CHEMISTRY SAMPLE DATA SHEET

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Chemistry Sample Data Sheet 2016

2014/10138

Table of contents
Periodic table of the elements........................................................................................................ 3
Formulae........................................................................................................................................ 4
Units............................................................................................................................................... 4
Constants....................................................................................................................................... 4
Solubility rules for ionic solids in water........................................................................................... 4
Colours of selected substances..................................................................................................... 5
-amino acids........................................................................................................................... 6 7
Standard reduction potentials......................................................................................................... 8

[Data source: The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry Periodic Table of the Elements (May 2013)]

Periodic table

Formulae
m
=
M
cV
V

mass
molar mass

Number of moles

Number of moles of solute

Number of moles of a gas at STP

Ideal gas law

PV

= 22.71
= nRT

Parts per million

ppm

= mass of solution (kg)

pH of a solution

pH

+
= - log [H ]

mass of solute (mg)

Units
Volumes are given in the units of litres (L), or millilitres (mL)
Temperatures are given in the units of degrees Celsius (C) or kelvin (K).
It may be assumed that 0.0 C = 273.15 K
Energy changes are given in kilojoules (kJ)
Pressures are given in kilopascals (kPa)
Solution concentrations are given in the units moles per litre (mol L-1),
grams per litre (g L-1) or parts per million (ppm).

Constants
Universal gas constant, R = 8.314 J K-1 mol-1
Avogadro constant, N = 6.0221023 mol-1
Volume of 1.00 mol of an ideal gas at 0.0 C and 100.0 kPa is 22.71 L
S.T.P. is 0.0 C and 100.0 kPa
Equilibrium constant for water at 25 C, Kw = 1.001014

Solubility rules for ionic solids in water

Soluble in water
Exceptions

Soluble
Most chlorides
Most bromides
Most iodides

Slightly soluble
PbC2
PbBr2

Insoluble
AgC
AgBr
AgI, PbI2

All nitrates

No exceptions

All ethanoates
Most sulfates

CaSO4, Ag2SO4

SrSO4, BaSO4, PbSO4

Insoluble in water
Insoluble

Exceptions

Soluble

Slightly soluble

Most hydroxides

NaOH, KOH, Ba(OH)2

NH4OH*, AgOH**

Ca(OH)2, Sr(OH)2

Most carbonates

Na2CO3, K2CO3, (NH4)2CO3

Most phosphates

Na3PO4, K3PO4, (NH4)3PO4

Most sulfides

Na2S, K2S, (NH4)2S

*
**

NH3 dissolves in water to form both NH3 (aq) and NH4+(aq)/OH(aq)

Ag+(aq) reacts with OH(aq) to form insoluble Ag2O
Soluble = more than 0.1 mole dissolves per litre
Slightly soluble = between 0.01 and 0.1 mole dissolves per litre
Insoluble = less than 0.01 mole dissolves per litre

Colours of selected substances

In general, ionic solids have the same colour as that of any coloured ion they contain.
Two colourless ions in general produce a white solid.
Selected exceptions to these two basic rules are noted below.
Ionic Solid

Colour

Other coloured substances

copper(II) carbonate

green

copper(II) chloride

green

copper(II) oxide

black

Most gases and liquids are colourless, and most metals are
silvery or grey. Selected exceptions to these basic rules are
noted below.

copper(II) sulfide

black

lead(II) iodide

yellow

lead(II) sulfide

grey

manganese(IV) oxide

black

silver carbonate

yellow

silver iodide

pale yellow

silver oxide

brown

silver sulfide

black

Substance

State

Colour

copper

solid

salmon pink

gold

solid

yellow

nitrogen dioxide

gas

brown

sulfur

solid

yellow

Coloured halogens
Halogen

Colour of free element

F2(g)

yellow

C2(g)

greenish-yellow

Br2()

red

I2(s)

purple

Halogen

Colour of halogen in aqueous solution

C2(aq)

pale yellow

Br2(aq)

orange

I2(aq)

brown

Halogen

Colour of halogen in organic solvent

Br2

red

I2

purple

Coloured ions in aqueous solution

Cation
2+

Co

pink

Cu2+

blue

Fe

2+

pale green

Fe

3+

pale brown

Mn

pale pink

2+

Ni2+

green

Anion

Colour

CrO42

yellow

Cr2O7

orange

MnO4

Colour
deep green

Cr

3+

purple

amino acids
Name

Symbol

alanine

Ala

Structure
CH3
H 2N

arginine

COOH

Arg

NH

H 2N
asparagine

CH

CH2

CH2

CH

COOH

CH2

NH

Asn

O
CH2
H 2N

aspartic acid

Asp

Cys

COOH

CH

COOH

CH2

SH

CH

COOH

Gln

O
CH2
H2 N

glutamic acid

H 2N
Gly

histidine

His

CH2

CH

Glu

glycine

NH2

COOH

CH2

H 2N
glutamine

CH

H2N
cysteine

CH2

CH2

CH

COOH

H 2N

NH2

COOH

CH2

COOH

COOH
N

CH2
H 2N
isoleucine

Ile

CH

N
H
COOH

CH3

CH

CH2

H2N

CH

COOH

CH3

NH2

amino acids
Name

Symbol

leucine

Leu

Structure
CH3

CH

CH3

CH2
H 2N
lysine

Lys
H2N

methionine

CH2

CH2

CH

COOH

Met
H2N

phenylalanine

CH

CH2

CH

COOH

serine

Ser

threonine

tryptophan

CH2

CH3

CH2
H2N

Pro

CH2

CH2

Phe

proline

COOH

CH
H
N

CH2

Thr

COOH
COOH

OH

H2N

CH

COOH

CH3

CH

OH

H 2N

CH

COOH
H
N

Trp
CH2
H 2N

tyrosine

Tyr

COOH

CH2
H2 N

valine

CH

Val

CH

OH
COOH

CH3

CH

CH3

H 2N

CH

COOH

NH2

Standard Reduction Potentials at 25 C

Half-reaction
F2(g) + 2 e

H2O2(aq) + 2 H (aq) + 2 e
+

PbO2(s) + SO4 (aq) + 4 H (aq) + 2 e

2

2 F (aq)

+ 2.89

2 H2O()

+ 1.76

2 HCO(aq) + 2 H+(aq) + 2 e
MnO4(aq) + 8 H+(aq) + 5 e
Au3+(aq) + 3 e

HCO(aq) + H (aq) + 2 e

PbO2(s) + 4 H (aq) + 2 e

+
+

C2(g) + 2 e

Cr2O7 (aq) + 14 H (aq) + 6 e

2

O2(g) + 4 H (aq) + 4 e
+

E(volts)

PbSO4(s) + 2 H2O() + 1.69

C2(g) + 2 H2O()
+ 1.63

Mn2+(aq) + 4 H2O() + 1.51

Au(s)

+ 1.50

C (aq) + H2O()

+ 1.49

Pb (aq) + 2 H2O()
2+

+ 1.46

2 C (aq)

2 Cr (aq) + 7 H2O() + 1.36

+ 1.36

3+

2 H2O()

+ 1.23

2 Br (aq)

+ 1.08

Ag (aq) + e

Ag(s)

+ 0.80

Fe (aq) + e

Fe (aq)

+ 0.77

O2(g) + 2 H (aq) + 2 e

H2O2(aq)

+ 0.70

Br2() + 2 e
+

3+

I2(s) + 2 e

2+

2 I (aq)

+ 0.54

4 OH (aq)

+ 0.40

Cu (aq) + 2 e

Cu(s)

+ 0.34

S(s)+ 2 H (aq) + 2 e

+ 0.17

2 H (aq) + 2 e

H2S(aq)

Pb (aq) + 2 e

Pb(s)

0.13

Sn (aq) + 2 e

Sn(s)

0.14

Ni (aq) + 2 e

Ni(s)

0.24

Co (aq) + 2 e

Co(s)

O2(g) + 2 H2O() + 4 e
2+

+
+

2+
2+
2+
2+

PbSO4(s) + 2 e

H2(g)

0 exactly

0.28

Pb(s) + SO4 (aq)

2

0.36

Cd (aq) + 2 e

Cd(s)

0.40

2 CO2(g) + 2 H (aq) + 2 e

0.43

Fe2+(aq) + 2 e

H2C2O4(aq)

Fe(s)

0.44

Cr (aq) + 3 e

Cr(s)

0.74

Zn (aq) + 2 e

Zn(s)

2+

3+

2+

2 H2O() + 2 e

Mn 2+(aq) + 2 e

0.76

H2(g) + 2 OH (aq)

0.83

Mn(s)

1.18

A (aq) + 3 e

A(s)

1.68

Mg (aq) + 2 e

Mg(s)

2.36

Na (aq) + e

Na(s)

2.71

Ca2+(aq) + 2 e

Ca(s)

2.87

Sr (aq) + 2 e

Sr(s)

2.90

Ba (aq) + 2 e

Ba(s)

2.91

K (aq) + e

K(s)

2.94

3+

2+

2+
2+

[Data source: Aylward, G.H., & Findlay, T. (2008). SI Chemical Data (6th ed.). Queensland: John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.]