peroxide results in antimarkonikof addition.
Acid catalysed hydration- converts alkene into alcohol.Markonikof rule is followed.There will
be rearrangement of carbocation.
Hydroboration oxidation- Reacting alkene with BH3 followed by H2O2 and OH-gives antiMarkonikof alcohol
Oxymercuration-Demercuration-reacting alkene with Hg(OCOCH3) and H2O followed by
NaBH4 gives markonikof alcohol.No rearrangement takes place
ALKENES
Addition of HOBr- HOBr adds to alkene in the same way as unsymmetrical reagents,OH
adding to highly substituted carbon and Cl adding to least substituted carbon.
Hydroboration-Alkenes react with BH3 followed by CH3COOH to give alkanes
Alkoxymercuration_Demercuration_reacting alkene with Hg(OCOCH3) andROH followed
by NaBH4 gives ethers according to Markonikof alcohol.
REACTIONS OF ALKYNES
Bromination-1 mole of bromine converts alkyne into vic alkene dihalide. 2 moles
convert into tetrahalide.
Hydrogenation- Lindlar catalyst converts alkyne into cis alkene.Birch reagent converts alkyne
into trans alkene
Ozonolysis-Ozonolysis converts alkyne into carboxylic acids
Cold KMnO4- Alkynes give tetrahydroxyl compounds which eliminate 2 molecules of
water to give diketones
Hot KMnO4 converts alkyne into carboxylic acids
ALKYNES
Diels-Alder reaction-Alkynes undergo D-A reaction with dienes to give cyclic compounds
Addition of HBr- Alkynes add 1 mole of HBr to give alkene halides according to
Markonikof rule,when 2 moles are added the second bromine goes to the same carbon
whre first bromine is attached
Addition of HBr in the presence of peroxide gives products according to antimarkonikof rule
Polymerisation- Alkynes undergo polymerisation when passed through red hot tube. 3
moles of acetylene give benzene,3 moles of propyne give mesitylene,4 moles of acetylene
give cyclooctatetraene.
Reactions of Sodium acetylide-Terminal alkynes react with sodamide(NaNH2) to give
sodium acetylides which are powerful nucleophiles react similar to Grignard reagents.
Acid catalysed hydration_ Alkynes react with H2O in the presence of acid and HgSO4 to
give ketones
Hydroboration -oxidation_ Terminal alkynes react with BH3 followed by H2O2 to give
aldehydes
Addition of hypohalous acid_ Addition of 2 moles of HOCl to alkynes give alpha dichloro
ketones
REACTIONS OF ALKANES
Free radical substitution-Alkanes undergo free radical substitution under the influence of
heat or sunlight to give akyl halides.Rate with respect to Hs is 30>20>10.Rate with resect
to halogens F2>Cl2.Br>I2.Chlorination is less selective than bromination with relative rate
of abstraction of hydrogens 5:3.8:1 and 1600:82:1 respectively.
ALKANES
H2/Pd
Br2,CCl4
Hg(OCOCH3)/H2O
NaBH4
HOBr
H2O/H+
BH3/H2O2
O3/Zn
BH3/CH3COOH
O3/H2O2
Heat
cold KMnO4
hot KMnO4
OsO4
CH3COOOH
H2/Pd
2 moles Br2,CCl4
Hg(OCOCH3)/H2O
NaBH4
2 moles HOBr
H2O/H+
BH3/H2O2
H3C
CH
O3/H2O
BH3/CH3COOH
H2/Pd on BaSO4
Heat
cold KMnO4
hot KMnO4
OsO4
Na in liq NH3
AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS-BENZENE
1. Benzene is characterized by following factors
2. Methods of preparation.
Benzene can be prepared by
Heating phenol with Zn dust
Aromatizing hexane
Passing acetylene through red hot tube
Desulphonation of benzene sulfonic acid
Heating benzene diazonium chloride with H3PO2
Heating sodium benzoate with sodalime
Reagent
X2/AlX3
HNO3/H2SO4
R-X/AlCl3
RCOCl/AlCl3
Electrophile
X+
NO2+
R+
RCO+
Sulphonation
H2SO4
SO3
Product
Halobenzene
Nitrobenzene
Alkyl benzene
Acyl
benzene(Keton
e)
Benzene
sulfonic acid