Solid-state control of DC

motor

Content
Part 1: Four quadrant operation of DC motor
Part 2: Phase controlled of DC motor
Part 3: Chopper controlled of DC motor

Part 1
Four quadrant operation of
DC motor

Principle of DC Motor Speed Control

The principle of speed control for dc motor (separately-excited) is
derived from the basic emf equation of the motor.

Two types of speed control are available: armature voltage and field
current control.
These methods are combined to yield a wide range of speed control.

Field Control
In field control, the applied armature voltage V is maintained
constant. Then the speed is represented as

Field Control
By weakening the field flux, the speed can be increased.
Normally, it is not possible to strengthen the field flux beyond its
rated value, an account of saturation of the steel laminations.
Hence, the field control for speed variation is not suitable below the
rated speed.
At rated speed, the field current by design is at rated value.

Armature Control
In this mode, the field current is maintained constant. Then, the
speed is represented as

Armature Control
Armature control is limited in speed by the limited magnitude of the
available dc supply voltage and armature winding insulation.
If the supply dc voltage is varied from zero to its rated value, then the
speed can be controlled from zero to its rated speed as well.
Therefore, armature control is ideal for speeds lower than the rated
speed. And the field control is suitable above for speeds greater than
rated speed.

Field and armature control

For speed lower than that of the rated speed, the applied armature
voltage is varied while keeping the field current constant (at its rated
value).
For speed above the rated speed, the field current is decreased while
keeping the armature voltage constant (at its rated value).

Field and armature control

Four quadrant operation

Consider that the machine is operating at a speed of m and it is
desired to bring the speed to zero.
There are two ways to achieve it:
(1) Cut off the armature supply to machine and let the motor come to zero
speed.
(2) The machine can be made to work as a dc generator, thereby the stored
kinetic energy can be effectively transferred to the source. This save energy
and brings the machine rapidly to zero speed.

Four quadrant operation

To make the dc machine operating in the motoring mode go to the
generating mode, all that needs to be done is to reverse the armature
current flow in the dc machine.

The power flows from the machine armature to the dc source. This
mode of operation is termed regenerative braking.
The braking is accomplished by regeneration. This implies that a
negative torque is generated in the machine.

Four quadrant operation

Four quadrant operation

Hence, a mirror reflection of torque-speed curve of required on the IV
quadrant for regeneration. The first and fourth quadrants are for one
direction of rotation, say forward.
For reverse direction of rotation, the III quadrant signifies the reverse
motoring and the II quadrant; the reverse regeneration mode.
Since

The speed axis becomes the armature voltage axis and the torque axis
is equivalent to the armature current axis.

Converter requirement

Part 2
Phase controlled of DC
motor

Two quadrant operation

Phase controlled converter

Phase controlled converter

One quadrant operation

Now the reversal of output voltage (V) is not possible now.
Hence, the converter operates only in the first quadrant, delivering a
positive voltage and current.

Four quadrant operation

Part 3
Chopper controlled of DC
motor

Review
The basic schematic of chopper is shown as follows:

Review

Full bridge DC-DC converter

First-Quadrant Operation (FM)

First quadrant operation with positive voltage and current in the load
(ia increasing) (T1, T2 on).

First-Quadrant Operation (FM)

First quadrant operation with zero voltage across the load (ia
decreasing) (T2, D4 on).

Second-Quadrant Operation (RR)

Second quadrant operation with negative load voltage and positive
current (D3, D4 on).

Third-Quadrant Operation (RM)

Third quadrant operation with negative voltage and current in the
load (ia increasing) (T3, T4 on).

Third-Quadrant Operation (RM)

Third quadrant operation with zero voltage across the load (ia
decreasing) (T3, D1 on).

Fourth-Quadrant Operation (FR)

Fourth quadrant operation with positive load voltage and negative
current (D1, D2 on).