Water Security Central Kosovo

Public Disclosure Authorized
71850
Water Security for Central Kosovo

The Kosovo - Ibr River Basin
and Ibr Lepenc Water System
Water resources, water demands,

Water balance assessment,
And programme of measures
MARCH 2011
Edited March 2012
DOCUMENT LEAD SHEET
Client Project Number: 7156058

SCE Project Number: 10292
Document Number: 2
Ministry of Environment and

Spatial Planning
WATER SECURITY FOR CENTRAL KOSOVO
Reports: Water Resources, Water demands,
Water balance assessment and
Programme of measures
Issue
Date
Author
Collaborators
-
K. ZENA
N. PIRVA
C. SCHMANDT
F. BAUDRY - C. MASCRE
-
25/03/2011
Reviewer
F. PINTUS
B. PICON
A. AZIZI
G. DENIGOT
C. VALLET
WORLD
BANK
Approver
Reasons for
issue
The team thanks all the partners in Kosovo who provided help to collect data in
the field for the canal survey as well those who shared information for this study.
We hope that this assessment will provide opportunities to improve water security
in Central Kosovo.
This Main Report and its additional volume on the WEAP Model Activities are the
results of the work of the Consultant Team led by F. Baudry and G.Denigot, in
cooperation with experts and government officials at the Water Directorate,
Ministry of Environment and Spatial Planning, the Ibr-Lepenc Canal Water
Company, the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Rural Development, the
Government Water Task Force, the Lignite Power Technical Assistance Project,
and several other Ministerial and other agencies. The support and information of
several donor agencies are gratefully acknowledged, notably of the Swiss
Cooperation Office Kosovo, the Kreditanstalt fr Wiederaufbau, and the
European Commission Liaison Office to Kosovo. The World Bank team that
supervised and led this initiative comprised Guy Alaerts, Michael Jacobsen and
Krenar Bujupi.
Disclaimer
The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are those
of the Consultant and do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank. The
World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work.
The boundaries, colours, denominations, and other information shown on any
map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank
concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of
such boundaries.

IBR RIVER BASIN AND IBR LEPENC WATER SYSTEM
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACRONYMS
11
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
12
A- Context and Objectives
12
B- Integrated River Basin Planning and Water Balance
13
C- Bulk Water Supply Vulnerability and Water Security in Central Kosovo
14
D- Priority Measures and Investments
22
E- Conclusion
23
PART I CONTEXT, CONCEPT 1 TOOLS
I.
24
REPORT SCOPE & PROJECT AREA
24
II. COMMON UNDERSTANDING: MOVING TOWARDS WATER SECURITY IN CENTRAL

KOSOVO
25
II.1.
Concept of Water security for this study
25
II.2.
Preliminary objectives for Water Security
25
III. INFLUENCE ON WATERS SECURITY OF THE CHANGING SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONTEXT IN

CENTRAL KOSOVO
26
III.1.
Issues regarding the Ibr Lepenc Canal
26
III.2.
Infrastructure Development
27
III.3.
Energy and water
29
III.4.
International context
31
IV. CONCEPTUAL REPRESENTATION OF THE ISSUES
32
IV.1.
Schematic representation of the issues
32
IV.2.
Use of WEAP: A River Basin Management Modeling Tool
33
WEAP model main features

Set up of a WEAP model for the Ibr River Basin in Kosovo and Montenegro
33
34
AB-
V. SOURCES OF INFORMATION AND DATA LIMITATION

PART II
IBR RIVER BASIN IN KOSOVO & TRANSBOUNDARIES WATERS
I.1. Geographical area - international waters

AB-
Project Area
Central Kosovo area Water Supply
I.2. Ibr transboundary waters and Danube river basin
37
40
40
40
42
45
page 4/211

PART III WATER BODIES AND ENVIRONMENTAL OBJECTIVES ACHIEVEMENT
51
I.1. Brief overview of European Water Directives
51
I.2. Delineation and characterisation of Water Bodies
52
ABC-
Eco regions and surface water body type

Delineation and characterization of Surface Water Bodies
Delineation and characterization of Groundwater Bodies
ABCD-
Impact on flow regime of abstraction or regulation

Description of morphological alteration
Impact of Land use patterns & population densities
Significant point and diffuse pollution sources
ABC-
Quantity and quality of data available

Evaluation of the Status of Surface water
Status of the Groundwater
I.3. Pressure & Impact On Water Bodies
I.4. Resulting Ecological and chemical status of surface water bodies
PART IV TOWARD WATER SECURITY IN CENTRAL KOSOVO 2010-2035

I.1. Scope of the analysis - Key Indicators
ABC-
Scope of the Analysis Water Security Objectives

Environmental flow - Key Water uses within Ibr River Basin
Methodology - Scenarios Building
52
53
56
64
64
65
66
68
74
74
75
76
78
78
78
79
80
I.2. Period considered and planned actions
82
I.3. Supply Side: Hydrology, Climate & Water Resources
83
ABCD-
Hydro- meteorological information

Precipitation, Temperature, Evaporation
Analysis of runoff and basin Yield
Climate change possible impact
AB-
The 2010 Water supply Infrastructure

Resources available for use quality issues Infrastructure Vulnerabilities
ABCD-
Demand of urban Water needs and communities Water supply

Demand for Agriculture
Demand for Power Production
Demand of Key industries
AB-
Baseline Scenario - Bulk Water Balance & Security Vulnerabilities

Bulk water balance under baseline scenario
I.4. Water supply infrastructure
I.5. DEMAND OF THE KEY WATER USES
I.6. BASELINE SCENARIO
I.7. BUILDING SCENARIOS FOR THE FUTURE
AJustification of range of values for the various parameters used in scenario

BFactors of Uncertainties
CDemand Side Parameters
DSupply Side Parameters
ESelection of Series of Scenarios
F- Successive scenarios by varying these factors
I.8. RESULTS OF THE SCENARIOS BULK WATER BALANCE UNDER FUTURE

CONDITIONS
83
86
90
92
94
94
101
102
102
106
108
109
110
110
113
123
123
123
124
136
139
139
141
page 5/211

AB-
Impact of selected parameters on the water demand

Hot spots Identification
I.9. CONCLUSIONS
PART V
II.
DRAFT PROGRAM OF MEASURES TOWARDS WATER SECURITY
141
142
151
152
I.1. Terms of reference
152
I.2. Schematic presentation of ToR
153
PROCESS OF MEASURE IDENTIFICATION AND ASSESSMENT
154
II.1.
Steps for measureS identification and assessment
154
II.2.
methods for measure assessment and visualization
155
II.3.
Criteria for the assessment of measures
156
II.4.
Cost Benefit Analysis
159
AOverview
BBackground
CAssumptions General Methodology
DAssumptions Costs
EAssumptions Benefits
F- Steps to neutralize Bias
III. PROJECTS AND MEASURES IDENTIFIED

III.1.
159
159
160
160
160
162
163
Quantitative Assessment of water security
163
AB-
Assessment of the water shortage and water saving needs

Operational shortcomings
Vulnerabilities of Water Security
163
163
163
ABCD-
Pressure on Water Resource

Pollution pressure on drinking water resources
the conveyance system needs rehabilitation and priority allocation
diversification and allocation of water resource
163
164
165
166
III.2.
IV. DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT AND MEASURES

IV.1.
Project 1 - protection of drinking water resources of reservoirs
AProject title
BBeneficiary institutions
CSituation Analysis
DLogical Framework Matrix
ECapital expenditures & Operating expenses
F- BENEFITS - Protection of drinking water resource
GStakeholder Analysis
HTarget group beneficiaries
I- Implementation arrangements
IV.2.
PROJECT 2: Groundwater knowledge and protection
AProject title:
CSituation Analysis
DLogical framework matrix
EStakeholder Analysis
F- Target group beneficiaries
168
168
168
168
168
170
172
174
177
177
177
178
178
178
178
179
183
183
page 6/211

G-
IV.3.
Canal
Implementation arrangements
Project 3: Provision of sufficient water of good quality through the Ibr Lepenc
184
AProject title:
CSituation Analysis
IV.4.
Study of options for providing better water security in case of emergency
AProject title:
CSituation Analysis
V. INVESTMENT PRIORITIES
PART VI ANNEXES
183
184
184
184
186
196
196
197
197
197
197
204
207
207
208
209
I.
ANNEX 1: INFORMATION SOURCES
209
II.
ANNEX 2: WEAP ACTIVITIES REPORT
211
III. ANNEX III DETAIL OF COSTS OF BENEFITS FOR THE 4 PROJECT/MEASURES
211
page 7/211

LIST OF FIGURES, MAPS & TABLES

Figure 1: Ibr "River Basin" in Kosovo
15
Figure 2: WEAP graphic interface representing the resource and demand sites
16
Figure 3: Gazivoda reservoir water balance (baseline year 2010)
17
Figure 4: Batllava reservoir water balance (baseline year 2010)
17
Figure 5: Badovc reservoir water balance (baseline year 2010)
18
Figure 6: Gazivoda water balance in 2035 assuming increased demand from all sectors and a dry year condition
(under historical meteorological conditions without climate change)
20
Figure 7: Type of losses and illegal connections in Ibr Lepenc canal (Consultant survey August 2010)
27
Figure 8: Bulk water conveyance and Hydro-electricity of the Gazivoda, its buffer reservoir and the gate of IL
canal
30
Figure 10: WEAP model modules
33
Figure 11: WEAP hydrography and water system architecture of the Ibr Basin (SCE/OIEau 2010)
35
Figure 12: WEAP scheme of the Ibr Lepenc canal water conveyance and of Prishtina & Mitrovica regions bulk
water supply
36
Figure 13: Principle for delineation of Water Bodies
Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 14: Criteria for delineation of the Water Bodies in Kosovo
Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 15: Schematic Geological Cross-Section across Central Kosovo (Source ICMM)
58
Figure 16: Environmental flow and sectors using water
79
Figure 17: Infrastructure to capture water in the Ibr River Basin
95
Figure 18: Schematic representation of the Gazivoda, secondary reservoir, hydropower generation and bulk
water use along the IL main canal (source BCEOM - Cowi study 2008 from ILE and consultant)
98
Figure 19: WEAP model schematic mapping of the main uses along the IL canal (Source SCE/OIEau)
99
Figure 20: Crops with a good potential of development in Kosovo (Source USAID study on Kosovo Agriculture
Opportunities Strategy Feb 2010)
133
Figure 21: Schematic presentation of the objectives of the program of measure as per ToR
153
Figure 22: presentation of the various instruments for measures relevance assessment
155
Figure 23: risk of rupture of conveyance, land slide, solid waste disturbing the flow of water in the IL canal
(Consultants survey August 2010)
167
Figure 24: Concept of interconnection between systems in the Ibr River Basin
198
Figure 25: Options for diversifying the sources and routes used for drinking water supply
199
Map 1: Ibr River Basin up to Serbian Border (Source SCE/OIEau 2010)
40
Map 2: Hydrological zones and tributaries of the Ibr River Basin up to the Serbian Border.
41
Map 3: Ibr River Basin, the Regional Water companies area and Kosovo Municipalities
42
Map 4: River basins in Kosovo and Relief in Kosovo
45
Map 5: Ibr River Basin inside the Danube River Basin and riparian countries
46
Map 6: Danube River basin subunits and WISE reporting monitoring point for WFD
48
Map 7: Eco-region as per the European Water Framework Directive
52
Map 8: Delineation of Surface Water Bodies (Source: Water Department and SCE/OIEau consortium 2010) 55
Map 9: Simplified hydrogeology in the Ibr River Basin
59
Map 10: Proposed Ground Water Bodies in the Ibr River Basin in Kosovo
60
Map 11: Localization of the main reservoirs, rivers and uptake of water for uses
64
Map 12: Land use of the Ibr basin (Corine Land cover)
66
Map 13: Land use map of the Ibr River Basin in Kosovo
69
Map 14: Hot spots for water quality in Ibr River Basin in Kosovo
70
Map 15: Simplified Hydrogeology in Ibr Basin, springs and boreholes (source ICMM-WD)
77
Map 16: Hydrometrical network for the Ibr River Basin in Montenegro and Kosovo
83
Map 17: Rainfall stations of the Institute of Hydrometeorology of Kosovo
86
Map 18: Description of the precipitation in the Ibr River Basin in Kosovo
86
Map 19: Range of temperature and altitude in Kosovo (Source IKMIK and USAID Kosovo Agricultural
Opportunities Strategy)
87
page 8/211

Map 20: Hydrological zones for analysis of the runoff and basin yield in Ibr River Basin in Kosovo and
Montenegro
90
Map 21: Extension of the Regional Water Companies (RWC) and Municipalities in Ibr River Basin and in
Kosovo.
103
Map 24: Precipitation distribution and location of sites of water storages
201
Map 25: Catchment of a possible reservoir in the Drenas River Basin Versant
202
Table 1: WEAP Results Analysis
21
Table 2: Data collection records
37
Table 3: Tributaries of the Ibr River and surface of their river basin
41
Table 4: List and main characteristics of the Municipalities (Source OSCE Municipalities profile 2007 to 2009) 43
Table 5: Main characteristics of sub-basins in Ibr River Basin which are relevant for Water Body delineation 53
Table 6: Table of the Surface Water Bodies
54
Table 7: Characteristics of proposed Ground Water Bodies in the Ibr Basin
61
Table 8: Land use by Corine land cover category in the upper Ibr river basin.
66
Table 9: Polluted soil and point source of industrial pollution (Source KEPA)
71
Table 10: Level of contamination of sediments in the Ibr River in Mitrovica - Source: Ground water pollution in
Mitrovica and surroundings
72
Table 11: Chemical analyses in the Ibr River Mitrovica- station Kelmend - from 2003 to 2005 (Source university
of Mitrovica)
75
Table 12: Description of the Timeline for scenarios building
82
Table 13: List of the hydrometrical stations in the Ibr River Basin up to the Border with Serbia (Source IHMK
2010)
84
Table 14: Availability of the Hydrological regarding the daily measurement of the water level in the rivers of the
upper Ibr River Basin
85
Table 15: Mean temperature in the main towns of the Ibr River Basin
88
Table 16: Evaporation in several stations in Prishtina (Source 1985 Water Master Plan)
88
Table 17: Connected and non connected population in Ibr River Basin (Source: Report on the performance for
2008 from the water and waste regulatory office, Prishtina and Mitrovica Water Companies Directors)
103
Table 18: Key indicators of the Water supply production for the Prishtina and Mitrovica RWC (Source: the report
WYG International on Prishtina regional water supply 2009)
104
Table 19: Households demand - regional company public networks (set of assumptions 1)
105
Table 20: Irrigation scheme and irrigated area
107
Table 21: Key parameters for bulk water used for irrigation: Total gross water demand for irrigated agriculture in
Ibr basin in 2010 (Source SCE/OIEau IL)
107
Table 22: Water demand for industry in 2010
109
Table 23: Demand parameters and Minimum Biological flow for the baseline scenarios (SCE/OIEau 2010) 111
Table 24: First scenarios of population growth
125
Table 25: Second scenarios of population growth
125
Table 26: Possible evolution of the average daily water consumption due to tariff policy
127
Table 27: Evolution of non-revenue water level Scenario A
128
Table 28: Evolution of non-revenue water level Scenario B
129
Table 29: Domestic water demand under 3 scenarios
129
Table 30: Evolution of the demand from the industry
130
Table 31: Total gross water demand for irrigated agriculture in Ibr basin in 2035 (water saving scenario)
133
Table 32: Water Consumption for Industry
140
Table 33: Impact of different parameters on the Water Demand from Ibr River Basin
141
Table 34: Water missing in Gazivoda system System 1
145
Table 35: WEAP Results Analysis
150
Table 36: Water Security Criteria used to prioritize the Program of Measures
158
Table 38: Benefits for Protection of drinking water resources
175
Table 40: Cost and benefits for canal protection
193
Table 42: Characteristic of possible water storages in Ibr River basin
200
page 9/211

Graph 1: Land use in the upper Ibr river basin

67
Graph 2: Mean temperature in the main towns of the Ibr River Basin
88
Graph 3: Monthly mean evaporation in the Gazivoda Reservoir
89
Graph 4: Inter-annual variation of mean annual flow at Ribari station (Ibr) 1948-1978
91
Graph 5: Frequency - debit curve for the annual flow for the period 1948 to 1978
91
Graph 6: Mean monthly flow in the Ribari and Prelez stations (period 1948 to 1978)
92
Graph 7: Monthly flow at Ribari station for dry, wet and medium year during
92
Graph 8: Modelling Spatial Scale and Uncertainty
93
Graph 9: Box with the variation of hydrological parameters due to climate change for 2030-2039
94
Graph 10: Variations of the water inflow in Gazivoda reservoir (Source: 1985 Water Master Plan IL Company)96
Graph 11: Variations of inflow in the Batllava reservoir (Source 1985 Water Master plan)
100
Graph 12: Variations of inflow in the Badovc reservoir (Source 1985 Water Master plan)
100
Graph 13: WEAP results inflow and outflow of the Gazivoda reservoir
113
Graph 14: Gazivoda Monthly Inflow and Outflow (mil mc)
114
Graph 15: Gazivoda Water Balance 2010 cumulated values (mil mc)
114
Graph 16: WEAP results inflows and outflow of Batllava Reservoir for 2010 baseline scenario
116
Graph 17: Batllava Monthly Inflow and Outflow (mil mc)
117
Graph 18: Batllava Water Balance 2010 cumulated values (mil mc)
117
Graph 19: WEAP results inflows and outflow of Badovc Reservoir for 2010 baseline scenario
119
Graph 20: Badovc Monthly Inflow and Outflow (mil mc)
120
Graph 21: Badovc Water Balance 2010 cumulated values (mil mc)
120
Graph 22: Kuzmin Monthly Inflow and Outflow (mil mc)
121
Graph 23: Kuzmin Water Balance 2010 cumulated values (mil mc)
121
Graph 24: Lypjan Monthly Inflow and Outflow (mil mc)
121
Graph 25: Lypjan Water Balance 2010 cumulated values (mil mc)
121
Graph 26: Shtime Monthly Inflow and Outflow (mil mc)
122
Graph 27: Shtime Water Balance 2010 cumulated values (mil mc)
122
Graph 28: Evolution of export of agricultural commodities from Kosovo (Source USAID study on Kosovo
Agriculture Opportunities Strategy Feb 2010)
131
Graph 29: Kosovo price for agricultural commodities compared to EU FOB Origin Price (Source USAID study on
Kosovo Agriculture Opportunities Strategy Feb 2010)
132
Graph 30: Comparison between the level of agricultural commodities export in various European countries
(Source USAID study on Kosovo Agriculture Opportunities Strategy Feb 2010)
132
Graph 31: Box for selection of value for parameters impact by the climate change (World Bank document). 138
Graph 32: Water Situation in IL Channel, 2035, dry year period
143
Graph 33: Water Situation in IL Channel, 2035, very dry year period
144
Graph 34: Unmet demand in Badovc system System 2 Population Scenario 2020
145
146
Graph 36: Unmet demand in Badovc system System 2 Dry year Scenario 2020
146
147
Graph 38: Unmet demand in Batllava system System 2 Dry year Scenario 2035
147
Graph 39: Unmet demand in Badovc system System 2 Very dry year Scenario 2020
148
148
Graph 41: Unmet demand in Batllava system System 2 Very dry year Scenario 2035
149
Graph 42: value of criteria for collection
173
Graph 43: value of criteria for protection of drinking water resource
174
Graph 46: cost benefit Analysis Net Present Value for the measure/project 3 improvement of Ibr-Lepenc
Canal
189
Graph 47: Localisation and type of conveyance system to rehabilitate to save water (WEAP model SCE/OIEau
2010)
191
Graph 48: Leakage protection - Total Score for criteria
192
Graph 49: Canal Protection - Total score for criteria
193
Graph 51: Total score for criteria equipment for water measurement and regulation
195
Graph 52: Cost Benefit Analysis- Measure/Project 4 Study of Water Security Contingencies
206
page 10/211

ACRONYMS
CBA
Cost Benefit Analysis
EC
European Communities
ECLO
European Liaison Office in Kosovo
EU
European Union
KEPA
Kosovo Environment Protection Agency
GIS
Geographical Information System
GWB
Ground Water Body
ICMM
Independent Commission for Mines and Minerals
ICPDR
International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River
IHMK
Institute of Hydrometeorology of Kosovo
ILC
Ibr Lepenc Canal
OIEau
Office International de lEau
RB
River Basin
RBD
River Basin District
RDM
Robust Decision Making
RWC
Regional Water Company
WBo
Water Body
WB
World Bank
WEAP
Water Evaluation and Planning System
WFD
Water Framework Directive
page 11/211

Executive Summary
A- Context and Objectives
1.
Kosovo is a small and young state that gained an interim UN-administered status in the wake of the
Dayton Peace Accord only in 1999; it declared independence in 2008. Compared to neighbouring countries, it is
still lacking in its basic infrastructure and its administrative and technical skills. In addition, with the onset of the
War in Yugoslavia in 1992 most investment and normal maintenance came to a standstill. Much of the publicly
owned infrastructure fell into disrepair or was vandalized, but private investments led to a construction boom
which, however, is leading to many environmental problems. The government is committed to reconstruction
and to the development of a peaceful state. It also intends to align with EU policies
2.
Lying in the southern Balkans, Kosovo is landlocked. While its mountainous western and southern
fringes are plentiful in water, its central/northern high-lying plateau, that covers about half of the country's
territory, is short of water featuring only a few minor rivers and brooks. Most rivers and wells are polluted, or at
serious risk. Yet, it is precisely this area that holds the country's largest population share, including its capital
Prishtina, as well as most of the mining activities, substantial agriculture, and most of its industry. This area
also contains the industrial growth area along the Durrs-Prishtina-Belgrade corridor, now under development.
Importantly, the country's two main (thermal) power plants are also located near Prishtina next to large lignite
deposits; the World Bank is assisting with the development of a privately-financed third, modern facility ("New
Kosovo"), decommissioning of the oldest plant ("Kosovo A") and refurbishing of the second oldest ("Kosovo B").
This economic heart of the country depends for its water mostly on the Ibr-Lepenc canal that conveys water
from the large Gazivoda reservoir in the north, built in the late 1970s. The canal is about 50 km long and has a
nominal capacity at its inlet of more than 10m3/sec but with losses of above 50% its delivery capacity declines
along its run. The reservoir lies partly in Serbia, but its dam and the canal lie inside Kosovo albeit in the region
that is dominated by communities of Serbian ethnicity. Two other much smaller reservoirs east of Prishtina
(Batllava and Badovc) have thus far provided water for Prishtina municipality and other towns and local industry.
3.
Groundwater resources have not been researched well in Kosovo. In the alluvial plain of the Sidnica
river affluent of the Ibr River the groundwater is abundant but very vulnerable to local pollution. Still, in many
villages on the central/northern plateau groundwater is used for household consumption.
4.
The agricultural sector is in general still poorly organized in this part of Kosovo. Some irrigation
infrastructure is still functioning but on a small scale at around 1000 ha per year. The Ibr-Lepenc Canal
Company offers irrigation contracts to farmers at a low price for the irrigation periods. Most of the irrigated area
is devoted to potato cultivation, which is a tradition in the Sidnica plain. The town centres are provided with
piped water, but connection rates are generally low except in Prishtina, and physical losses are still substantial.
Donors, such as the Swiss cooperation, USAID, KfW, UNDP and the EU are very active in the improvement and
expansion of water supply and drainage services, notably inside the Prishtina area and recent measures taken
by the Prishtina Regional Water Company to reduce losses and improve the bill payment rate proved to be
efficient last year. Sewerage is mostly lacking and only one town has an operational wastewater treatment plant.
5.
This study responds to the request by the Government to contribute to the updating of the Water
Strategy and Plan; offer direction for the new sector policy; identify practical, priority investments; and by doing
so help alignment with the EU acquis and its policies. Because of the limited budget, and the numerous ongoing donor activities, care was taken to target the study on a subject that would be strategically significant and
where the Bank would add value. Most donors support studies and investment in water supply and some
wastewater management and drainage, as well as catchment management. Few donor efforts thus far have
addressed the more complicated water resources management issues covering all water uses because of its
page 12/211

cross-sectoral nature and longer-term institutional implications. Central (and northern) Kosovo was selected for
the study as it is the area of most concern because 80% of the economic value is located there, including the
capital, whilst it likely will be facing the most constrained and vulnerable water resources and supply situation
over the next decade due to population and economic pressures. Also, the Bank is supporting there other major
activities that would benefit from this study, notably the "New Kosovo" Lignite Power Plant that will depend on
secure 24 hour water supply for cooling.
6.
Thus, the study has the specific objectives to: (i) assist the government to improve its river basin
planning and management by providing (for demonstration purposes) a replicable tool/simulation model for
integrated river basin planning and management; and (ii) support the government in its identification of priority
measures of structural and non-structural nature to help strengthen the water resources sector performance.
The source(s) for the financing of the identified projects would need to be identified further by the Government
as the World Bank has not committed to involvement in the sector.
7.
The economy and the towns of central Kosovo have an insecure water future. As mentioned, the IbrLepenc canal is a man-made artificial lifeline for supplying central Kosovo continuously with water. The study
has analyzed three key premises: (i) bulk water supply in central Kosovo may become inadequate to satisfy
growing demand; (ii) climate change is likely to exacerbate the shortfall in supply; and (iii) the available
infrastructure to collect and transport this bulk water is in poor condition and vulnerable due to the absence of
maintenance and modernization over the past two decades. Recently repairs of the major leakages were carried
out by the Ibr-Lepenc Canal Company. The Ibr-Lepenc canal in particular is operational but increasingly
vulnerable to acute disruption by notably landslides, leakages and, with politics not fully settled yet, other kinds
of disruption. It may not be prepared to keep providing reliable and expanding high-quality water service in the
longer-run given the pollution pressures, and growing uncertainty due to variability in demand and climate. The
study would then propose realistic "no-regret" measures specifically geared to increase supply reliability and
resilience to the likely demand variability in the main existing and future demand nodes, notably the "New
Kosovo" power plant and the refurbished Kosovo B plant; the municipal and industrial water supply in and near
Prishtina as well as Mitrovice, Vushstrij and several other towns on the plateau; and irrigation, now still near
zero demand but expected to rise soon. The study would take an integrated approachtreating the plateau as
a coherent hydrological unit comprising several water sources (the Gazivoda and the two other reservoirs, as
well as groundwater) and seek ways to reduce sources of security risks, and enhance the reliability of expanded
bulk water supply, at minimum cost.
B- Integrated River Basin Planning and Water Balance

8.
For its integrated river basin planning and water balance analysis, the study has utilized the WEAP
(Water Evaluation and Planning System) simulation model of which the software is not proprietary and does not
require sophisticated data collection. The Ministry of Environment and Spatial Planning is familiar with WEAP.
The study has now provided a database and a baseline for the Ibr catchment and central Kosovo area. The
study has also adopted the experience from an earlier EU-funded study on the Drini river basin; taken together,
the two studies have now developed the models for the largest and most significant river basins in Kosovo. This
study applied a methodology especially for surface water and groundwater aquifer delineation that is compliant
with the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD). While the limited scope of this study obviously cannot provide a
full river basin management plan which meets the detailed requirements of the WFD, it provides a compliant
methodology and framework that can be replicated for more in-depth analysis on these two basins or to cover
page 13/211

the other basins. However, no primary data collection has been carried out, but existing yet very scattered data
compiled and assessed for consistency and reliability.
9.
The planning has notably taken into account the environmental flow requirements and the transboundary issues, as the water in the Ibr-Lepenc canal essentially is abstracted from the Ibr river which,
downstream from the reservoir and after its use in Kosovo, returns to Serbia and flows into the Morava and
from there the Danube. Environmental flow requirements have been estimated in a simple fashion and taken
"off the top" when calculating water balances. The Ibr river rises in Montenegro and passes through Serbia,
and, beyond the Gazivoda reservoir and its Ibr-Lepenc canal in Kosovo, returns to Serbia. The issues
related to the transboundary nature have been discussed. The requirements for prior notification of riparian
countries on significant investments on the river are complicated since Serbia and other downstream
riparians on the Ibr-Morava-Danube system do not recognize the Government of Kosovo. Specific legal
advice will be needed for any measure which requires notification. However, precedents exist in the postYugoslavia areas where the International Commission for the Protection of the Danube (and in other but
similar cases, the International Sava Commission), have acted as facilitating intermediaries.
C- Bulk Water Supply Vulnerability and Water Security in Central Kosovo

10. Taking the central Kosovo region as one hydrological and economic unit--the "Ibr basin"three rivers or
sub-basins can be distinguished, each with its reservoir, which are connected hydrologically and economically.
The main tributaries and reservoirs are illustrated in figure 1. The Ibr-Lepenc canal "sub- basin" draws its water
from the Gazivoda reservoir. The canal runs south from the Gazivoda dam parallel to the Sitnica river, which in
turn is a tributary to the downstream part of the Ibr and carries central Kosovo's polluted return flows back to
Serbia. The canal specifically supplies for the moment water to the hydropower plant (35 MW), to the towns of
Mitrovice, Vushtrij, and some smaller neighbouring towns as well as to the two thermal power plants, the
industrial development zone along the Durrs-Prishtina--Belgrade corridor, and some irrigation. Over the next
few years, however, the canal will also supply bulk water for Prishtina municipality (starting in 2013), the third
thermal power plant New Kosovo (after 2014), as well as the expected substantial expansion of irrigated areas.
Thus, this sub-basin river encompasses the main towns and main economic activities of Kosovo.
11. The Liap and Gracaniqa sub-basins feature the Batllava and Badovc reservoirs, respectively, and
currently both supply the Prishtina Regional Water Company with water for the population of Prishtina and
smaller communities in the capital's neighbourhood. This situation is unlikely to change in the future as the
maximum supply capacity of these catchments has been reached and the reservoirs are likely to rather
experience capacity reduction in the future due to expanding, unregulated land use and increasing pollution
pressure.
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Figure 1: The Ibr "river basin" in Central and North Kosovo

12.
The concern on water security in the Ibr basin refers to three dimensions:
The current capability of the water resource and reservoir infrastructure to provide a
reliable supply of water to meet all demands, under the current conditions (2010) ;
The capability of the water resource and reservoir infrastructure to provide reliable supply
of water over the next decades, by 2020 and 2035, under dry-year and very dry year
conditions taking into account likely scenarios of climate change but also increases in
population, agriculture and industrial activity; and
The capability of the physical infrastructure in the form of the reservoirs and the water
conveyance systems to do so in a reliable fashion.
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Figure 2: The WEAP graphic interface representing the resource and demand sites as modelled
13. Bulk water security as it is considered in this study, is not limited to the question of absolute water
resource scarcity. Rather, it refers to the overall vulnerability and the (lack of) reliability and robustness of the
natural and the physical water supply systems under different scenarios of simultaneously decreasing supply
capacity and growing demand. Under current annual-average conditions (for the baseline year 2010) the two
storage facilities in the basin Gazivoda and Batllava have sufficient water supply capability to meet demand
throughout the year. The WEAP simulation model was applied to study the discrepancy in the quantities
between water supply and demand, using the resource and demand nodes as described in figure 2. The
simulation results are presented in figures 3, 4 and 5, for each of the three reservoirs. The water balance (supply
and demand) is presented each time in accumulative fashion over the year. A (yellow) line denotes a risk
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indicator: it is the cumulative inflow in a very dry year, which is taken here at a representative 50% of the
baseline year inflow. The Gazivoda reservoir has ample reserve capacity, however, it should be noted that the
water demand as per 2010 is still severely depressed in all sectors, and will over the next 5-10 years see a
marked increase, that at this stage is not possible to define more precisely. Also, the Ibr-Lepenc canal is for the
moment sometimes unable to realize this potential as it is constrained in its carrying capacity. The Batllava
reservoir similarly has still some reserve capacity available; however, under very dry year condition a clear risk
exists that the water level in the reservoir will be falling well below its normal level (as suggested qualitatively by
the yellow line on the figure which represents a 50% lower-than-average inflow); two dry years in succession
would lead to emergency situations. In addition, it is the catchment that is most vulnerable to pressures due to
changes in land use and increasing pollution. The Badovc reservoir under current conditions does not provide
sufficient water resources to meet the demand from 35% of Prishtina city even under average precipitation
conditions (red columnsdemandsystematically far exceeding the blue columns of the inflow).
Figure 3: Gazivoda reservoir water balance (for baseline year 2010)
Figure 4: Batllava reservoir water balance (for baseline year 2010)
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Figure 5: Badovc reservoir water balance (for baseline year 2010)

14. Thus, the Ibr basin overall can be expected to have sufficient water availability at most key water
demand nodes over the whole year under current conditions. However, in the near future and under
assumptions of unfavourable climate change and strong increases in urban, industrial and agricultural demand
for water, the WEAP scenario shows that the water resources will not balance the demand over a year. The
demand structure may gradually shift, and the reliability in the medium term of the Batllava and especially local
groundwater is likely to decrease.
15. The Badovc reservoir is under current conditions already in a critical situation and needs to be carefully
reviewed further. Any demand growth directed at Badovc reservoir is likely to shift to the Gazivoda source.
16. The study assessed the structural integrity and constructive quality of the bulk water conveyance
systems, in particular the Ibr-Lepenc canal. This infrastructure needs rehabilitation, as well as protection
against accidental blockages, pollution and other causes of disruption. Water losses are significant in the current
conveyance systems, and some hot spots of water losses have been repaired at comparatively low cost.
Additional, major losses can be repaired similarly; however, additional losses reduction might be costly as it will
be necessary to repair the canal lining over long stretches. In addition, mud slides, debris and, occasionally,
animals that end up in the unprotected Ibr-Lepenc canal, and polluted run-off from the surrounding fields and
streets, all imperil both the reliability and the quality of the bulk water supply service. The bacteriological and
chemical pollution and the debris are also increasingly affecting the water quality proper, which is a growing
concern as all three water sources will soon be used intensively for municipal tap water supply. A separate
report1 has assessed dam safety and based on its recommendations this study does not address this issue.
Kosovo Irrigation Rehabilitation Project - Dam Safety Component, 2004, under EU support, carried out by DHV Consultants. The report
assesses the structural safety of the 5 dams (Gazivoda, Batllava, Badovc, Radoniqi and Prilepnica) and concludes that their relatively
recent construction and good building standards have prevented development of major emergencies thus far. However, on all dams
safety issues are emerging (piping, bulging, sagging, etc.) and concerns are arising regarding the adequacy of the spillway and
emergency procedures. The report accepts that repair is not yet high priority but recommends vigilance and deeper follow-up, at an
estimated cost of 1 million).
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17. The municipal and key industrial water supply systems are for the moment supplied through individual
piping and canal systems, which are often beyond their economic lifetime, or in dire need of rehabilitation and
modernization. Rehabilitation work has been started. In order to reduce their vulnerability to supply disruption,
additional storage needs to be built and these systems to be better interconnected to bridge critical supply
periods. At the moment water supply to the major towns is vulnerable as the supplies are not diversified. With
Prishtina municipal water supply drawing soon (as per 2014) water from the Ibr-Lepenc canal for the first time,
the city will have taken a step to diversify its current dependence on the Batllava and Badovc reservoirs.
Similarly, additional storage capacity along the Ibr-Lepenc canal is advisable to provide the buffer to secure
water supply under extreme circumstances to the new and larger New Kosovo power plant as well as the
refurbished Kosovo B plant.
18. The trend towards increasing pollution of groundwater needs to be reversed. Groundwater is increasingly
polluted. Ninety percent of the town and rural population without access to a piped network depend on shallow
wells or boreholes for drinking and cooking. The pollution of groundwater is growing due to the rapid pace of
urbanization on the land around cities and the emergence of small industrial facilities in the absence of effective
pollution prevention mechanisms. To achieve the objective of safe water supply, piped water supply systems
need to be further expanded to increase the connection rates, and measures need to be taken towards
groundwater pollution control. Such policies should be developed in an integrated water management strategy
for the basin, which is to be in line with the EU WFD.
19. The quality of the return and used waters that are collected in the Sidnica river is very poor. This presents
potentially a threat for human health locally, and may become a source of conflict with the downstream riparian
(Serbia).
20. Over the next two decades demand will grow while climate change and variability will likely reduce
precipitation. Thus, shortages may occur in the system. Using the WEAP model, a number of scenarios were
developed for the period up to the year 2035. Each scenario takes progressively more factors into account in
order to test the vulnerability of the system. Since the reservoir systems are not interconnected at the moment,
water needs and availability are calculated for each reservoir separately. Scenario 1 only considers the increase
of water needs for human consumption. Scenario 2 in addition considers growing irrigation needs. The existing
irrigation system (mostly fallen into disrepair) was designed originally for 19,000 hectares, could service 8,000
hectares, but in 2010 only 1000 hectares were actually irrigated. Scenario 2 assumes that in total 10,000
hectares will be irrigated in the Ibr basin by 2035. Scenario 3 adds demand from industry and mining, as well
as the increased consumptive demand resulting from cooling purposes (of which most is non-consumptive).
Scenario 4 looks at how scenario 3 will cope in a dry year under historical meteorological conditions. Finally,
Scenario 5 analyzes the risk stemming from dry years becoming even drier as a consequence of non-historical
climate change. Scenario 4 is illustrated for the Gazivoda reservoir (fig. 5).
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Figure 6: Gazivoda water balance in 2035 assuming increased demand from all sectors and under historical dry
year condition (i.e. under historical meteorological conditions without climate change)
21. Water resource shortages are increasingly likely to occur in future dry years if no adaptive action is taken.
As figure 6 illustrates for the Gazivoda dam, that has the largest reserve capacity by far for bulk water supply for
the moment, shortages in dry years will occur by or around 2035, especially in the months April through August
during the irrigation season. However, for the Badovc and Batllava reservoirs the structural shortages in dry
years will likely start occurring already from before 2010, and from 2020, respectively. It should be noted that
these simulations for the Gazivoda reservoir assume that unmet demand for the Badovc and Batllava reservoirs
from the areas south and east of Prishtina would not be shifted to the Gazivoda/Ibr-Lepenc canal system. Nor
do these simulations anticipate that growing land and pollution pressures on these reservoirs may actually
depress their supply capacity. It is likely, however, that over the next two decades a growing demand from this
part of the basin will be effectively shifted to the Gazivoda/Ibr-Lepenc canal, which would irrevocably lead this
system to meet its maximum supply capacity sometime between 2020 and 2030. Table 1 summarizes the
analysis made on the results obtained under WEAP model development.
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Table 1: WEAP results analysis indicating risk levels under 5 scenarios

System
Scenario
By 2020
By 2035
Scenario 1
Scenario 2
System
System
Gazivoda Scenario 3
Scenario 4
Worst Case scenario
Scenario 1
Scenario 2
System
System
Batllava Scenario 3
Scenario 4
Worst Case scenario
Scenario 1
Scenario 2
System 2 Badovc System
Scenario 3
Scenario 4
Worst Case scenario
Scenario 1
Scenario 2
System 3 Groundwater Scenario 3

System
Scenario 4
Worst Case scenario
Bulk water supply lower than demand but risk of occasional shortage -- measures to be prepared
Water security assured but limited initiate implementation of adaptive measures
Demand exceeds supply water saving measures essential
Not applicable
22. In conclusion, the capacity of the existing water resources, i.e. the reservoirs and groundwater, to
satisfy current demand and the demand in the immediate future (2013-2017) is adequate for two reservoirs and
inadequate for that part of Prishtina city that is supplied by the Badovc reservoir. However, in the short term, the
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main concern regarding the vulnerability of the system, and the security of water provision, refers to the poor
condition of the conveyance structures, the absence of buffer capacity to bridge temporary shortage, the lack of
interconnectedness of the different demand zones in the basin, and the lack of a planning mechanism to identify
priorities both for investment and for water allocation to the various users of bulk water conveyed.
D- Priority Measures and Investments

23. In response to this vulnerability, the study has identified structural and non-structural priority
measures and has identified a number of investment and policy concepts, which will require further analysis.
The structural measures in the immediate short term include: (i) reduction of losses in the bulk transmission
systems, (ii) establishment of interconnections for water transfer between the different systems/zones in the Ibr
basin, and (iii) protection of the Ibr-Lepenc canal against blockages, pollution and other types of disruption. The
non-structural measures include: (i) protection measures for catchment areas (policies, monitoring, enforcement,
administrative capacity and staff training, etc.), (ii) enhanced monitoring and data collection in particular for
groundwater, and (iii) enhanced monitoring and data collection for hydrology purposes in general.
24. For the longer run, the creation of additional water supply and storage would need to be examined. (This
could be from an enhanced Gazivoda/Ibr system; construction of a new reservoir on the Lepenc in the south
with conveyance canal to Central Kosovo2; and a conveyance system, possibly involving deep groundwater,
from the west of the country). Replacing the existing open canal for conveying clean water from Gazivoda
reservoir by a pressurised pipe to reduce losses is also a possibility. Reduction of the consumption per capita is
to be encouraged. It should be reminded that it is not sure that irrigation will expand to 10,000 ha and that drip
irrigation can reduce the overall water consumption.
25. Measures have been packaged and prioritized using several criteria. Preliminary economic analysis
of prioritized packages has been carried out. The measures have been considered and assessed using a multicriteria approach. Each measure has been analyzed with respect to: stakeholder commitment, environmental
impact, transboundary consequences, economic development impact and immediate employment impacts,
technical complexity, flexibility and readiness. Four priority project packages have been identified. The first
package is already ongoing and is mentioned for completeness. For each package the components have been
identified and a cost-benefit analysis, also based on NPV calculation (Net Present Value) has been carried out.
However, the analysis has suggested that most of these measures can be considered "no regret" measures, as
they need to be taken irrespective of the different development scenarios, and to address situations that will
soon take emergency forms due to the poor condition of the infrastructure and the growing demand against
stagnating supply.
26. A project to improve connectivity for Prishtina and enhance water supply reliability is expected to
start in 2012. A project has been developed by the Prishtina Regional Water Company with KfW funding. This
project would draw part of the water supply of Prishtina from the Ibr-Lepenc canal, thus making the water
supply of Prishtina less vulnerable (more secure). At the same time, this investment will further increase the
The Bank has advised the government through this same Advisory Activity that the 1980 designs for the Lepenc reservoirs are not any
longer realistic. Yet, an alternative reservoir site and conveyance system have been identified, however, their cost are beyond the reach
of the country at this moment (KosovoTowards a Water Strategic Action Plan: Assessment of water demand and supply, and of the
feasibility of the South Ibr-Lepenc Scheme, The World Bank, November 2009.
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importance of securing uninterrupted water supply from the Ibr- Lepenc canal, as well as taking precautionary
action to minimize the opportunities for pollution of the canal water.
27. A project package to secure uninterrupted water supply of good quality from the Ibr- Lepenc
canal (estimated cost up to 31 million). This package includes the following investment measures: (i) repair
of the canal (lining, abutments, foundations, cuttings, culverts, etc.) and protection against renewed physical
damage from landslides, unstable soils, and man-made disruptions, (ii) short-term storage along the canal to
bridge peak water demand and temporary outages for repair purposes, (iii) protection of the canal against
recurrent pollution, accidental pollution and other threats and disruptions, through interventions such as fencing
and covers, (iv) equipment for better management of gates and regulation of water flows, (v) establishment of a
stakeholder platform for a dialogue on allocation rules, (vi) support to the establishment of rules for water
allocation and prioritization between competing demands, and (vii) capacity building for Ibr- Lepenc Canal
Water Company for these issues as well as training on how to deal with emergency situations. The total cost
has been estimated at about 31 million. The benefit-cost ratio is higher than 1.1. The largest cost component is
the proposed lining of 25 kilometres of the canal at an estimated cost of 25 million for a complete renovation
which could be considered excessive. However, this option could still provide benefits in the long run as the
amount of water available would be larger. The proposed length, cost and other specifics will have to be tested
and appraised in a feasibility study. With a certain budget available, a key task for the feasibility study would be
to identify the sections that most urgently need lining.
28. A package for pilot groundwater knowledge development and protection (estimated at 1.4
million). This package includes the following investment measures: (i) description of characteristics and
identification of significant pressures on (pilot) groundwater bodies, (ii) installation of groundwater monitoring
networks, and (iii) support to farmers to establish physical measures to protect drinking water supply. The total
investment costs have been assessed at about 1.4 million, and the benefit-cost ratio to be above 3. The project
is a pilot project, which addresses the key issue of groundwater protection in the Ibr basin. Groundwater
protection is particularly important for the rural population which is not connected to centralized piped water
supply.
29. A project package for protection of drinking water reservoirs (estimated at 12 million). This
package would include the following investment measures: (i) preparation of a protection plan for each of the
three reservoirs in line with the EU Drinking Water Directive, (ii) equipment for monitoring of hydrology and water
quality, (iii) capacity building of staff, (iv) sanitation facilities for recreational facilities at the reservoirs, (v) septic
tanks and wastewater and run-off drainage for rural (low-density) residences, farms and businesses not planned
to be connected to a centralized drainage and wastewater system, and, last but not least, (vi) land purchase for
headwaters conservation areas. The total investment costs have been assessed to be approximately 12 million
(including land purchases) and the benefit-cost ratio to be approximately 2.
E- Conclusion
30. The study has documented the importance of investing in water security in central Kosovo and has
identified no-regret priority measures for the short term within a planning horizon of 3-6 years. The study would
need to be complemented by deeper analysis, notably to confirm that the proposed no-regret measures are
indeed the best and most cost-effective options to address the rising lack of supply security. However, the
proposed measures are likely essential to reduce the vulnerability of the economic heart of Kosovo to water
shortages in dry years due to supply interruption and to pollution, and climate change that will substantially
deteriorate the water balance, after 2020.
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PART I
CONTEXT, CONCEPT AND TOOLS
I. REPORT SCOPE & PROJECT AREA

This study is part of a larger program with the development objective to secure
future water supply to strategic sectors in Kosovo. The strategic sectors include
domestic water use, power and irrigation as well as key industries.
The specific objectives for this study are:
1) To assist the Government of Kosovo in improving its river basin planning
and management by providing for demonstration purposes a replicable
model for integrated river basin planning and management. This model will
take into account the status of Kosovo as a potential EU candidate country
and thus the need to move towards alignment with the EU acquis,
including but not limited to the Water Framework Directive.
2) To support the Government of Kosovo in its identification of structural and
non-structural priority measures within the water sector, broadly to
achieve its socio-economic development objectives as well as good water
quality in the Ibr basin. This will be done by providing for demonstration
purposes a multi-criteria model for prioritization of measures as well as
identifying and describing initial priority investments that would meet the
criteria for possible co-funding by the World Bank.
Due to time and data limitations, as mentioned in the inception report, SCE/OIEau
worked focusing on the following aspects:
-
Water bodies delineation and pressure analysis, status of water bodies,

measures to achieve environmental objective;
Measures to secure water supply for the different users: households,

agricultural sector, industry and mining sector in the urban and rural areas of
Central Kosovo;
The team has considered also the aim of providing better water security in all
circumstances in Central Kosovo and ecosystem restoration. They are essential
aspects especially for the following objectives:
-
Enabling the environment for public and private investment
Achieving the Good status of Water Bodies (as stipulated as the guiding
objective in the Water Framework Directive).
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II. COMMON UNDERSTANDING: MOVING TOWARDS

WATER SECURITY IN CENTRAL KOSOVO
II.1. CONCEPT OF WATER SECURITY FOR THIS STUDY
For water security assessment, the waters can be divided in three categories:
Water resources: the water of springs, streams, lakes, reservoirs, rivers,
groundwater, including the river beds and the aquifer geological layers;
Bulk water: the water in a canal or in large pipes which are regulated by gates or
valves and can be distributed for users of various sectors through a water supply
system;
Water for end users: this is the water which has been distributed such as tap
water, cooling water in generator, irrigation water in sprinklers.
In this study, we considered Water Security as a policy including the following
objectives:
-
Ensure, on a continuous, undisturbed basis, a degree of comfort for bulk

water supply, avoiding water shortages in dry years or a series of dry years.
Ensure that in case of emergency due to the damage of a key water

infrastructure, there are alternative resources and parts of the water systems
continue to function, which could reduce dramatic socio-economic costs.
Ensure that Water Security is available at a fair price and is in line with
sustainable management of companies and environment protection.
II.2. PRELIMINARY OBJECTIVES FOR WATER SECURITY

A policy of water security can be briefly characterised by a number of principles
such as the following, which are proposed by the Consultant:
Equitable and reasonable water allocation including transboundary waters

(concept of international legislation);
Contribute to achieve a sustainable water resource management, through
tariff policy and reference to principle such as water users pays and
polluter pays,
Protection of water resource for future uses and for biological balance of
ecosystems
Ensuring a degree of continuity in bulk water supply, even in drought
years and emergency conditions to avoid or reduce socio-economic
losses.
The degree of security to be achieved is not defined precisely or in quantifiable

statistical terms in this study, but these general principles formed guidelines for the
criteria to prioritize measures and for the measures assessment process.
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III. INFLUENCE ON WATERS SECURITY OF THE CHANGING

SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONTEXT IN CENTRAL KOSOVO
III.1.
ISSUES REGARDING THE IBR LEPENC CANAL

The Ibr Lepenc (IL) water infrastructureits reservoirs, canals, and related
works--was designed more than 30 years ago. At that time, there were plans to
irrigate 20 000 ha in Central Kosovo. The course of historical events has thwarted
these plans. As a matter of fact, in 2009 and 2010 less than 1000 ha were
irrigated. The IL canal is large enough and the quantity of water in the Gazivoda
reservoir is sufficient to cover the demand of various users. In 2011 a large
quantity of the water from the reservoir has flown back to the Ibr river and to
Serbia.
The lack of maintenance of the IL canal during the years of wars and its
aftermaths led to degradation and important water losses. The Ibr-Lepenc Canal
Company started to repair the canal structure where losses were causing
nuisances. This rehabilitation effort was made possible by the revenues
generated by selling hydro-electricity to Kosovo Electricity Company (KEK) and
bulk water to various users, mostly industries and power plants.
The managers of the IL Canal Company informed the consultant that the main
issues they have to tackle are the following:
a large number of illegal connections alongside the canal diverts water,

run-off and sediments enter the canal during high rainfall. The devices
which were constructed to reduce the impact of sediment are damaged
and do no longer work properly; they need to be rehabilitated and
expanded,
solid waste is dumped in the canal and accumulates at the grids
preventing their entry in siphons; this requires constant attention,
structural defects in the canal structure cause water losses. When
these are important points of losses, the water flowing outside the canal
can cause nuisances to surrounding properties and infrastructure,
landslides were observed in 2010 along the canal. If no protective
measures are taken soon, the soil movements close to the canal can
endanger the structure and cause important damages,
techniques and equipment need to be introduced to allow to divert water
inside the canal without cutting the water flow. Some parts of the canal
siphons have not been inspected from the inside since their construction
because the water has to flow non-stop in the canal to provide cooling
water for power plants. Hence, the repairs are performed preferably
when the flow of water is not too high. When there will be a higher level of
utilization of the canal bulk water used, rehabilitation work will be harder.
The Consultants canal survey in August 2010 confirmed the above assessments.
For several years, especially in 2009 and 2010, the IL Canal Company has
proceeded to repair the canal structures. Priority was given to location of major
losses. Rehabilitation works were also undertaken in locations where there are
risks of future nuisances or damages on public structures.
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Another important trend is the house and building construction boom and poor
land zoning enforcement. Houses and small business compounds are built
around towns and villages without consideration of the impact on the water flows,
the canal system, or the possibility to expand irrigation in the future. As a result,
many branches of the existing old irrigation systems cannot be used anymore
because houses were constructed on top of the pipes. The area which can be
irrigated with the current irrigation system is therefore shrinking from year to year.
Figure 7: Type of losses and illegal connections in Ibr Lepenc canal (Consultant survey, August 2010)
III.2.
INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT
The use of the bulk water from the Ibr-Lepenc canal will increase in the coming
years.
Plans exist for the water from the IL canal to be used for the production of
drinking water to serve the population and other users of the towns of Mitrovica,
Vushtry and Prishtina.
In addition, it has been proposed that the water flowing at the end of the canal be
utilized for cooling the power plant called New Kosovo, which is planned to be
constructed. It will be composed of two units of 280-300 MW each, going on-line
in 2016-2017. Additional generation will be needed after about 2020, it is
expected that future energy needs might be provided by non-thermal sources.
Anyhow, before 2035, the planned new power generation will need water.
This evolution of the use of the water of Ibr Lepenc canal has several
implications:
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For drinking water production: the quality of water should besatisfactory

all the time. This means that the water used has to be protected from
contamination of toxic substances. This is an issue as the IL canal is a
mostly open canal surrounded by human activities,
The disruption of conveyance that might occur should not exceed several
days lest it will create difficulties in power generation which requires a
continuous supply of cooling water.
To secure continuous supply of water to the power plant and avoid a possible
disruption of bulk water conveyance of water, it is planned to construct buffer
water storages facilities.
For the New Kosovo project a storage corresponding to 10 days of water demand
was proposed. As for the newly planned Prishtina water treatment plant, storage
is also planned. (see: Kosovo C- Strategic Environmental Social Assessment p
52)
Other options can be envisaged, such as a common storage, the installation of
pumps for groundwater abstraction along the canal, or a separate, smaller water
conveyance pipe going serving the cooling system in case of emergency.
However, there is a risk that these storages will not be sufficient:
For instance,
-
In case the flow of cooling water cannot be re-established within 10 days

(e.g., due to an earthquake) the increased power cuts will have high risk of
economical and social losses,
the water stored and conveyed for producing drinking water can become
contaminated as the IL Canal is a (mostly) open and unprotected canal. As a
result, drinking water production might have to be temporarily discontinued. If
the contamination is not detected in time, people may be using contaminated
tap water.
It is important to note that the quality required for drinking water production is
higher than the one needed for cooling power generators or for irrigation.
What will happen in case of shortage or reduction of the flow at the end of
the canal where the largest and economically most significant users are
situated? During such water crisis, difficult arbitration between competing water
uses needs to be done by the authorities. Procedural rules for such arbitration
have to be set up in detail and introduced in the regulations and in contracting
agreements with water users. Communication on these rules should be regularly
carried out to avoid non-cooperative behaviours during crisis. Simulation of what
would happen in case an earthquake or an accident occurs should be carried out
with the relevant actors in charge of civil security, water and energy supply.
The management of Regional Water Companies reported that, in the long run,
to avoid water shortage and water quality related risks, that it would be
preferable to have independent secure access to well protected water resources
of ensured good quality. The management suggested that it would be necessary
to consider an increased diversification of good-quality water resources for their
raw water (concept of emergency resources).
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III.3.
ENERGY AND WATER

The water sector and the energy sector are highly interrelated. The yearly
contracts between the IL Canal Company and the KEK Company have an
important influence on the functioning of the IL water system.
-
The water from Gazivoda dam flows through turbines producing hydroelectricity that is sold to KEK, which currently provides most of the IL
Companys revenues. The revenues of irrigation are very low in comparison.
The IL Canal Company is paying for pumping water up for the irrigation of
the Drenica perimeters. This pumping station could be used for storing water
in altitude,
The existing thermal power plants Kosovo A and B are causing a significant
pollution pressure on the Sidnica River and on the groundwater surrounding
Prishtina.
A power cut disrupts pumping for the distribution of water to users including
industrial users. Such power cuts create economical losses.
The IL Canal Company KEK water supply contract includes the price at which
the Company sells the hydroelectricity. In 2010, the electricity is sold at a flat tariff
which does not take into account peak hours.
The following changes of institutional arrangements and of water and electricity
price would add further new implications on the use of bulk water:
-
the setting up of a private-public partnership involving KEK for running the

power plants,
currently, KEK is importing electricity at a high price. The introduction of a

different tariff of purchasing of electricity by KEK depending on the period
(peak and low demand) can make storage of water in altitude profitable
(pumped storage schemes). The water will be pumped up during the lowtariff period and electricity produced during the high-tariff period. Of course,
new installations are needed to benefit from this option, and detail feasibility
analysis would be required.
Measures increasing power generation by a smart management of the water

which is stored, conveyed or pumped can provide significant socio-economical
benefits and reduce import of energy at a high cost during peak demand of
electricity. If a double tariff is introduced, increased revenues could be generated
for IL Canal Company by optimizing the use of water for energy production.
A strategy was defined for the Energy sector; the main elements of this strategy
are the following.
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Figure 8: Bulk water conveyance and hydro-electricity of the Gazivoda reservoir, its buffer reservoir and the
intake of the IL canal
The key policy directions that determine strategic development of the energy sector in Kosovo are:
Security and reliability of energy supply;
- Integration in, and cooperation with the energy sectors in the South-East European region;
- Using lignite as the major local resource for power generation, at least in mid-term;
- Adhering to the EU energy and environmental directives and regulations;
- Improving energy efficiency in all energy sectors and end-use sub sectors;
- Reducing environmental pollution in general, and air pollution in particular;
- Providing a regulatory framework for gradual liberalization privatization of power sector;
- Introducing competition in the power sector by attracting a strategic IPP investor;
- Recognizing mining and power sector as the main engines of economic development, employment,
and export revenue providers;
- Attracting private investments for development of gas and oil interconnection pipelines and local
infrastructure
It should be noted that the decision to build a power plant which does not rely on
a relatively high quantity and continuous supply of bulk water would positively
affect the water management of the canal and increase the security to other
water users in case of emergency. Such generation plant would be more
expensive in terms of capital and operating costs, but this cost should be
compared to the cost generated to secure a large amount of water for a long
time.
The literature concerning risk assessment and recent events in the world shows
that there are many externalities which are difficult to monetise, especially in
cases of extreme emergency.
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Systemic failures such as power cuts or failure of pumping systems may have a
dramatic effect on the wider economy and the public health as well as a lasting
impact on investment opportunities.
III.4.
INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT
The three following elements should be kept in mind as far as international
aspects are concerned:
Serbia plans to increase the power generation through hydroelectricity in
the Ibr River Basin. In a long-term perspective, the energy and water
demand of towns close to the Gazivoda reservoir may have an influence
on the optimal use of its waters,
If conveyance and distribution inefficiency are taken care of (reduction of
leakage, operation of gates), additional water of the reservoir would
become available for other uses and generate revenues. There will be the
possibility of water use without much additional impact downstream,
Under international legislation regarding transboundary watercourses,
each riparian country of a watercourse should inform the authorities of the
other countries, both upstream and downstream, of its intention to use
additional water. Measures are proposed to address this issue,
To avoid any tension, the water management of IL canal gates should
ensure that the minimum environmental flow is maintained in the Ibr
/Sidnica River.
In the long term, pragmatic cooperation for efficient water allocation would
provide socio-economic benefits for all communities in the basin.
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IV. CONCEPTUAL REPRESENTATION OF THE ISSUES

IV.1.
SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION OF THE ISSUES
Figure 9: Key elements for balancing demand and supply in the future
Figure 9 outlines the issue to be addressed:
First, the baseline situation in 2010 has to be described considering:
-
the existing water system including the inefficiencies,

the current demand,
the current supply.
The water balance of the different water systems can be assessed and the
probability of water shortage if no measures are taken can be estimated.
Second, the future situation can be described by simulation with a model,
considering:
-
the possible climate change,

the change in the water system and in the water management generated by
structural and non-structural measures,
the future demand,
the future supply.
The water balance and the risk of shortage can be estimated based on these
parameters. Several parameters describing climate change impacts, future
conditions of the water systems, as well as future water demand can be
introduced in a number of scenarios. The resulting water balance can be
assessed through a simulation process.
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A modelling tool to simulate the water balance has been selected, namely the
Water Evaluation and Planning System (WEAP). The WEAP System model was
developed by the SEI (Stockholm Environment Institute) to enable evaluation of
planning and management issues associated with water resources development.
It is a user-friendly software that can be used freely by public institutions. A
license for two years use has been provided to the Water Department of the
Ministry of Environment and Spatial Planning. This model has already been used
by the water Department during an ECLO-funded project from 2008 to 2010. The
model was set up to assess the water balance and allocation of the Radoniqi
reservoir area, located in the Drini River Basin.
The Consultant has set up and used the model for the project zone, that is, the
Ibr basin within Kosovo, but including the upstream part in Montenegro, and for
a small area in Serbia. The model is used to assess the water balance under
baseline and future conditions.
The water balance of the year 2010 has been simulated through a scenario which
can be considered as the baseline scenario.
IV.2.
USE OF WEAP: A RIVER BASIN MANAGEMENT
MODELING TOOL
A-
WEAP MODEL MAIN FEATURES

The WEAP model can be applied for both municipal and agricultural systems and
addresses a wide range of issues including:
-
sectoral demand analyses, ecosystem requirements,

stream flow simulation,
water conservation, water rights allocation priorities,
reservoir operation.
It has an economic module with project cost-benefit analyses. It provides a

comprehensive, flexible and user-friendly framework for planning and policy
analysis (see Figure 10).
Figure 10: WEAP model modules
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The WEAP model has two primary functions (Sieber and River 2004):
a) Simulation of natural hydrological processes (e. g., evapo-transpiration,
runoff and infiltration) to enable assessment of the water availability within a
catchment.
b) Simulation of anthropogenic activities superimposed on the natural system
to influence water resources and their allocation (i. e. consumptive and nonconsumptive water).
B-
SET UP OF A WEAP MODEL FOR THE IBR RIVER BASIN IN

KOSOVO, SERBIA AND MONTENEGRO
The GIS files of the Ibr River Basin were introduced and a scheme of the water
system including the reservoir, the river and the canal was designed by
SCE/OIEau (see Figure 11).
The main elements influencing the water balance are shown in the WEAP
schematic map, including:
-
the location of the uptake of water in reservoir and channels for several uses,
the return flow,
the demand points in different areas.
The input parameters of the model can be changed easily to simulate the
supply/demand situation in the future under several scenarios.
The data corresponding to the supply and demand were entered in the system to
simulate the baseline scenario. The data entered are a combination of realistic
data (measured or known data) and hypothesis data (based on assumptions).
Table 2 shows the data which have been collected and used for the WEAP
modelling activity.
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LEGEND
Figure 11: WEAP hydrography and water system architecture of the Ibr Basin (SCE/OIEau 2010)
page 35/211

LEGEND
Figure 12: WEAP scheme of the Ibr Lepenc canal water conveyance and of Prishtina and Mitrovica regions bulk water supply
page 36/211

V. SOURCES OF INFORMATION AND DATA LIMITATION

Table 2 presents the data source and comments about the data collected. Other sources of information are listed in the bibliography (Annex 1).
Table 2: Data collection records
Data
Sources and availability
Data quality
Ibr basin and lake and canals characteristics,

Hydrology of Gazivoda dam, optimization of the Gazivoda reservoir
Data collected from Ibr Lepenc Company under the format of

book three old Serbian books Good quality
Good quality
Climatic information
Precipitation and Temperature
Limited information Data collected from Master plan 1985

Good quality
Hydrological data/Water discharge/Water levels/runoff
Data collected from Master Plan
Hydrogeological data Monthly abstraction of wells/Depth for the

ground water aquifer/characteristic of the ground water
Limited data from Regional Water Supply Company Prishtina,

report from Prishtina water supply project
Water demand/water consumption users

(consumption of water for agriculture/irrigation/industry)
Data collected from Ibr Lepenc Company
Water consumption by inhabitants
Under collection from Regional Water Supply Company

Pristine
General Hydrological and geographical Data
Good quality up to 1985, uneven quality

afterwards
Good quality
Quality not well known
Data estimated not measured, quality uneven
Not well known, many
Estimates and assumptions
Georeferenced data
Delineation of basins, sub-basins and land users
Data collected from Water Department
Land use information
Maps and data on Land use base on Corine Lancover

classification
Difficulty linked to the several projections used,

some errors exist
The land use has changed compared to the
land use existing when the data were collected
Water bodies characterisation and pressure

Surface water bodies delineation
Data collected from Water Department: Delineation started

during the ECLO Drini project
Good quality
Point sources of pollution
Data collected from Water Department UNDP and Mitrovica
Quality uneven and geographical
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Data
Sources and availability

University (on-going KEPA study not collected)
Water uses
Prishtina and Mitrovica Regional Company, Ibr Lepenc canal

company, Institute of Statistic of Kosovo
Data quality
localization not accurate
Data estimated from several information,
not very accurate
Economic data
General aspects on Kosovo economy, Municipalities
WB reports Statistical data on population growth and on

household revenues, survey from the statistical institute.
OSCE website Municipalities profile, Ministry of Agriculture
Forest and Rural Development
Accuracy and of date of data not always well

known,
Costs of agriculture production Agriculture economic information
Information collected during Farmer and specialist visit, WB

documentation
General useful information but not always

accurate
Economic data on industrial and Mining sectors in Ibr Lepenc River

basin
Mostly from Internet, ICMM
Economic data on water production and use
Water regulatory office reports
Quality not well known

Quality check through ECLO project but RWC
have difficulties to collect accurate data
Climate change
Study on climate change,
World Bank study, University study on climate changes on

European lakes
Important uncertainties but the best of

available information
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The information collected for the WEAP model includes the GIS files for rivers,
reservoirs, villages and cities, river basins as well as sub-basins contours and
characteristics, land cover, location of hydrometric stations, data on the hydrology
(data series for rain distribution, temperature, runoff, water levels and river flows),
hydrogeology, geological layers, stratigraphy and permeability.
This information was collected mainly from the Institute for Hydrometeorology of
Kosovo (IHMK) and the Independent Commission for Mines and Minerals (ICMM)
as well as from former ECLO Project on the Drini River Basin.
Information regarding pressure on the water bodies was collected mainly from the
Water Department and from Kosovo Environment Protection Agency as well as
from UNDP.
Recent hydrological data are lacking or not reliable enough for processing under
the limited time of this study. Many data were abstracted from the Water Master
Plan which was produced in 1985 and has been assessed by previous
international experts as a reliable source of information.
Most of the historical groundwater data of Kosovo are kept in Belgrade offices
and are very difficult to access.
The GIS files have been corrected as in several cases the different files did not
match.
A Kick-off Meeting of the Study was organized for the main government
stakeholders and the World Bank in September 2010. This meeting has helped to
facilitate data collection and improved the broader understanding of the baseline
scenario and the scenarios for future conditions.
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PART II
IBR RIVER BASIN IN KOSOVO &
TRANSBOUNDARIES WATERS
I.1. GEOGRAPHICAL AREA - INTERNATIONAL WATERS
A-
PROJECT AREA
The project area is the Ibr River Basin as well as certain territories which are
technically located in the Drini Bardh River Basin but are actually served by
water originating from the Ibr basin.
The Ibr and Drini Bardh river basins have a 217.7 km long common border.
Map 1: The Ibr River Basin up to the Serbian Border (Source SCE/OIEau 2010)
Ibr River
Basin
Drini River
Basin
LEGEND
River
Kosovo Border
Reservoir
Hydrometric stations
The sources of the Ibr River are in the Hajla mountains of Montenegro. The Ibr
River flows through the Gazivoda reservoir and dam that has an area of 11.9 km,
of which 9.2 km belongs to Kosovo and 2.7 km to Serbia.
Then, the Ibr river flows through the town of Mitrovica in Kosovo before turning
north and reaching the border with Serbia and thereafter flowing into the West
Morava River (Zapadna Morava), Central Serbia, near Kraljevo.
Its length is 276 km and it has a drainage area of 8000 km of which 4035 km
lies in Kosovo, 985 km in Montenegro and 2980 km in Serbia.
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The main tributary of the Ibr River in Kosovo is the Sidnica River, which receives
the polluted water of the city of Prishtina and of its suburbs, and from several
industries. The pollution of the Sidnica affects the Ibr River. The river receives
also the pollution of the Mitrovica town and its industrial areas.
Map 2: Hydrological zones and tributaries of the Ibr River Basin up to the Serbian Border.
Ibr River
Batllava
reservoir
Llapi
LEGEND
Sub-river basin
Gazivoda
reservoir
River
Drenica
Reservoir
Map 2 shows the different hydrological units in the Ibr River Basin and the
location of the three main reservoirs. The characteristics of the river basin of the
tributaries are detailed in Table 3.
Sidnica main tributary of
the Ibr
Table 3: Tributaries of the Ibr River
and surface of their river basin
Left bank
Badovce
reservoir
Right bank
Hydrological sub-basin
Surface (km2)
Hydrological sub-basin
Surface (km2)
Lushta
48, 48
Lumi i Zi
65, 54
Patina
28, 3
Llapi
930
Brosova
45, 59
Prishtevka
103, 7
Drenica
438, 4
Graanica
157, 9
Lug
56, 13
Janjeva
73, 64
Bushanovc
41, 56
Zhegova
67, 2
Shtime
186, 1
Gadime
66, 61
Total
844, 56
Total
1464, 59
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B-
CENTRAL KOSOVO AREA WATER SUPPLY
Map 3: Ibr River Basin, the Regional Water Companies area and Kosovo Municipalities
LEGEND:
Municipalities
Prishtina Regional Water Supply Company (RWC)
Mitrovica Regional Water Supply Companies (RWC)
Municipality in negotiation for joining Mitrovica RWC
Ibr River Basin
The project area encompasses a large number of the Municipalities of Kosovo

and includes the two main cities of Prishtina and Mitrovica. Table 4 (source:
OSCE Municipalities profile) provides figures regarding the population, the
ethnical composition as well as key information regarding the economic activities
and the water supply.
In the north the unemployment rate is very high due to the closure of mining and
industrial activities. The political and administrative situation is unclear and varies
from one municipality to the other. In several municipalities of Central Kosovo
agriculture and small family business are the main activities. Large companies
such as KEK (energy production) or Ferronikeli (mines) employ a large number of
staff. However, the environmental performance of these units is poor.
Water supply service varies due to several factors, such as relief, political
situation, and water resource quality. In the north, the municipalities of Lepos
Aviq and Zubin Potok are in negotiations for joining the Mitrovica Regional Water
(MRW) Company. Up to 2010 the MRW Company has supplied water to Serbian
populated areas but this water is not paid by the population. In Vushtrri
municipality, drinking water supply is expected to improve in villages through an
ECLO investment project. Other locations, especially remote villages, still have
poor water supply and sanitation services. In the plain of the Ibr and Sidnica
River many villages rely on shallow ground water which is often contaminated.
Children often suffer from water related diseases in such cases as there are no
alternative water sources.
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Table 4: List and main characteristics of the municipalities (Source: OSCE Municipalities profile 2007 to 2009)
Municipality
Population
Albanians
Serbs & other

communities
Surface
Nb
villages
Density IDP
Socio-economic facts
Leposaviq/Leposavi
(Sept 2009)
20300
200
18600
750
72
27
2500
Poor conditions of water supply and electricity, Institute for

Serbian Culture, Institution for Protection of Cultural
Heritage. Serbian legislation is applied by the Municipality.
All industries are closed. High unemployment due to
closure of Trepa mine.
Zubin Potok
(Sept. 2009)
14000
335
64
42
2800
Electrical supply by Serb Electric corporation and sewage

system are problematic.
Water supply was improved recently.
May 2008, Serbian Municipal election, the Municipality
follows Serbian legislation.
The Albanian Municipal communal office in abr follows
Kosovo legislation.
Food processing factories. Serbian factories have
difficulties since their access to Kosovo market has
decreased after the end of war.
Zvean/Zvean (Sept
2009)
17000
350
16000
104
35
163
4000
Once employing 4 000 people, UNMIK and KFOR shut

factory Tepa/Trepa Mines down for health and
environmental reasons. 500 people work in private
companies and shops.
Very low operation of the lead and zinc smelting factory.
Mitrovic/Mitrovica
(Sept 2009)
130000
110000
Northern part
20000
inhabitants,
3000 Bosniaks
7000
Town divided by the Ibr/Ibar river. Urban Regulatory Plan

for Roma Mahala with 184 houses to be constructed.
Tepa/Trepa Mines closure led to high unemployment
rate 77 %.
In May 2008 an Office of the Regional Development
Agency in North Kosovo ECLO was opened to foster
development through external support, mostly for the
49
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Municipality
Population
Albanians
Serbs & other

communities
Surface
Nb
villages
Density IDP
Socio-economic facts
Southern part but not restricted to it. In June 2009 a Forum
Mitrovicasit for Mitrovica was initiated, including local
business actors and media to bring attention on the
municipality to the Ministry of Local Government
Administration. It is supported by UNDP.
Podujev/Pudujevo
126000
125000
700 Roma and

Ashkali - other
communities
663
78
190
Agriculture oriented. In 2005 two factories (brick and metal

parts) were privatized.
Sewage system is being improved since 2009.
Vushtri
102600
96000
5000 Gojbulje
344
66
298
3 million euro EU funded project for water supply, Irrigation

expansion project 1 300 ha MAFRD
Obiliq/Obili (Sept
2009)
30000
25000
3400 Serbs
19
KEK is the primary employer. Albanian farmers cooperative basis, lake of sewage system, small remote
village not connected to water supply
Gllogoc/Glogovac
(Sept 2007)
73000
73000
Mono ethic
36
Agricultural oriented wheat and corn.

Industry: Ferronikel mine which was privatized in 2005 and
two quarries and small enterprises, small family shops
Prishtina
500, 000
Mostly Albanian
Serb in
Gracanica/Graanic
Fush
Kosov/Kosovo Polje
(Sept. 2009)
50000
43000
17
Water and electricity supply difficult. Agriculture oriented,

522 ha pasture land, warehouses and supermarket and
shops, agro-processing industry
572
3800 Kosovo
Ashkali, 2800
Serbs + other
communities
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I.2. IBR TRANSBOUNDARY WATERS AND DANUBE

RIVER BASIN
1)
IBR RIVER BASIN INSIDE THE DANUBE RIVER BASIN

The Ibr River flows into the Danube through the Morava River. The source of the
Morava is in South Kosovo (Map 4).
These transboundary waters and their river basins are part of the large Danube
International River Basin District (IRBD). A river basin district as defined in the
article European Water Framework Directive (WFD) means the area of land and
sea, made up of one or more neighbouring river basins together with their
associated ground waters and coastal water which is identified under Article 3(1)
as the main unit for management of river basin. Article 3(1) mentions that each
Member State shall ensure that a river basin covering the territory of more than
one Member State is assigned to an international river basin district.
Map 4: River basins and relief in Kosovo
Source: ECLO Drini River Basin Project 208-2010
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Map 5: Ibr River Basin inside the Danube River Basin and riparian countries
Ibr River
transboundary
waters
DANUBE
RIVER BASIN
LEGEND
Morava River
transboundary
waters
River
Country
DANUBE
RIVER BASIN
Source: SCE/OIEau map 2010
Maps 4 and 5 show that the Ibr River as well as the West Morava river flow in
Serbia into the Great Morava. Further downstream, the Great Morava flows into
the Danube. The Ibr River and the Morava River basin in Kosovo are part of the
Danube International River Basin District.
The Gazivoda reservoir on the Ibr River is the largest reservoir of water in
Kosovo. Its capacity is around 370 million m3. The Gazivoda dam was
constructed during the Yugoslav regime with World Bank financing. It was
designed for several purposes:
-
hydro-power generation,
irrigation of up to 20 000 ha,
drinking water supply of towns.
The bulk water is conveyed through the 49 km long Ibr Lepenc canal to the
several places of use. Conveyed water serves at the end of the canal to cool the
power plants called Kosovo A and Kosovo B which are located close to Obilic
town. The water is used both in the Serbian and Albanian populated areas of
Kosovo.
For the States that have recognised Kosovo as an independent State, the waters
flowing from Kosovo into Serbia should fall under transboundary water
international agreements.
One of the important international agreements is the Helsinki Convention on
trans-boundary watercourses and international lakes, signed on behalf of the
European Communities on 18th March 1992.
The parties to the Convention must ensure that:
page 46/211

transboundary waters are managed in a rational, environment-friendly

manner,
transboundary waters are used in a reasonable and equitable way,
conservation and restoration of ecosystems are effective.
This convention (17th March 1992, registered ex officio on 6th October 1996) was
signed by the former Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. The signing parties met in
Geneva in 2007 to foster its implementation and provide improved mechanisms
for achieving its aims.
An important additional text attached to this Convention is the Protocol on Water
and Health, signed in 1999, which required establishing national and local targets
for the quality of drinking water and the quality of discharges as well as for the
performance of water supply and waste water treatment.
It should be noted that Serbia ratified the Convention on Cooperation for the
Protection and sustainable use of Danube River in 2003. Serbia became a full
member of the International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River
(ICPDR) in August 2003.
The Serbian government considers Kosovo a part of its territory and Serbian
administrations maps available on the Internet include the territory of Kosovo. As
a result, the water flowing from Northern Kosovo to Serbia is not considered by
the Serbian government as international water. This position might be shared by
the Danube riparian countries which have not recognised the unilateral
independence of Kosovo.
Kosovo, as well as Serbia and Montenegro, is receiving support from the
European Union (EU) to approximate the EU acquis communautaire and to
prepare their administration and institutions to access to the EU.
Hence, in the field of water, the methodologies, provisions, standards and
procedure steps of the WFD, as well as the ones of the Urban Waste Water
Directive (1991), should be considered important guidelines for water-related
investments in these three countries. The use of the same technical framework is
an advantage for the future management of International Waters.
Among the WFD provisions concerning the international River Basin District,
there are requirements regarding the necessary coordination between the EU
members States and non-member States (Article 3 paragraphs 4, 5, 6). This
means that the ICPDR and its members will likely have an important role in the
future in transboundary water management between Montenegro, Kosovo and
Serbia.
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Map 6: Danube River basin subunits and WISE reporting monitoring point for WFD
One important principle of the international convention on transboundary water

courses is the right to information of the riparian countries on the possible impact
and harm of important infrastructure or activities planned in one country.
Therefore, if any investment with significant impact is foreseen, application of this
principle means that ICPDR and the Danube riparian countries have to be
informed.
The signatories of the Danube River Protection Convention (DRPC) have agreed
to co-operate on fundamental water management issues by taking "all
appropriate legal, administrative and technical measures to at least maintain and
where possible improve the current water quality and environmental conditions of
the Danube river and of the waters in its catchment area, and to prevent and
reduce as far as possible adverse impacts and changes occurring or likely to be
caused.
It should be noted that international law is primarily created and enforced by
States through their consent. In modern practice, the ratification process is
important as the date of signature and the date of the deposit of the instrument
of ratification mark the moment when the States legal obligation is effective once
the treaty has entered into force.
In the rare instances where rules of customary law or treaty law are lacking or
inadequate, the source of international law may be general principles of law.
These are derived from the domestic practice of the majority of legal systems
around the world and generally include principles that are accepted by all.
In the absence of an agreement, customary international law provides that each
Transboundary Water Course (TWC) State has the right to an equitable and
reasonable use of a TWC located in its territory. Where one State has denied
another State its equitable and reasonable utilization of a transboundary
watercourse, the former will be liable to remedy the wrongful conduct. The
remedies available to the State(s) whose rights have been violated include, inter
alia, an order for cessation of the wrongful conduct, guarantees by the State in
breach of 14 non-repetition of the wrongful acts, satisfaction (apology, exemplary
damages), restitution, and compensation obligations such as the requirement
for prior notification of planned measures are rules that must be adhered to by
all States.
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Equitable and reasonable utilization is the primary rule of international law that
governs the legality of TWC States relations concerning the use of their shared
watercourses. The rule recognized as a rule of customary law and consistent
with treaty practice -- has its origin in State practice, having evolved, in part, from
the jurisprudence of federal States.
Correlative right and obligation. This rule recognizes both the TWC States right
to reasonable and equitable and reasonable use of the TWC, and the correlative
obligation not to deprive other TWC States of their right to an equitable and
reasonable utilization.
Optimal utilization. Equitable and reasonable utilization seeks to attain an optimal
utilization, securing the maximum possible benefits for all watercourse States
and achieving the greatest possible satisfaction of all their needs, while
minimizing the detriment to, or unmet needs of, each.
Not equal shares. The principle of equitable and reasonable use does not mean
an equal allocation of the resource or equal share of its uses and benefits. The
application of equitable and reasonable utilization in a particular watercourse will
not prohibit a use that causes damage unless it exceeds the limits of the using
States equitable share of the watercourse.
Evaluation of equitable and reasonable utilization. All relevant factors are to be
considered together and a conclusion arrived at on the basis of the whole. The
weight to be given each factor will depend upon the circumstances of the
particular case, although state practice evidences strong support for protection of
vital human needs and minimum in-stream flow requirements. The factors to be
considered fall into two broad categories: (i) factors of a natural character
(hydrographic, hydrological, climatic, ecological, and so forth), and; (ii) economic
and social factors (economic needs, population dependent on watercourse,
effects of use on other watercourse States, existing and potential uses,
conservation measures, and availability of alternatives).
International procedural rules establish a range of obligations for the riparian
countries: from a general duty to cooperate to obligations concerning data and
information exchange, prior notification and consultation.
Thus, procedure obligations - such as the requirement for prior notification of
planned measures - are rules that must be adhered to by all States.
The Treba mine was closed by UNMIK and KFOR, since then the pollution load
discharged in the Ibr River has decreased. Lead does not decompose over the
years, it remains in the soil, contaminating all products growing in it.
Ongoing research conducted by Prishtin/Pritina University shows, for example,
that the waters flowing in the Ibr and Sitnica rivers are still heavily polluted by
heavy metals. (Source: OSCE)
The wastewaters from Prishtina as well as the ones from other towns are
discharged without treatment in the Sidnica River. As a consequence, the quality
of Ibr River is affected by the poor quality of the Sidnica River.
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As far as the Ibr River is concerned there are, hence, several issues to be
considered including:
2)
the quality of the water and the sediments: their low quality might impact the
ecosystem of the Ibr downstream of Mitrovica,
the environmental flow: an increase of the use of water in the Gazivoda

reservoir can lead to a reduction of the water flow through the spillway of the
dams,
The countries downstream can request prior information and an assessment

of the impact of any planned use of water. They can also call for a rational
and equitable use of the water. For example, Serbia should normally be
informed of the use of water for cooling the new Kosovo and its possible
harmful impact, if any.
PROPOSAL
REGARDING PRIOR INFORMATION ON PLANNED USE OF

RIPARIAN COUNTRIES
DANUBE
It is Kosovos interest to follow the principle of international transboundary water

as stipulated in the 1997 New York Convention.
One possible way to move forwards regarding prior-information of riparian states
would be that Kosovo officially send a letter together with the relevant documents
to the ICPDR International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River.
These documents would provide all the necessary information about the planned
use of Ibr water course and its affluents on Kosovo territory, especially on the
possible known significant impact of this use on the riparian Danube countries.
Since Serbia is member of the ICPDR, the ICPDR Commission will be in the
position to officially inform all Danube riparian States about the application
received from the Republic of Kosovo. The information on planned use could be
then considered as having been officially forwarded to all concerned countries as
stipulated in international legislation.
The agreement could be provided to Kosovo from ICPDR on behalf of the riparian
countries in order for Kosovo to apply the international rules. An ICPDR Internal
Proceeding might be necessary for Kosovo to receive such an agreement. To
facilitate this process, it is advisable that the Kosovo parliament agrees and
Kosovo authorities sign the 1997 New York Convention on transboundary water
courses. The ICPDR could be given the mandate to follow up whether Kosovo is
applying specific rules, as any member of this Commission.
In case this process proved not to be practical, an international organisation, such
as the EU or the UN can set up a negotiation process aiming at finding a balance
solution.
Ad hoc negotiation groups where the two parties are already exchanging
information or claiming their rights could be also channels where water issue
could be technically discussed.
An European State, already committed in the water sector can also take a
diplomatic position in order to impose a pragmatic cooperation process between
Kosovo and Serbia.
All the necessary steps to ease tension for this transboundary matter should be
taken by Kosovar Authorities.
page 50/211

PART III WATER BODIES AND

ENVIRONMENTAL OBJECTIVES
ACHIEVEMENT
I.1. BRIEF OVERVIEW
DIRECTIVES
OF
EUROPEAN
WATER
The WFD principles introduced the elaboration of an initial characterization of the

river basin district (WFD Article 5). The Directive set environmental objectives to
be achieved on each water body before 2015. The postponement of the
achievement is possible up to 2021 or 2027 under specific circumstances such as
natural conditions of disproportionate cost of measures.
The hydrographic system and the groundwater resources have to be divided in
water bodies. Each water body has to reach its environmental objective specific
to the category of water bodies. Each Surface Water Body must achieve the
objective called good status or good potential when the Water Body is
considered as heavily modified.
Each ground water body must also achieve the good status.
The good status for the Surface Water Body includes the good ecological status
and the good chemical status. The good status for Ground Water Body includes a
quantitative status (water balance) and a chemical status.
The ecological evaluation of Surface Water Body status requires the estimation of
indices for different quality elements such as the following:
1) composition and abundance of certain water plants or animals (invertebrate
fauna),
2) hydro-morphological elements, e. g. quantity and dynamics of water flow,
river continuity or morphological conditions like structure of the riparian
zone,
3) chemical and physico-chemical elements supporting the biological
elements, e. g. nutrient conditions (concentration of nitrogen and
phosphorus), and acidification status.
The chemical status requires that priority dangerous substances concentration be
under environmental standard values.
The WFD implementation requires the preparation of the following documents:
-
River Basin District characterisation
River Basin Management Plan
Programme of Measures to achieve the environmental objectives
Programme of Surveillance to monitor the progress towards the achievement

of the objectives.
page 51/211

This report focuses on the delineation of water bodies according to WFD

provisions and to the initial characterization of the water uses and pressures on
the water bodies.
I.2. DELINEATION AND CHARACTERISATION OF WATER

BODIES
A-
ECO REGIONS AND SURFACE WATER BODY TYPE

Pressure, impact and status of water bodies
Map 7: Eco-region as per the European Water Framework Directive
Map A included in ANNEX XI of the WFD (Map 7) provides the geographical

contours of WFD Ecoregions for rivers and lakes in Europe. The EU Member
States have to consider these Ecoregions for the delineation of surface water
bodies. The Ecoregion of the Eastern South part of the Balkans are the following:
-
Ecoregion 5: Dinaric western Balkan
Ecoregion 6: Hellenic western Balkan
Ecoregion 7: Eastern Balkan
Since the Ibr river basin is part of the Danube River Basin District, the
Consultant considers that the Ecoregions for this basin is Ecoregion 5, but this
criterion is not a discriminative criterion for water body delineation as the whole
Ibr basin is encompassed in the same Ecoregion.
Figures 13 and 14 summarize the criteria used to define a water body and to
delineate the river stretches into water bodies.
Inside Kosovo, one of the main factors which influence the water body type is the
relief which varies considerably on a short distance in Kosovo. There are
important differences between the river reaches within:
-
mountainous area,
piedmont area,
page 52/211

the relatively flat large alluvial valley of Sidnica and the Ibr river.
Hence, the slope is an important element to consider (Table 5).
B-
DELINEATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SURFACE WATER

BODIES
Figure 13: Principle for delineation of Water Bodies
Figure 14: Criteria for delineation of the Water Bodies in Kosovo
page 53/211

Table 5: Main characteristics of sub-basins in Ibr River Basin which are relevant for Water Body delineation
Name of the
hydrological
zone
Surface
(km2)
Altitude of the
source
Valley
width
River
length
Slope
(km2)
(m)
(m)
(m)
(%)
Lushta
48, 48
760
500
17242
1, 51%
Patina
28, 3
719
508
7851
2, 69%
Brosova
45, 59
1020
509
17220
2, 97%
Drenica
438, 4
709
529
46091
0, 39%
Lug
56, 13
679
538
13320
1, 06%
Bushanovc
41, 56
704
540
12510
1, 31%
Shtime
186, 1
870
541
25870
1, 27%
Bistrica
172, 7
1569
468
24240
4, 54%
Lumi i Zi
65, 54
1139
510
22320
2, 82%
Llapi
930
1420
511
73790
1, 23%
Prishtevka
103, 7
809
530
25010
1, 12%
Graanica
157, 9
801
531
31390
0, 86%
Janjeva
73, 64
919
538
20890
1, 82%
Zhegova
67, 2
869
539
21550
1, 53%
Gadime
66, 61
858
541
22650
1, 40%
Right Bank
Left bank
Unit
Other criteria for delineation are the confluence with another river as well as the
significant discharge of pollutants in a river which is likely to change the Water
Body status.
Table 6 is a proposal of delineation of the Surface Water Bodies taking into
account the different criteria mentioned above.
Table 6: Table of the Surface Water Bodies
Code of WB
Name of Water
bodies
Localisation of water body
KS02a
Degt q furnizojn Gazivoden
KS02b
Pellg I t
UJMANIT-Kosov
Lake Gazivoda
KS02c
R. B. Ibri
From Lake- confluence of river Lushte
KS02d
R. B. Ibri
From confluence se lumit Lushte to Kozareve
KS02e
R. B. Ibri
From confluence se lumit Kozareve to border with Serbia
KS204
R. B. Lushta
Source of River Lushta, - confluence with Ibr River
KS202s
R. B. Sitnica
Source of Trepca River, - confluence with Sitnic River
KS202k
R. B. Sitnica
Source of River Llap, - village Bojqin
KS202m
R. B. Sitnica
Streams which feed Batllaven
KS202n
R. B. Sitnica
Batllava Reservoir
KS202p
R. B. Sitnica
From Lake Batllava- to confluence Llap River
KS202q
R. B. Sitnica
River Llap, From village Bajqinc- confluence with Sitnic River
Lake I Gazivodes
page 54/211

KS202g
R. B. Sitnica
River Drenica, from Sourcei- confluence Verbic
KS20h
R. B. Sitnica
River Drenica, from confluences n Verbic - confluence with Sitnic
KS202c
R. B. Sitnica
Streams feeding Reservoir Badovc
KS20d
R. B. Sitnica
Lake I Badovcit
KS202e
R. B. Sitnica
From Lake -confluence with Sitnic river
KS202j
R. B. Sitnica
River Prishtevka, from Source to - confluence n Sitnic
KS202a
R. B. Sitnica
River Sitnica, From Sourceit- confluence t Carraleves
KS202b
R. B. Sitnica
KS202f
R. B. Sitnica
KS202i
R. B. Sitnica
River Carraleva, From Source toconfluence with Sitnic+River Gadimes, Sourceconfluence with Sitnic+ River Sitnica from confluencen Carralev- confluence
with Sllavis River
River Sitnica, from confluence with Sllavise River toconfluence with River Drenica
River
River Sitnica, from confluence with Drenices to confluence with Llapi River
KS202r
R. B. Sitnica
River Sitnica, from confluence with Llapit to confluence with Sitnics n Ibr
Map 8: Delineation of Surface Water Bodies (Source: Water Department and SCE/OIEau consortium 2010)
LEGEND:
River basin of the surface water body
KSO2xx Surface water body and its code
Border of the Ibr River Basin
page 55/211

C1)
DELINEATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF GROUNDWATER BODIES

ICMM GEOLOGICAL FILES PROCESSING
In Ibr River basin the following methodology was used to identify the location
and boundaries of the GWB:
1) The geological and hydrogeological maps from the Independent
Commission for Mines and Minerals (ICMM) were processed (pdf and
ArcGIS shape).
Within the Ibr river basin, ICMM ArcGIS geological files include 144
geological layer polygons describing the geological stratigraphy.
The ICMM hydro geological map provides the following information:
- aquifer types (porous/intergranular porosity, fissured porosity, mixed
porosity and aquicludes). To simplify, the consultant replaced this
categories by the following ones: medium-high K, medium-low K, fissuredlow K, carbonates, mixed K and aquicludes
- hydraulic conductivity (K).
2) Processing was carried to separate the Ibr River basin from the other area.
2)
PRESENTATION OF CENTRAL KOSOVO GEOLOGY

The ICMM geological map provides a geological cross section over the Ibr
basin, as shown in Figure 15. The Kosovo geology is characterised by a variety
of geological formations ranging from old crystalline Proterozoic to youngest
Quaternary age, comprising sedimentary and magmatic rocks together with
rather less frequent metamorphic rocks.
The Ibr basin geology includes:
a) Quaternary and Tertiary alluvium sediments next to the main rivers (Ibr,
Lepenc, Drenica, Stenica). The ICMM geological section (Figure 15)
suggests that these alluvium might be up to 1000 m thick in the Western
part. However, the confrontation of these geological cross-sections with
those done by J. M. Ashworth for the hydrogeological study of the Drini
basin, suggests that the thickness of the alluvium bed may be much smaller.
The Quaternary-age alluvium sediments occur next to the river channel and
older Tertiary-aged sediments are located on adjoining terraces.
b) Sedimentary rocks (Upper to lower Cretaceous) in the North-Western,
North-Eastern, Western part, and South-Western part of the Ibr basin. The
sedimentary rocks which surround the alluvium bed are from the Upper to
Lower Cretaceous. They belong to the Central and External Vardar
subzones. Compression tectonics due to subduction-collision mechanisms
transformed the basins and platforms into folded and thrust zones in the late
stage of the orogenic transformation. Early Cretaceous pre-flysch is
composed of fossiliferous clastic rocks, which are overlain by Upper
Cretaceous carbonate followed by mainly sandy-silty flysch sequences. A
layer is underneath of the main alluvium deposits (Stenica River). This
sequence of rock layer is at the origin of the confined aquifer composed by
a sedimentary melange from Upper Cretaceous. The flysch sediments partly
cover the ophiolites belt of the Vardar zone.
c) Igneous rock (Pliocene to Middle Jurassic) in the North, around Mitrovica
and Leposavic. The South-Western part and the North-Eastern part are
composed by Pliocene to Oligocene rock which are mainly andesite,
page 56/211

pyroclastic rock and basalt. For the Northern and Southern part, the
geological layer are from the upper to Middle Jurassic volcanism, and
composed mainly by peridodite, dunite and serpentinite.
d) Metamorphic rock in the Western part (iavica Triassic unit), separating
the Drenica River basin from the Ibr River basin. All the non-alluvium
sediment lithology belong to the mountain area. The iavica Triassic unit is
composed mainly by metamorphic rock (Triassic to Paleozoic), and other
volcanic series from Jurassic. Those Triassic formations rest upon a
paleozoic formation composed by meta-sandstone, phyllites, sericite schists
and quartz schists, which itself rests upon peridotite and dunite bedrock.
Creation of a simplified hydro geological map
Using this detailed geological GIS file, a new simplified hydrogeological map
(Map 9) was created highlighting major geological units, and their hydraulics
characteristics that predominate at surface and might extend to some
considerable depth. (There is no easily accessible information on hydrogeological layer). This map provided key information for the delineation of the Ibr
Basin into a number of GWBs.
3)
DELINEATION OF THE GROUND WATER BODIES (GWB)

The delineation of the Ibr River Basin into groundwater bodies was carried out
using the following method the areas a particular hard-rock was predominant
were grouped into a similar facies.
Through this method 12 GWBs were identified. These bodies were subdivided
into 4 rock types: alluvial, sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic. The physical
characteristics of these GWBs are shown in Table 7. It should be noted that these
subdivisions are provisional and will change as more data are collected and
interpreted.
page 57/211

Figure 15: Schematic Geological Cross-Section across Central Kosovo (Source ICMM)
page 58/211

Map 9: Simplified hydrogeology in the Ibr River Basin
page 59/211

Map 10: Proposed Ground Water Bodies in the Ibr River Basin in Kosovo
page 60/211

Table 7: Characteristics of proposed Ground Water Bodies in the Ibr Basin

GWB
GWBody
No.
1 to 3
Dominant Period
Quaternary to
Tertiary
Quaternary to
Tertiary
Quaternary to
Tertiary
Lower
Cretaceous
Dominant
Aquifer
Alluvium
Alluvium
Alluvium
Sedimentary
Rock
Hydraulic
Characteristic
Main Lithology
Minor Lithology
Gravel, sand
and Silt
Sandstone,
limestone,
conglomerate, meta
sediments, schists
Gravel, sand
and Silt
Sandstone, silstone,
marlstone,
conglomerate,
igneous rock, metacarbonate
Gravel, sand,
silt, clay
Sandstone,
siltstone,
conglomerate,
partly marlstone
(flysch)
High to low
intergranular
porosity and
permeability (K)
194
Sandstone,
siltstone,
conglomerate,
partly marlst
Conglomerate,
sandstone,
limestone,
marlstone, meta
sedimentary silicate
rock, igneous rock,
serpentinite, schist,
marble
Regionally an
aquitard with low
K-values
659
High to medium
intergranular
porosity and
permeability (K),
locally karst.
High to medium
intergranular
porosity and
permeability (K),
locally karst, and
fissured low-K
values
Area (Km)
Description
981
Unconsolidated Quaternary-aged alluvial sediments occur next to

the river channels. Older Tertiary-aged (Pliocene and Miocene)
sediments are located on adjoining terraces. The older sediments
may have lower hydraulic conductivity (K) and Dual permeability.
292
These groundwater bodies are likely to have the largest

groundwater potential in the Ibr River Basin. Groundwater levels
are typically close to the surface (static level around 5 m bg River)
and so this body is also likely to be at significant risk from human
activity (pressures).
The GWB n1 alluvial aquifer is uncertain by Triassic-aged volcanic
sedimentary series at depth. An artesian aquifer is noted in the most
central part of this GWB. About the GWB n2 the underneath rock is
composed by sedimentary rock (flysch) from upper Cretaceous.
With the surrounded geological setting of the GWB n3, we may
suppose that it rests upon lower Cretaceous sedimentary rock.
The main lithology is from Lower Cretaceous, composed by
sandstone, siltstone, and conglomerate with a dip of bedding around
50. This layer is support by, on the north Eastern part, a cenozoic
magmatic layer laid down on a neoproterozic layer, which is
outcropped at the limit of the Ibr basin. According to the ICMM
hydrogeological map, the pyroclastic rock must be a fissured-low K
aquifer. Locally, the river bed involves the presence of alluvium
sediment which is aquifer.
page 61/211

GWB
GWBody
No.
9a
Main Lithology
Minor Lithology
Hydraulic
Characteristic
Sedimentary
Rock
Sandstone,
limestone,
marlstone
(flysch)
Greenshist,
phyllite,
mudstone, cherty
limestone, meta
sedimentary
silicate rock,
igneous rock
Regionally an
aquitard with
locally mediumhigh K-values,
karst and
fissured porosity
297
Upper to Lower
Cretaceous
Sedimentary
Rock
Conglomerate,
sandstone,
siltstone
Limestone,
marlstone, chert,
meta sedimentary
silicate rock,
igneous rock
Regionally an
aquitard with
locally fissured
low K-values
313
Triassic to
Paleozoic
Meta
sedimentary
Metamorphic
silicate rock,
Rock
meta
sandstone
Igneous rock
Regionally an
aquitard with
locally fissuredlow K-values
Sandstone,
siltstone,
conglomerate,
marlstone,
volcanic
sedimentary
series
Regionally
fissured-low Kvalues with
some aquitard
part
Dominant Period
Upper
Cretaceous
Upper to
Middle Jurassic
Dominant
Aquifer
Igneous
Rock
Peridotite,
dunite,
serpentinite
Area (Km)
Description
The Drin-Ivanicki sediment rock made of conglomerate,

sandstone, limestone and marlstone. These sediments are
aquiclud. On the West, there are some metasediment from
Paleozoic, Trias, and Jurassic. The cherty limestone from
Trias is karstified and composed locally an aquifer, like the
metasediment composed a fissured-lox K aquifer. As well,
river sediment involved the presence of alluvium sediment
which is locally aquifer.
The main lithology is from Lower Cretaceous, composed by
sandstone, siltstone, and conglomerate with a dip of bedding
around 50. Intrusion of Jurassic magmatic event occurs
(basalt, serpentinite). Every lithology is aquiclud, except the
serpentinite which composed a fissured-low K aquifer. As
well, river sediment involved the presence of alluvium
sediment which is locally aquifer.
225
This GWB is composed by the iavica unit (complex of

Triassic, paleozoic and Jurassic meta-sedimentary and
volcanic rock) and other layer from Drin-Ivanicki sediment
rock. The Jurassic serpentinite is a fissure-low K aquifer.
175
These two Jurassic volcanic origin GWB are aquifer with

fissured-low K. The aquiclud part is composed by sedimentary
and other volcanic series, on the west part for 9a, and east
part for 9b.
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GWB
GWBody
No.
9b
10a
Dominant Period
Upper to
Middle Jurassic
Pliocene to
Oligocene
Dominant
Aquifer
Main Lithology
Igneous
Rock
Igneous
Rock
Minor Lithology
Hydraulic
Characteristic
Area (Km)
Peridotite,
dunite,
serpentinite
Andesite
Regionally
fissured-low Kvalues with
some aquifer
part
180
Andesite,
pyroclastic
rock, basalt
Greenschist,
phyllite,
mudstone,
conglomerate,
meta-sedimentary
silicate rock
Regionally an
aquifer with
locally fissured
low K-values,
medium-low K
and karst
Andesite,
pyroclastic
rock, basalt
Sandstone,
siltstone,
conglomerate,
marlstone, latite,
alluvium,
peridotite, dunite,
schist
Regionally
aquifer, with
locally mediumhigh K-values
and fissured-low
K-values
10
10b
Pliocene to
Oligocene
Igneous
Rock
Description
239
The Oligocene-Pliocene volcanism made the substratum of

these GWB. Most of surface of those ones is aquiclud.
For 10a, This volcanism is mixed with ones from Trias and
Jurassic, as well aquiclud. Aquifer parts occur locally from
small outcrops, which are meta sedimentary rock (Trias),
sedimentary rock (Cretaceous) Carbonates Trias) or Alluvium
(Miocene).
407
About 10b, the aquifer are made of by the Jurassic volcanic

layers (peridotite, serpentinite, dunite, which constitute
fissure-low K aquifer) and by the alluvium along the Ibr river
channel (medium-high K)
page 63/211

I.3. PRESSURE AND IMPACT ON WATER BODIES

A-
IMPACT ON FLOW REGIME OF ABSTRACTION OR REGULATION
Map 11: Localization of the main reservoirs, rivers and uptake of water for uses
Legend:
(Source SCE/OIEau 2010)
In order to assess the impact on flow regime of abstraction and regulation, the
situation before dam construction and after dam construction should be
compared. The main impact is the change of regime from a highly oxygenated
river stream into a lake with calm water and a risk of accumulation of nutrients
such as phosphorus and nitrogen. The activities and human settlements around
the Batllava and Badovce reservoir have already caused an impact. In August
2010 the SCE/OIEau team observed the development of macrophytes near the
banks of the Batllava reservoir suggesting partially eutrophic (over-nourished)
condition.
Another hydrological pressure is the change of flow velocity. This change is due
to the operation of the turbines which are starting and stopping every day. The
turbines function around 4 to 5 hours a day for electricity production. These
sudden changes in the flow velocity have an impact on macro-invertebrates
development.
Finally another possible impact is the reduction of the flood occurring downstream
which might have an impact on wet zones. However, this impact is not very
significant compared, for example, to the high pollution load discharge in Sidnica
and Ibr River.
page 64/211

B1)
DESCRIPTION OF MORPHOLOGICAL ALTERATION

RIVER BED EXTRACTION
The construction boom in Kosovo and the difficulty to revise permits have led to
massive extraction of gravel near and even inside the river bed in many places in
Kosovo. This is generating important erosion of the bank and high turbidity during
flood events.
2)
DUMPING OF MATERIAL IN RIVERBEDS

In many instances, the construction materials and all different kind of solid waste
are being dumped in uncultivated areas near rivers, leading to pollution from
metallic components and oils into the river bank soils and in the river. Beside the
aesthetic pollution, such dumping is increasing the cost of future restoration of
rivers for productive purposes.
3)
OBSTACLE TO LONGITUDINAL AND LATERAL CIRCULATION

The dams which were constructed to store water for irrigation, drinking water and
power generation create a barrier for fish migration and a change in the
oxygenation of water. However, the upper basin of the Ibr River is very far from
the sea and there are other obstacles downstream which affect the migratory
species.
Longitudinal obstacles might be locally significant especially in a rather nonpolluted place but there is no such information on this aspect as there is no
attention given to such issue. As a matter of fact, in many instances the reduction
of the high level of pollution is considered as the priority.
page 65/211

C-
IMPACT OF LAND USE PATTERNS AND POPULATION DENSITIES
Map 12: Land use of the Ibr basin (Corine Land cover)
Table 8: Land use by Corine land cover category in the upper Ibr river basin.
Land use category
Grassland
Cropland
Mixed Forest
Evergreen Forest
Water
Wooded Grassland
Bare Ground Urban Built
Deciduous Forest
Total for Ibr upper basin
km2
1364
1517
1634
462
17
38
33
37
5101
%
27%
30%
32%
9%
0%
1%
1%
1%
100%
page 66/211

Graph 1: Land use in the upper Ibr river basin
1)
LAND USE AND POPULATION

As could be seen on Map 12, the forest area (42 %) and the grassland (27 %)
occupy the sloppy land of the mountainous and hilly areas. The relatively flat
areas between Mitrovica Prishtina and Shtime on the banks and alluvium terraces
of the Sidnica River as well as the two other cultivated areas around Llap and the
Drenica rivers are more populated. The density of population varies from around
30 to 40 inhab/km2 in the Ibr valley of the North to around 200 to 300 inhab/km2
in the plain (not including Prishtina and Mitrovica).
2)
IMPACT OF CHANGES IN THE FOREST AREAS

Deforestation, fires and tree diseases have an impact on the forestry cover and
on the stability of the soils. Erosion in some part of mountainous areas also
increases with unsustainable practices of wood cutting.
3)
CHANGES IN LAND USE DUE TO URBANIZATION AND THEIR IMPACT

Many houses are constructed on farm land and even within the irrigated
perimeter. Houses and buildings in many villages and towns are constructed on
pieces of land without any consideration of existing urban plans when they exist.
Land registration documents have not been left by the Serbian administrators
when they left Kosovo at the end of the 1999 war. A process to re-establish the
cadastre is taking place, but, in the meantime, the ownership of some pieces of
land is still unsecure.
Over the last ten years urban areas and surfaces used for road construction have
extended considerably. As a result, a large amount of cropland has been
converted into non-permeable surfaces. The runoff of rain water on these
surfaces has increased dramatically and no proper environmental protection has
been established to avoid contamination of resources by polluted runoff waters.
As a result of this unregulated urbanization process and of the construction
boom, a percentage of cropland and irrigated land is lost for agriculture. The
Consultant has estimated for simulation purposes that the percentage of irrigated
surface lost in irrigated perimeters to be around 2 percent of the total. In many
places the new constructions do not have an adequate sewage system.
As a result, near these pollution sources, the groundwater in the alluvial plain is
contaminated. This is, hence, a public health issue. The use of water from wells
page 67/211

and springs without proper treatment for human consumption can increase waterborne diseases.
D-
SIGNIFICANT POINT AND DIFFUSE POLLUTION SOURCES

The pressure on the water bodies varies according their location and type:
-
Water bodies in mountainous areas

Water bodies in Piedmont area
Water bodies in alluvium area
When the soil and the sediment are permeable, the groundwater is directly
affected by the pollution from households, mining and activities including disposal
of material from which pollutants or dangerous substances can leak.
One of the main sources of pollution is the old sewerage collecting used water
from households and building in main towns such as Mitrovica and Prishtina, but
also in smaller towns.
As the sewers often leak, the used water is percolating into the soil and finally
into the groundwater underneath.
The use of pesticide and fertilizers is also locally a source of pollution. It is difficult
to assess the extent of the use of these substances as there is very little
systematic collection of information on this matter.
The Water Department has inventoried all the so-called operators which are
causing pressure on the Water Bodies. This database includes different
businesses and industries, socio-economic activities which might have an impact
on water. However, plenty of data are missing to use this information to assess
the impact on the Water Bodies. There is no regular measurement of the pollution
charges, and it is often difficult to have a good idea of the extent of the impact of
pollution on water bodies.
Maps 13 and 14 show significant pollution pressure on the water bodies in
particular hot spots areas where pollution resulting from historical or current
industrial activity is high.
On the bare ground urban surfaces, during rainy events, runoff is polluted by all
different kinds of substances coming from vehicles and other substances. In
addition, solid waste is dumped near the river beds in great quantity.
Picture 1 Power plant in Obilic and Sidnica plain (Credit F. Baudry)
page 68/211

Map 13: Land use map of the Ibr River Basin in Kosovo
page 69/211

Map 14: Hot spots for water quality in Ibr River Basin in Kosovo
Legend
Hot spot for water quality
River Basin & its contours
Rivers
Road
(Source UNDP 2010)
Before the 1999 war many industrial plants were discharging untreated or
insufficiently treated wastewater into the Sidnica and Ibr rivers. Many of these
companies have been closed by 2010. This had a positive impact as it reduced
the pollution load discharged into the river. However, the ones which are still
functioning and the new business and companies that are built generally do not
have proper wastewater treatment plants or pollution prevention facilities.
As a result, in many places the soil is heavily polluted due to this historical and
current pollution. In industrial areas and dumping sites, there are large deposits of
material containing heavy metals or other dangerous substances.
This situation is particularly alarming near the power plant Kosovo A and B and in
the Mitrovica industrial area, where there are large deposits of mines and
industrial leftover or deposits (mines, chemical industry, zinc-metallurgy).
page 70/211

Table 9: Polluted soil and point source of industrial pollution (Source KEPA)
Type of activities Historical or current
source of pollution
Location
Paper Company
Ferizaj,
Oil production
Lipjan,
Metal production
Janjeva,
Mining of Magnezit Golesh
Magure,
Textile
Fush Kosova,
Dairy production
Fush Kosova,
Manufacture
Vushtrri
Cobble treatment
power plants
Obiliq,
textile production
Kastriot,
chemical industry
Mitrovica
zinc electrolysis,
Mitrovica
Product of lead batteries
Mitrovica
Trebca Mines
Mitrovica
Measurements carried out in the Ibr River at different locations in the town of
Mitrovica show that the sediment contamination for Lead and Zinc exceed the
PEL (Probable effect level- see Table 10).
These thresholds and the Yugoslav classification used are not the one used by
the WFD, but Table 10 provides indications of the level of contaminations for
heavy metals which are dangerous substances for health. The red colour
indicates that the level of contamination probably has an effect on organisms
when it is exposed to it. The orange colour shows that when it is ingested by
organisms it has an effect.
TEC/Threshold Effects Concentration: A concentration in media (surface

water, sediment, soil) to which a plant or animal is exposed, above which some
effect (or response) will be produced and below which it will not.
TEL/Threshold Effects Level: A chemical concentration in some item (dose)
that is ingested by an organism, above which some effect (or response) will be
produced and below which it will not. This item is usually food, but can also be
soil, sediment, or surface water that is incidentally (accidentally) ingested as
well.
page 71/211

Table 10: Level of contamination of sediments in the Ibr River in Mitrovica - Source: Ground water pollution in Mitrovica and surroundings
Sampling
Period
February
May
August
November
Lead g/g)
I-1
20. 5
21. 5
21. 8
20. 3
Zinc (g/g)
I-2
75. 45
78. 35
79. 45
73. 25
I-3
114. 3
115. 45
116. 8
113. 25
I-4
133. 8
134. 3
135. 45
133. 05
I-1
55. 8
56. 2
56. 05
55. 9
I-2
188. 3
189. 4
190. 1
187. 7
Cadmium (g/g)
I-3
288. 6
270. 4
278. 7
275. 3
I-4
325. 4
321. 5
331. 2
338. 7
I-1
0. 23
0. 24
0. 25
0. 22
I-2
0. 49
0. 51
0. 53
0. 5
Copper (g/g)
I-3
3. 95
4. 25
4. 45
4. 35
I-4
5. 35
5. 6
5. 5
5. 25
I-1
7. 05
7. 1
7. 2
6. 9
I-2
25. 4
25. 8
26. 05
28. 35
I-3
69. 7
78. 5
79
67. 2
I-4
79. 5
81. 2
83
80. 5
Value exceeding the Probable Effect Level for the parameter

Value exceeding the Threshold Effect Level for the parameter
Value under the Threshold Effect Level for the parameter
Metal
(g/g)
TEL (Threshold
effect level)
PEL (Probable
effect level)
Cadmiu
m
0. 7
0. 7
Copper
18. 7
108
Lead
30. 2
112
Zinc
124
271
Contribution to Balwois conference 2008 - Mr. Sci. Sami Behrami, Fadil Bajraktari, Nazmi Zogaj
page 72/211

Pressure from power plant Kosovo A and B

The water supply for Kosovo A is taken from the Llap River, flowing near the
plant. When the river flow is too low in the summer, water is taken from the IbrLepenc channel. Kosovo B is supplied entirely from the Ibr-Lepenc channel.
Surface water pollution
Wastewater from the mines and the A and B power plants is discharged into the
Sidnica River.
Kosovo A: The discharge water from mineralization plants is sent to open
sedimentation and neutralization basins, which are poorly maintained. Part of the
wastewater is discharged directly into the Sidnica River without prior treatment.
Apart from evaporated water from the cooling towers, all wastewater generated at
Kosovo A, including industrial and sanitary effluents, is discharged directly into
the Sidnica River. Pollutants in the wastewater include fuel, ash, oil, chemical
residues and sanitary water.
Kosovo B has wastewater treatment installations for technical water and sanitary
wastewater, but they do not operate properly. Acid and alkaline wastewaters
generated from ion-exchangers are collected in a settling pond, but part of this
water is used to transport ash to the disposal site and water from this pond is also
discharged into the Sidnica River.
Other wastewater is led to a small sedimentation basin and from there directly
into the Sidnica River without further treatment. These large quantities of
wastewater are polluted with ash, oil, chemical residuals, faecal matter and
microbes.
All of these contamination levels far exceed EU limits. As a result, the Sidnica
River is polluted with heavy metals, suspended solids, sulphate, nitrate, and
chlorine. It is in fact the most polluted river in Kosovo and this pollution has an
impact on the Ibr River at the confluence.
Groundwater pollution
Pressure from agricultural activities
As the soils are fertile in the plains and precipitation is relatively abundant for the
moment, agricultural activities are well developed in the plains. The high hydraulic
conductivity of the soil and sediment increases the risk of contamination of
ground waters by fertilizers, especially nitrates or pesticides. However, there are
few statistics on quantity and type of substances sprayed or laid over the
agricultural land. The depth of the water table is a key factor in this regards.
Pressure from urban areas and households
Map 13 displays the land use in the Ibr River basin.
-
GWB n 1, 2, 3, and a small part of GWB 4 and 10b are mainly covered by
cropland,
the other GWB are covered by forest and grassland.
Most of the bare ground urban built occurs the GWB n 1, Mitrovica GWB n 10b
and Podujeve GWB n3. In the industrial areas, high levels of heavy metals may
be found. The current situation (huge urban development) around Prishtina
should suggest the highest prudence about groundwater exploitation, and the
groundwater quality situation should be carefully monitored.
Domestic wastewater introduce high levels of TDS, BOD, chemical oxygen
demand (COD), NO3, Chloride, SO42-, organic chemicals and bacteria into
groundwater.
page 73/211

Pressure from Mining activities

The main mining and the linked industries are shown on Map 13. The mining
activities are dealing with the following elements:
-
lead and zinc (6),
lignites (2),
magnesite and ferronickel (1).
There are as well 3 concentrators, 2 smelters (ferronickel and lead) and 1 refinery
(zinc). Lead, zinc, ferro-nickel are extracted from sulphurous ore. The exploitation
of sulphurous ore involves an Acid Rock Drainage (ARD) by oxidation of the
sulphur ion. The ARD reduction-oxidation process equation is: 2FeS2(s) + 7O2(g)
+ 2H2O(l) => 2Fe2+(aq) + 4SO42-(aq) + 4H+(aq).
This process generates acidification and a metal and semi-metal release. The
concentration of metal and semi-metal reduced states is influenced by the pH.
Therefore, it is very important to survey the pH and the physic-chemical status of
the water from the exhaust pomp.
Pressure from power generation in Kosovo A and B
Picture 2: Lignite conveyance for Kosovo power plant (Credit F. Baudry Nov 2010)
Kosovo A: Runoff water from the ash dumps, and former underground disposal of
gasification chemicals polluted the groundwater
Kosovo B: Groundwater infiltration from the existing ash dump polluted also the
groundwater.
Remediation would require protective pumping to create a hydraulic barrier. Due
to the discharge of waste water from the mines and the two power plants3, when
flood events occur, the polluted water contaminates the soil close to the river
bank which might affect the quality of the crops cultivated in these areas. The
groundwater of the alluvial aquifer linked to the Sidnica River is also
contaminated and the water from wells is improper for domestic use and even for
irrigation.
I.4. RESULTING ECOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL STATUS

OF SURFACE WATER BODIES
A-
QUANTITY AND QUALITY OF DATA AVAILABLE

The IHMK collected samples in the Sidnica and the Ibr River but the frequency
of measurements as well as the unknown degree of confidence that could be
3
idem
page 74/211

given to these measurements makes it difficult to compare the value from one
year to the other.
Quality management in IHMK has improved in recent years for a number of
parameters but there is not yet any validation process.
There has not been any regular ground water monitoring in Kosovo for years
except for microbiology. The Institute for Public Health carried out analyses which
provide an indication on the degree of contamination, especially of wells.
B1)
EVALUATION OF THE STATUS OF SURFACE WATER

LIMITATION DUE TO MISSING OR UNRELIABLE INFORMATION
During the Yugoslav period a classification system was established and used to
assess water quality. This system includes five classes, I being the best and V
the worse. Levels IV and V classes are for bad and very bad quality. Class III is
also unsatisfactory.
Surveys of the water quality carried out by academics or under other projects
provide indications for specific locations of the water quality, however they
cannot be used for the evaluation of the Status of the Water Body as per WFD
provisions.
Table 11: Chemical analyses in the Ibr River Mitrovica- station Kelmend - from 2003 to 2005 (Source:
University of Mitrovica)
Year
Ph
COD
BOD5
NO2
2003
8. 09
20. 9-IV
8. 67-III
0. 50-III
2004
7. 79
48. 6-V
11. 6-IV
2005
7. 88
30. 1-V
4. 19-II
NO3
NH4
Saturat. O2
5. 81- II
3. 26IV
58. 5- IV
0. 26-II
6. 65-II
2. 20IV
83. 8- III
0. 39-III
8. 42- II
4. 22IV
97. 9-II
Table 11 shows clearly this high degree of pollution of the Ibr River in
Mitrovica.
The WFD gives much attention to biological indicators as well as to dangerous
substances. A monitoring strategy has been proposed to the Water Department
and IHMK by the EU-funded Drini River Basin Project. The biological
component of this strategy is not yet implemented.
Biological macro-invertebrates indicators were used to assess the status of
Sidnica River. This information provided on the status of the several Sidnica
River stretches several years ago. These analyses clearly show the impact of
urban wastewaters which are discharged in this river. Since then, no systematic
biological analyses have been carried out.
2)
WATER BODIES UNDER LOW PRESSURE IN MOUNTAINOUS AREAS

The observations and measurements carried out in the Drini River basin in 2008
and 2009 have shown that in the mountainous areas where the river water is well
oxygenized and anthropogenic pressure is low, the water body status is good.
Other measures carried out by a previous project in the mountainous area of the
Ibr River Basin provided similar results.
Therefore, as a preliminary assessment, the Water Bodies located in
mountainous area under low anthropogenic pressure could be considered as
achieving the WFD good status.
3)
WATER BODY UNDER MEDIUM PRESSURE

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Villages and fish farms in the Piedmont near springs coming from mountains are
not well equipped to prevent pollution impacting the rivers. Therefore, the status
of the Water Bodies after several villages or fish farms could be considered as
not reaching the good status.
The reservoirs themselves are under medium anthropogenic pressure as there
are villages surrounding them. The insufficient consideration to the reduction of
the organic, phosphorus and nitrogen pollution may lead to eutrophication. The
development of macrophytes can be already observed in the Batllava reservoir.
4)
WATER BODY UNDER HIGH PRESSURE

In 2008 and 2009 biological analyses which were carried out downstream of
towns like Peja and Prizren highlighted that the status of the water bodies
deteriorate dramatically due to urban pollution. After these towns the river
ecological status is very low.
It was also observed that when there is abundant clean water feeding the river
the ecological status improves slightly.
C-
STATUS OF THE GROUNDWATER

There is no monitoring network for groundwater quality. Therefore, the land use
map, as well as the information on the hot spots for water quality, provides
information about the possible risks of contamination of the groundwater.
The quantitative pressure is not high on the water bodies since there is sufficient
surface water. The qualitative status, however, is likely not to be good for the
groundwaters under high pressure such as the GWB 1, 2, 3 and 10a and 10b.
It is important that a programme of surveillance be implemented to gain scientific
knowledge of the quality and quantity of groundwater bodies and their possible
use.
page 76/211

Map 15: Simplified Hydrogeology in Ibr Basin, springs and boreholes (source ICMM-WD)
page 77/211

PART IV TOWARD WATER SECURITY IN

CENTRAL KOSOVO 2010-2035
I.1. SCOPE OF THE ANALYSIS - KEY INDICATORS
A1)
SCOPE OF THE ANALYSIS WATER SECURITY OBJECTIVES

WATER SECURITY CONCEPT
In this study, we considered Water Security as a policy including the following
objectives:
2)
Ensure on a regular basis a degree of reliability and continuity for bulk water
supply, avoiding water shortages during dry years or a series of dry years.
Ensure that in case of emergency due to the damage of a key water

infrastructure there are alternative resources, and parts of the system still
function, which could reduce dramatic socio-economic costs.
Ensure that Water Security comes at a fair price and is in line with
sustainable financial management and environment protection.
FLEXIBILITY OF WATER ALLOCATION

To achieve these objectives, in order to be able to face unforeseen situations, it is
important to develop flexible systems of bulk water supply, including for instance
alternative sources of clean bulk water. It is also possible to interconnect existing
systems and to take steps to avoid disruption of conveyance in case of important
natural and human damages to the systems.
3)
EQUITABLE AND RATIONAL USE ESPECIALLY FOR INTERNATIONAL WATERS

Improved relationships are critical to water security. Ibr River is an international
river, and in the future there might be opportunities to develop the Gazivoda
water use in the neighbouring countries. It is important that international
legislation procedure be applied. Water use in one country should not harm
people and users in riparian countries. The international principle of equitable
and rational use of water should be used for negotiation whenever appropriate.
Through such a process, practical and realist rules can be agreed on.
4)
HUMAN HEALTH HAZARD REDUCTION (IRRIGATION WATER)

The Protocol on Water and Health, signed in 1999, requires to establish national
and local targets for the quality of drinking water. As many surface water and
groundwater in the Project area are contaminated by micro-organisms and are a
vector for diseases, the improvement of the water quality will provide immediate
socio-economic benefits by reducing the diseases occurrence especially among
children. In addition, contaminated sources of water for irrigation are a health
hazard which may generate difficulties for agricultural product commercialisation.
Food safety is a sensitive issue among people and media reports on disease
linked to unhealthy irrigated food can be damaging for export.
page 78/211

B-
ENVIRONMENTAL FLOW - KEY WATER USES WITHIN IBR RIVER

BASIN
The total 2010 demand for bulk water in the Ibr River Basin is created by five
major bulk water use categories. As presented in Figure 18, there are four major
uses corresponding to socio-economic activities but one is related a special user
-- the River ecosystem. Its water demand corresponds to the flow needed to
protect the ecosystem and the uses downstream (environmental flow, or E-flow)
Figure 16: Environmental flow and sectors using water
The assessment has to take into account several factors:

- the future conditions: change in the capture and conveyance system, the
population and economic growth, climatic conditions
- the possible result of these changes in the balance between the supply and the
demand in several places which can be analyzed through several methods.
One of the aims of the work is to identify hot spots presenting a risk of water
shortage under possible future conditions. In this regards, the possible
continuous degradation of the water resource quality should not be overlooked.
The next step is to anticipate such changes by taking appropriate measures in
order:
- to secure water supply for strategic sectors
- to contribute to the socio-economic development by improving security for
investments
The method includes the following steps:
page 79/211

Delineation of bulk water supply systems as input into the WEAP

simulation model,
Baseline scenario building with WEAP, including the evaluation of the

range of values that parameters can take,
Scenarios building considering possible future conditions. These are

parameters with the WEAP model including assumptions on future
conditions and climate change,
Evaluation of the impact of possible saving measures to alleviate the risk

of bulk water shortage,
Identification through a grid of analysis the priority measures taking into

account the general objectives of water security.
A good understanding of the methods and results of the assessment, of the

uncertainties and possible options by those having a good knowledge of the
sector is critical for the next steps, which include decision making for measures
selection and implementation.
C1)
METHODOLOGY - SCENARIOS BUILDING

BASELINE
SCENARIOS AND
ASSUMPTIONS)
SCENARIOS
FOR FUTURE
(UNDER
SEVERAL
Once the WEAP model architecture had been set up, the next step was to build a
baseline scenario for year 2010 including data (measured and assumed) on the
water demand and supply at key locations.
The information and data which was entered into the WEAP model were collected
among the Kosovo partners and several other sources.
The demand from the Community Water Supply, from the Agricultural, Energy,
Industry & Mines Sectors were estimated on a monthly basis, taking into
consideration 2010 conditions.
On the supply side, the data regarding inflow and on the bulk water supply
through the existing water capture and conveyance systems were also entered in
the model.
2)
SCENARIOS UNDER SEVERAL FUTURE CONDITIONS: WHAT IF ?

A second step was to use the model to simulate several demand and supply
conditions (series of normal years, dry years and very dry years).
The outputs of the model provided indications on the balance between the current
supply and the water demand at selected locations for the several scenarios
selected.
Finally, the modelling results were useful to identify measures to reduce the risks
of shortages. The hot spots where water demand will likely exceed the supply
measures can be proposed to remediate this situation. Modelling can be used to
test whether the measures are sufficient and efficient.
Presentations was given to the main government stakeholders and to the World
Bank, i.a. on 8th September 2010. These meetings allowed to gain consensus for
scenarios building by mid-September 2010.
page 80/211

In December, the World Bank provided additional technical information for the
analysis of Climate Change impact.
3)
SCENARIO BUILDING INTEGRATING KEY PARAMETERS

To build the scenarios, data collection and assessment were needed to gain
knowledge on the range of value or values to enter in the WEAP model. These
include values for the following set of parameters:
The dates in the future and time lines for which the bulk water balance is
assessed under several scenarios.
The supply side parameters including hydrological conditions and climate

change impact. Many inputs for the calculation are coming from data
series from the 1985 Water Master Plan and other data sources listed in
Annex 1. Assumptions were taken (for example, the return rate of water).
The demand side parameters including the several major users identified.
The data inputs are the characteristics of different sectors (agriculture, industry,
the connected population), as well as water flows and hydro-meteorological
parameters.
Field visits and interviews of key stakeholders were also used as source of
information especially to analyse the main factors which can contribute or hamper
the development of irrigated agriculture, power plants water use, population
consumption in towns and in villages, use of water by public and private
companies.
The analyses have taken into consideration the water conveyance for cooling the
New Kosovo power plant.
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I.2. PERIOD CONSIDERED AND PLANNED ACTIONS

Table 12 shows the different periods to consider in scenarios building.
The first period (2010-2020) includes the projects which are planned or are
already decided.
The second period (2020-2035) where the uncertainties are high, which covers a
period of 15 years from 2020 onwards.
These periods are long enough to finance structural investments which can
generate important socio-economic return over this period in terms of better
public health, revenues from export business opportunities and created jobs, etc.
The Consultant considered that the future became too uncertain after 25 years
and therefore it was decided not to integrate a longer period in the model. It might
give misleading results, as from one generation to the other the way of thinking
can evolve.
Table 12: Description of the timeline for scenarios building
Time line
2010
2010
to 2020
Projects
planned
2020
to 2035
Drinking Water Supply Irrigation
Power
Industry or Mines
Prishtina & Mitrovica

RWSC
1 000 ha
Kosovo A
Kosovo B
Ferronikeli Mine
Increase treatment
capacity;
New connection for
Mitrovica, Prishtina,
Vushtri;
Kosovo A
Kosovo B
Perimeters easily New Kosovo
irrigated by
Develop optimization of
rehabilitation
hydro-electricity supply by
pumping from one lake to
the other
Alternative sources
for emergency
Rehabilitation of
industrial plants
Water demand increase
link to business
development
(conditions for export in
the region)
Connection
between existing
water systems;
New storages of
medium capacity;
Groundwater
mobilization;
Increase of demand in Extension through Kosovo B;

cities
new systems
New Kosovo.
Metallurgic factories and New storage

manufacturing plants (if
market for products
exist)
New connections of
communities;
Connection from
Gazivoda lake;
Metallurgic factories and Additional

manufacturing plants; groundwater
mobilization
Area irrigated =
area projected for
irrigation
(if good market
opportunities)
Kosovo B;
New Kosovo;
Hydroelectricity pumping
optimized;
page 82/211

I.3. SUPPLY SIDE: HYDROLOGY, CLIMATE & WATER

RESOURCES
A-
HYDRO- METEOROLOGICAL INFORMATION
Map 16: Hydrometrical network for the Ibr River Basin in Montenegro and Kosovo
Legend:
Kosovo Border
Rivers
Reservoirs
page 83/211

Table 13: List of the hydrometrical stations in the Ibr River Basin up to the Border with Serbia (Source IHMK
2010)
Nr
Station
River
Surface(km)
Rozhaj (Montenegro)
Ibr
90
Ribari (Montenegro)
Ibr
850 (828)
Gazivod (akumu)
Ibr
1060
Prelez
Ibr
1109
Leposavi
Ibr
4701
DobriDub (Lismir)
Sitnic
1314
Nedakoc
Sitnic
2590
Drenica
Drenic
320
Prishtina
Prishtevk
53
10
Shtime
Shtimlanka
11
Lypjan
Sitnica
5540. 4
12
Vragoli
Sitnica
942. 4
13
Prilepnica(Akumu)
Graanica
105. 4
14
Lluzhan
Llap
694
15
Milloshev
Llap
923
As can be seen in Map 16 and in Table 13, there are two stations in Montenegro.
Table 14 shows the availability of daily measurement of the water level at
hydrometrical stations. However, only for Prelez, Leposavic and Nedakoc stations
long good-quality series of data exist for monthly flow measurements. These
measurements were carried out from 1960 to 1986.
page 84/211

1997
1996
1991-1995
1990
1989
1988
1987
1986
1985
1984
1983
1982
1981
1980
1979
1978
1977
1976
1975
Leposavic 1939
1974
Ibr
1973
Mitrovic
1972
Ibr
1971
Prelez
1970
Ibri
1969
1950
1968
Ibri I ri
1967
Ibri
1966
1957
1965
Drenas
1964
Drenica
1963
Miloshev 1957
1962
Llap
1961
1952
1960
Llushan
1959
Llap
1958
1st Year
1957
Station
1956
River
1955
Table 14: Availability of the Hydrological regarding the daily measurement of the water level in the rivers of the upper Ibr River Basin
1942
Prishtevka Prishtina
Ibri
Ribariq
Sitnica
Dobridub
Sitnica
Dobosel
Sitnica
Nedakoc
Data
Missing data
page 85/211

B1)
PRECIPITATION, TEMPERATURE, EVAPORATION

PRECIPITATION
Map 17: Rainfall stations of the Institute of Hydrometeorology of Kosovo
Map 18: Map of the annual precipitation in the Ibr River Basin in Kosovo
Around 800 mm
Around 700 mm
Around 600 mm
page 86/211

This area is characterised by a dry climate and a total annual precipitation of

about 600 mm per year (Source ICMM).
Map 19: Range of temperature and altitude in Kosovo (Source IKMIK and USAID Kosovo Agricultural
Opportunities Strategy)
Although there are many gauging stations in Kosovo, since the year 2000, there
is very little rainfall data. One reason is that the observers who collect the data on
site are not regularly paid by the HMIK.
2)
TEMPERATURE
The climate of Kosovo is predominantly continental. Summers are warm and
winters cold. It has Mediterranean and Alpine influences. The average
temperature ranges from +30 C (summer) to 10 C (winter). However, due to
unequal elevations in certain parts of the country, there are differences in
temperature and rainfall distribution according to the relief.
The climatic area of Kosovo (Rrafshi i Kosovs), which includes the Ibr-Valley, is
influenced by continental air masses. For this reason, in this part of the country,
winters are colder with temperatures down to 10 C and sometimes to 26 C.
Summers are very hot, with average temperatures of 20 C, sometimes up to 37
C. 4The mean values over several years of the temperature before 1985 in the
several main towns of the Ibr River Basin are presented in Table 15.
4Source
ICMM
page 87/211

Table 15: Mean temperature in the main towns of the Ibr River Basin
Station
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
Jun.
Jul.
Aug.
Sep.
Prishtin
-1.
11
1. 2
4. 56
10.
03
14.
58
17.
98
19.
92
19.
92
15.
96
Podujev
-1.
84
0. 6
3. 88
9. 43
14
17.
48
19.
45
19.
22
Mitrovic
-0.
87
1. 48
4. 85
10.
14
14.
78
18.
06
20.
13
In Ibr
basin
-1.
27
1. 09
4. 43
9. 87
14.
45
17.
84
19.
83
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
10.
52
6. 16
0.
95
10. 1
15.
39
10. 1
5. 39
0. 6
9. 5
19.
87
15.
81
10.
37
5. 9
1.
31
10. 2
19.
67
15.
72
10.
33
5. 82
0.
95
(Source: 1985 Water Master Plan)
Graph 2: Mean temperature in the main towns of the Ibr River Basin
Mean Temperature (C) in the main towns

of the Iber River Basin
25
Prishtin
Podujev
20
Mitrovic
In Ibr basin
15
10
0
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
Jun.
Jul.
Aug.
Sep.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
-5
3)
EVAPORATION
The 1985 Water master Plan (Book on Climate) provides evaporation values.
(see Table 16) For the Ibr River Basin the data were registered at two stations,
Prishtin and Pja, for the four reservoirs: Gazivoda and Predvorica on Ibr
River, Batllava on Llap River and Badovc on Graqanica River. The values are in
mm.
Table 16: Evaporation in several stations in Prishtina (Source 1985 Water Master Plan)
Station
Reservoirs
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
Jun.
Jul.
Aug.
Sep.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Prishtin
Batllava, Badovc
104
133
150
175
179
125
87
30
Pja
Gazivoda,
Predvorica
17
34
70
128
159
174
184
204
110
75
34
16
page 88/211
Year
9. 9

Graph 3: Monthly mean evaporation in the Gazivoda Reservoir
Monthly mean Evaporation ( mm)

in the Gazivoda Reservoir
250
200
150
100
50
0
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
Jun.
Jul.
Aug.
Sep.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
page 89/211

C-
ANALYSIS OF RUNOFF AND BASIN YIELD
Map 20: Hydrological zones for analysis of the runoff and basin yield in Ibr River Basin in Kosovo and
Montenegro
Hydrological stations
LEGEND
Sub-river basin
River
Reservoir
The yield of the sub-basin was calculated and served as inputs parameters in the
WEAP model.
page 90/211

Graph 4: Inter-annual variation of mean annual flow at Ribari station (Ibr) 1948-1978
Interannual variation of mean annual flow (m3/s)

at Ribari station (Iber)
25
20
15
10
5
1978
1977
1976
1975
1974
1973
1972
1971
1970
1969
1968
1967
1966
1965
1964
1963
1962
1961
1960
1959
1958
1957
1956
1955
1954
1953
1952
1951
1950
1949
1948
Graph 5: Frequency flow rate curve for the annual flow for the period 1948 to 1978
Variation of the mean annual flow ( Unit m3/s)

over a period of 30 years 1948-78
at the Ribari station
25
20
15
10
5
0
10 %
19 %
52 %
81 %
90 %
page 91/211

Graph 6: Mean monthly flow in the Ribari and Prelez stations (period 1948 to 1978)
Mean Monthly flow for the stations

Ribari and Prelez 1948 -1978
upper Iber Basin (Unit :m3/s )
Ribari
Prelez
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Graph 7: Monthly flow at Ribari station for dry, wet and medium year during the period 1948- 1978
Monthly flow ( Unit m3/s) at the Ribari station (Iber river)

for dry - wet and medium year
during the period 1948-1978
45
40
Year 1951 - dry year
35
Year 1955 - wet year
30
Year 1969 - medium year
25
20
15
10
5
0
D- Jan CFeb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
L
I
page 92/211

E-
CLIMATE CHANGE POSSIBLE IMPACT

The World Bank has the aim to gain insights into potential future hydrology and to
establish a common platform of information on the behaviour of key hydrologic
drives across World Bank regions at an appropriate scale for policy and
investment decisions.
A first work was presented in the report November 2009 Water and Climate
Change: Understanding the Risks and Making Climate-Smart Investment
Decisions, World Bank (Alavian et. al., 2009).
In December 2010, a Methodology Report regarding the Expansion of Database
of Climate and Water Data based on work done for Water and Climate was
provided to the team.
Reflecting that climate change adaptation is entering more and more into country
assistance strategies, infrastructure studies etc. More accurate additional
information at the scale of the country, basin or country basin unit was produced.
The specific objective was to contribute to an enhanced representation of climate
change data and of hydrologic indicators. The December 2010 Climate Change
study provides indications on the probable increase of Temperature and
Precipitation in the regions of the world. From these indications, the probable
increase or decrease of several parameters such as runoff, groundwater,
precipitation, irrigation deficit, etc. were estimated through modelling (Graph 9).
The information should be taken with care as the uncertainty grows when the
data are used on a small part of territory as shown in Graph 8.
Graph 8: Modelling Spatial Scale and Uncertainty
page 93/211

Graph 9: Box with the variation of hydrological parameters due to climate change for 2030-2039
The impact of the Climate change on water availability was taken as a 25% - 50 % decrease of the runoff and
inflow in reservoirs. A function in the WEAP models enables to reflect such situation (dry year and very dry
year period).
I.4. WATER SUPPLY INFRASTRUCTURE

A1)
THE 2010 WATER SUPPLY INFRASTRUCTURE

OVERALL DESCRIPTION OF THE WATER CAPTURE & BULK WATER CONVEYANCE
The Ibr River Basin bulk water capture and conveyance was created over the
past several decades, primarily during the Yugoslav era, through the realization
of infrastructure to capture available water resources and render them accessible
for use through a conveyance system including pipes, pumps and the Ibr
Lepenc Canal.
page 94/211

Figure 17: Infrastructure to capture water in the Ibr River Basin
The capture mechanisms consist of three surface water dams/reservoirs (in three
separate sub-basins) plus various wells/well fields located throughout the basin
especially in the plain.
Therefore, according to the different locations of these water resources, it is
necessary to assess the bulk water resources in terms of these separate capture
mechanisms and the associated river sub-basins.
The water supply resources and the demand sites were grouped in three almost
independent systems in order to easily assess the bulk water balance and the
security vulnerabilities:
1. System 1: Gazivoda and Predvorica reservoirs, Ibr Lepenc Channel
and the water supply for Mitrovica (drinking water supply), irrigations
units and industry (power plants and mining).
2. System 2: Batllava and Badovc reservoirs with Prishtina drinking water
supply and socio-economical activities.
3. System 3: Water supply of small towns and villages from groundwater
and springs.
Systems 1, 2 and 3 will be tested under modelling activities in order to define if
the bulk water security in these systems is achieved or, if it is not, to identify
which measures should be implemented to cover the needs (population needs as
well as agriculture, industry and mining).
page 95/211

Graph 10: Variations of the water inflow in Gazivoda reservoir (Source: 1985 Water Master Plan IL Company)
Monthly Range in Natural Water Supply
Iber-Lepenc System (Mm3/mnth)
140
120
100
80
60
Best Month
40
Worst Month
20
0
Source: COWI Report
The water inflow in the Gazivoda dam is sufficient to fill the reservoir in one year;
however, the inflow is prone to decreases during the summer, which is the
irrigation season, at that period the level of the reservoir decreases especially
during dry year.
The Ibr-Lepenc Hydro System includes key components of (based on key
information in the COWI report, 2008, and Director of IL Canal Company):
a) Gazivoda Dam/Reservoir, Hydropower Station - water resources are
captured by Gazivoda Dam, released through a pipe to a hydropower
station including two 18 m3/s turbines. The water coming out of the turbines
flows into a second (buffer) reservoir - Predvorica Reservoir.
b) A 0,5 m3/s flows through a capture mechanism in the middle of the lake
directly to the buffer reservoir from the bottom of the dam through the Ibr
River bed.
Gazivoda dam
Gazivoda dam
spillway
Intake of 0,5 m3/s
Picture 3: Intake of the 0,5m3/s and the spillway of Gazivoda dam heading to the Ibr river bed
c) Secondary (buffer) Reservoir water is released either to the Main Canal
through a gate which is operated by the IL Canal Company (for distribution
of bulk water through the 49 km long IL canal for the various users).
d) An Environmental Flow (E-flow) of 1,8 m3/s is released by a gate to the Ibr
River and, in addition, when the reservoir is full after 4 to 5 hours of the two
turbines operation, the water flows directly to the Ibr River via a spillway.
e) IL Canal for bulk water conveyance this canal distributes bulk water by
gravity through a mechanism of canal, siphons, pipes and overflows to all
user categories. The return water is collected in the upstream part of the
Sidnica river that flows back into the Iber.
page 96/211

Picture 4: Pictures of the links between the Gazivoda dam and the second dam and the Gazivoda spillway
(Source: Google Earth and F. Baudry)
f)
Hydropower generation
The water flowing by the Gazivoda dam spillway cannot be used to produce
electrical power. Otherwise, all the inflow in the Gazivoda reservoir is used for
power generation through the turbines.
The quantity of hydro-electricity which is produced during one year varies mainly
according to the inflow in the reservoir that year. The mean annual value of
inflow is around 11,2 m3/s. In dry years (10% occurrence) the inflow is 6 m3/s
and in wet years the inflow is around 16 to 20 m3/s (10% occurrence).
In case of flood events, a few days per year the very high inflow in the lake
generates an elevation of the water level and water flows over the Gazivoda
dam spillway. This is a loss for hydro-electricity production. This does not
happen when the level of the reservoir is sufficiently low before the flood events.
For electricity production the difference of altitude between the level of the lake
and the turbine is important. A larger quantity of electricity is produced for the
same inflow when the difference of altitude is greater. As a result, the day to day
variation of the water level in the reservoir has an impact on the quantity of
electricity produced. Fine tuning of turbines operation can therefore generate an
increase of electrical power.
When the two turbines are in maintenance, there is a bypass through which
water can flow directly in the second reservoir. The IL Canal Company
management tries to avoid stopping the two turbines simultaneously to reduce
losses of energy production.
g) Use of the Gazivoda bulk water. The Ibr Lepenc Canal.
The bulk water is available twice as a water resource:
- First, its potential energy is used to generate power at the hydropower station,
- Second, the bulk water which is conveyed by the IL canal is used for various
uses as described in Figures 18 and 19 including community drinking water
supply, irrigation, industry and power plants cooling.
page 97/211

The 49 km long main canal can convey at its intake more than 10 m3/s.
However, due to losses at a rate of around 50%, the availability of bulk water
along the canal decreases. In 2009 and 2010, the IL Canal Company undertook
repair of the canal at locations were losses were high. This has slightly improved
the situation. The IL canal has also secondary branches which convey water to
particular locations where the water can be used.
The canal system as designed was never completed. The whole Ibr-Lepenc
system was designed to irrigate more than 20 000 ha. Only a fraction of this
surface is currently irrigated (less than 1000 ha in 2000).
Figure 18: Schematic representation of the Gazivoda, secondary reservoir, hydropower generation and bulk
water use along the IL main canal (source BCEOM - Cowi study 2008 from ILE and consultant)
page 98/211

Figure 19: WEAP model schematic mapping of the main uses along the IL canal (Source SCE/OIEau)
A
s
As a result, there is a large quantity of bulk water available for various uses along
the IL canal (Figure 19). According to IL Canal Companys Technical Director,
rules of operation of the Gazivoda system require the release of an Environmental
Flow (E-flow) of 1,8 m3/s which correspond to a storage of approximately 60
million m3 per year out of the 370 million in the Gazivoda reservoir. The flow
released downstream might have an importance in the future. It should be
recalled that the Serbian government plans to construct dams in the Ibr River
Basin to produce hydropower. An agreement has been signed recently with Italian
partners on this matter.
2)
SYSTEM 2: PRISHTINA WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

The second water capture mechanism which has been delineated is System 2.
It includes the following infrastructures:
-
The Batllava Reservoir
The Badovc Reservoir
The pipes and reservoirs to supply the various areas
page 99/211

a) The Batllava reservoir, water conveyance and treatment system

Graph 11: Variations of inflow in the Batllava reservoir (Source 1985 Water Master
plan)

Batlava Reservoir (Mm3/mnth)
8.0
7.0
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
Best Month
Worst Month
Source: KfW Report
The Batllava Reservoir includes key components of the dams and is connected to
a treatment plant located near the dam. Water from the reservoir is pumped to
the treatment station, treated there and then conveyed through a pipe to the
connected communities and to part of Prishtina and its surroundings.
Based on the reports by KfW (Wyg Intl., 2009), this Reservoir (and treatment
plant) attain the design capacity of 70,000 m3/d (25. 5 Mm3/y) for drinking water
supply.
b) Badovc Reservoir, water conveyance and treatment system
Graph 12: Variations of inflow in the Badovc reservoir (Source 1985 Water Master plan)
Badovc Reservoir (Mm3/mnth)
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
Best Month
0.0
Worst Month
-0.5
-1.0
Source: KfW Report
The natural supply of the reservoir serving Prishtina is susceptible to seasonal

variations as shown in Graph 4. The Badovc reservoir collects only about half of
the planned resource capacity, contributing to water shortages in Prishtina. Most
of the mechanical and electrical plant has been rehabilitated over the last 10
years and is in good condition. But in some instances due to infrastructure
constraints, production of water became problematic during low rainfall years.
page 100/211

Badovc supply system, including the water treatment plant, does not attain the
design capacity of 35,000 m3/d (12. 7 Mm3/y) for the supply of part of the
population Prishtina;
Production equals on average only about 18,000 m3/d (6. 5 Mm3/y), according to
available water resources collected in the reservoir. There is therefore a water
supply gap of 17,000 m3/d (6. 2 Mm3/y) over the planned capacities for Prishtina.
This production gap contributes along with the distribution inefficiencies (leakages
from a dilapidated distribution network) to insufficient water supplies to meet the
needs of the part of Prishtina connected to this system
3)
SYSTEM 3: COMMUNITY AND DECENTRALIZED EXTRACTION

In the areas not connected to system 1 or 2, throughout the River Basin there are
community and decentralized extractions which have been grouped in System 3
for analyse purpose.
Numerous towns, villages, private persons and industrial facilities extract
groundwater via independent facilities, such as boreholes and wells. One primary
example is the Kroni Well Field near Prishtina, which is characteristically
comprised of shallow wells, as yields and quality are reported poor for deeper
wells (based on information in reports by KfW; Wyg Intl., 2009).
B1)
RESOURCES AVAILABLE FOR USE QUALITY ISSUES

INFRASTRUCTURE VULNERABILITIES
POTENTIAL NEW STORAGE
There are still possibilities to increase the storage capacity in Kosovo for both
hydroelectricity but also for future water demand, whenever the existing
infrastructure would be insufficient in the future.
There are also groundwater deep water resources. However, the geology is
complex and the documentation which is housed in Serbia is not easy to access
for Kosovar authorities. Therefore there is a need to explore these resources,
characterize them and assess their potential socio-economic uses.
2)
QUALITY OF THE BULK
WATER
The IL canal is not well protected against pollution by houses in the vicinity of the
canal or from accidental pollution (dangerous product spilled in the canal, animals
falling in the canal, etc).
page 101/211

Picture 5: Example of IL Channel hotspot
There are many tracks along the canal and they are used by farmers and
households. It is difficult to prevent accidental pollution and even regular pollution
from households (on-site visit of the team).
The microbiological quality of the surface and groundwater which are not
protected by natural barriers is poor and expanding. There is no proper protection
of the water and no treatment of the sewage in towns and in rural areas.
This quality issue can reduce the quantity of bulk water of good quality available
in various circumstances.
I.5. DEMAND OF THE KEY WATER USES

A-
DEMAND OF URBAN WATER NEEDS AND COMMUNITIES WATER

SUPPLY
1)
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE WATER SUPPLY

Raw water supply for drinking water production is common to all three resource
capture mechanisms.
Drinking water supply via the Ibr-Lepenc System is reported to be based on a
per capita consumption of 340 l/c/d, including all leakages in distribution
networks. This is very high by European standards and about two times higher
than in western European countries. The future consumption strategies aim for a
reduction to 200 l/c/d. Different per capita consumption estimates have been
collected in various studies. Nonetheless, this parameter seems not to be well
understood or quantified yet.
The value chosen by the team for the WEAP baseline scenario is 150 l/s which is 4,5
cubic meter per month which corresponds to a mean value used in similar towns in
Europe.
W
Water is supplied to the households in the Ibr basin through mainly 2 Regional
Water Companies:
-
Prishtina Regional Water Company, supplying 7 municipalities,

page 102/211

Mitrovica Regional Water Company, supplying 3 municipalities.
There are efforts from the Mitrovica Regional Water Company to include Serbian
populated municipalities (grey in the Map 21). The area covered by those 2
companies and by the municipalities is presented in the Map 21. Mitrovica is
supplying also the municipality of Skenderaj which is not located in the Ibr basin
yet we will consider it in the study because this water is taken from the Ibr
Lepenc canal.
Map 21: Extension of the Regional Water Companies (RWC) and municipalities in Ibr River Basin and in the
rest of Kosovo.
LEGEND:
Municipalities
Prishtina Regional Water
Supply Company (RWC)
Mitrovica Regional Water
Supply Companies (RWC)
Municipality in negotiation for
joining Mitrovica RWC
Ibr River Basin
Water consumption for 2008 is presented in Table 17.

Table 17: Connected and non-connected population in Ibr River Basin
(Source: Report on the performance for 2008 from the water and waste regulatory office,
Prishtina and Mitrovica Water Companies Directors)
Number of
Municipalities
covered
RWC
Number of
consumers
Number of
population
covered
% of
population
connected *
Prishtina
82 443
695000
65,6
Mitrovica
20 780
210000
48,7
* Considering the estimated population in 2008 presented further in the report

Security Vulnerability 1: of the non-connected population, over 90% are supplied by
water from shallow wells/boreholes, which are highly vulnerable to pollution (Source: the
report WYG International on Prishtina regional water supply 2009)
page 103/211

We can consider that consumption is constant over the days and months.
Variations occur during the day but this does not have any impact on the
resource as reservoirs have a sufficient storage (12 hours consumption including
losses) to balance the daily peak flows.
This storage cannot provide strategic buffer capacity against major pipe bursts,
power supply failures or resource constraints. (Source: the report WYG International on
Prishtina Regional Water Supply 2009).
Security vulnerability 2: there is a need to diversify the resource and to improve
water security by increasing storage and buffer capacity for the large towns
emergency needs.
T
Table 18: Key indicators of the Water supply production for the Prishtina and
Mitrovica RWC (Source: the report WYG International on Prishtina regional water supply 2009)
Annual
production
(x 1 000 m)
Mean daily
Production
in m/s
Prishtina
40 800
111 781
Mitrovica
16 800
46 027
RWC
Mean
Production in
m3/s
% of non
revenue
water
Average
consumpti
on in l/c/d
1,31
46
135
0,54
54
182
Water supply in Kosovo especially in the Ibr basin is characterised by a high

level of non-revenue water as shown on Table 18.
Water resources
Mitrovica RWC
The water is coming from the IL channel and a pipe serves also the Serbian
populated area. There are plans to increase the storage capacity.
Prishtina RWC
There are two main sources of water supplying the Region:
-
Batllava dam to the north (capacity of 70 000 m/d)1
Badovc dam to the south (existing capacity of 18 000 m/d)1
In both cases water is pumped for treatment before being fed into the system via
a series of reservoirs and pumping stations. There are also a number of borehole
sources that mainly feed the surrounding municipalities, but do not make a
significant contribution to the Prishtina supplies for the population.
In 2010 a new borehole was drilled on groundwater of sufficient quality which is
available to supply bulk water to the expanding industrial and commercial area
near Fush-Kosovo. (Source: the Technical Director, Prishtina Regional Water Company
meeting Dec 2010).
Security Vulnerability 3: much of the 760 km of Prishtina drinking water conveyance and
distribution W
system is in poor condition, and there is a high level of non-revenue water.
W
Wastewater
Wastewater is partially collected in the Ibr basin at a rate of:
page 104/211

66% for Prishtina region and

47% for Mitrovica region.
There is no treatment of the wastewater collected, which includes both domestic

and industrial wastewaters. Prishtina city is discharging its wastewater in the
Sidnica River which is flowing back into the Ibr. Mitrovica wastewater is directly
discharged into the Ibr River.
The groundwater is also affected by wastewater in villages.
Security Vulnerability 4: the pollution of groundwater is growing due to the new building and
the absence of pollution prevention mechanisms. Groundwater resources are therefore
increasingly contaminated. If nothing is done this trend will reduce the water available for
human consumption especially in rural areas in the future
T
Security Vulnerability
5: the quality of the water in both rivers is very poor and represents a
h
threat for sanitary
issues
and a potential source of tension with Serbia which is situated
e
downstream. This is a significant transboundary concern.
BULK WATER DEMAND OF CONNECTED POPULATION
Municipal water demand can be synthesized as follows:
Table 19: Households demand - Regional Water Company public networks (assumptions 1)
RWC
Daily consumption in m/d
Resource
Prishtina
70 000
18 000
23 781
Batllava Dam
Badovc Dam
Groundwater
Mitrovica
46 027
IBR LEPENC channel
Source: Report on the performance for 2008 from the water and waste regulatory office
Values entered in the WEAP model
The consumption per capita is 150 litre/day, which is 4,5 m3/month

The network efficiency 60% which means that 40% of the bulk water can be used.
From the population of Prishtina and its surroundings (532 489 inhabitants)
60% are supplied by the Batllava reservoir and system
40% are supplied by the Badovc reservoir and system
The connected population supplied by the Mitrovica Regional Water Company is

around 210 000 inhabitants (Source MRWC Director)
Return flow 70 %: 70 percent of the water captured flows back to the river assumption based on the experience of the Drini River Basin team in 2009.
page 105/211

B-
DEMAND FOR AGRICULTURE

The land in agricultural production which is irrigated by the IL channel in 2010
equals about 960 ha; the existing crop usage (crop types) assumes about 600
m3/ha/month or 20 m3/ha/day, with delivery only during 5 months between May
September.
Map 22: Schematic description of the Ibr Lepenc irrigation perimeters
page 106/211

Table 20: Irrigation scheme and irrigated area

Irrigation
scheme
Area
projected
(ha)
Area
rehabilitated
Area
irrigated
(ha)
2006
Vushtrri
7200
3170
603
Shkabaj
7100
2000
Komoran
5620
Total
19920
Area
Area
irrigated
Area
irrigated
Area
irrigated
2008
2009
2010
860.
28
959
822
660
53
165.
32
213. 4
240
240
2750
5. 5
83. 37
252
70
30
7920
661. 5
1108.
97
1424. 4
1132
930
irrigated
2007
The Ibr-Lepenc Hydro System was originally conceived to irrigate about 20,000
ha upstream of Sidnica River and in Drenica urban area (within the Project Study
Area).
In the field of agriculture, interviews and field visits have provided an interesting
insight on the prospects in this sector. The main driving force to increase
irrigation is the possibility for farmers to have higher productivity and sell at a
better price. Secure income and better markets could dramatically increase
demand and competition for water. Insecure water provision might hamper
agricultural development.
Table 21: Key parameters for bulk water used for irrigation: Total gross water demand for
irrigated agriculture in Ibr basin in 2010 (Source SCE/OIEau IL)
Scheme
2010 Net
demand
(Mm3/year)
Conveyance
Distribution
(open channel) efficiency
efficiency (%)
(%)
Plot
efficiency
(%)
Global
efficiency
(%)
Vushtrri
2,01
55%
Shkabaj
0,73
Komoran
Total
Gross
demand
(Mm3/year)
80%
65%
29%
7,04
55%
80%
65%
29%
2,56
0,09
55%
80%
65%
29%
0,32
2,84
55%
80%
65%
29%
9,92
page 107/211

BULK WATER DEMAND IRRIGATION
Values of parameter entered in WEAP MODEL
The Distribution return flow and field return flow values have been selected taking into
account the experience of the Drin River basin project.
C.
DEMAND FOR POWER PRODUCTION

The hydropower plant at the Gazivoda Dam of the Ibr-Lepenc Hydro-System
typically achieves its design capacity of about 100 GWh/year.
However, this water is available for double usage as it exits from the power
generation turbines into the secondary/buffer reservoir, which is the source to
supply the bulk users in the Ibr-Lepenc canal including cooling water at the
Obilic thermoelectric power plants:
- The Kosovo A Power Plant is still active but should stop in a near future
when the New Kosovo plant (see below) will be functioning. It requires
cooling water only during 4 months per year (June to September), but only
until 2017 when it will be taken off-line.
- The Kosovo B Power Plant will be refurbished and will remain active for
the foreseable future.
- The New Kosovo Power Plant was originally foreseen as part of the IbrLepenc Hydro System, and is now scheduled for completion by 2016/17.
For cooling water it is assumed that there will be a reduction of the IL canal
losses. A buffer basin is planned to be built at the end of the canal with a capacity
corresponding to 10 days of average consumption for the New Kosovo and B
plants (approximately 1,75 million cubic meter). This basin will be used to ensure
a continuous and uninterrupted supply especially if ever there is a disruption of
conveyance. Attention will be given to comply with water quality standards using
modern technology.
(Source: Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment Kosovo C June 2008)
page 108/211

D-
DEMAND OF KEY INDUSTRIES

The Ibr-Lepenc Hydro-System originally supplied bulk water for mines,
metallurgical factories and manufacturing plants. Several water consuming
industrial units closed for economical or environmental reasons after the 1999
conflict.
In 2010 the only remaining bulk water demand is the Feronikeli one.
.
Security vulnerability 4: there are still no strong administrative mechanisms
which can influence priority allocation in the Water sector to the different bulk
water users groups.
The cooling water, mines and industrial bulk water demand can be
synthesized as follows:
Table 22: Water demand for industry in 2010.
Industry
2010 Monthly consumption

in m/s
Source of water
Kosovo A
0. 25 (only during summer)
Ibr Lepenc channel
Kosovo B
0. 4
Ibr Lepenc channel
Feronikeli
0. 1
Ibr Lepenc channel
page 109/211

I.6. BASELINE SCENARIO

A1)
BASELINE SCENARIO - BULK WATER BALANCE AND SECURITY

VULNERABILITIES
WEAP RESULTS PRESENTATION
The model built with WEAP provides outputs with the Result View Interface. It
displays the results presented in tables, charts or maps.
The outputs are helpful to answer to the question: What is the water balance for
the reservoirs of Ibr Basin system?
2)
INDICATORS FOR INTERPRETATION

The WEAP graphs provide a monthly balance. However, to identify hot spots of
possible water shortage under current and future conditions taking into
consideration the storage in the reservoir, it is interesting to see the evolution
between the two following parameters:
The cumulative values of the inflows in the reservoir

The cumulative values of the outflow representing the total demand as
outflow of the reservoir
To test climate change impact a WEAP function can be used with the option for
dry and very dry year option.
Although at this stage it is precarious to apply full statistical analysis due to lack
of reliable data, the Consultant chose to define a risk indicator value for each
reservoir as the critical value which will represent the limit of water available in
the hypotheses of a very dry year. Based on WEAP functions, the inflow of a
very dry year is taken as 50 % of the inflow of a normal year, for which the
baseline year 2010 is sufficiently representative. This value of 50% is in line with
the indications provided by reports on climate change. (Variations in the monthly
flow may be higher than 50%).
3)
PARAMETERS AND THEIR VALUES FOR BASELINE SCENARIO
Table 23 recapitulates the parameters which are used for the 2010 baseline
scenario. These parameters were captured in the WEAP model and the results
are presented in tables and graphs in the models.
The following paragraphs detail the values given to each parameter considering
the information collected by the Consultant from June 2010 to March 2011.
This selection of inputs data for the baseline scenario and the results obtained
through simulation was shared with stakeholders. This has led to significant
amendments and corrections in the inputs and the results of WEAP.
.
page 110/211

Table 23: Demand parameters and Minimum Environmental flow for the baseline scenarios (SCE/OIEau 2010)
Baseline scenario Year 2010
SYSTEM 1 GAZIVODA
Name point
in WEAP
PARAMETERS
Name point in
WEAP
Abstraction
Eflow = 1,8 m3/s
Name
point in
WEAP
Abstraction
Name point
in WEAP
Abstraction
Abstraction
Irrigation
Drinking Water
Energy
Industry
Parameters Irrigation
Parameters Drinking Water
Parameters Energy
Parameters Industry
Komoran Irr
Unit
Mit_Vusj_Sken
WS
Kosova A
Energy
Feronikeli M
I
Only from
June to Sept
Monthly
demand
0. 25
m3/s
Monthly
demand
Perimeter 1
Water supply
Population
Irrigated surface in 2010
30 ha
150 l/d
Conveyance
efficiency
Conveyance
efficiency
55%
55%
Consump. per
capita per year
55%
Conveyance efficiency
2 Mil
m3
Conveyance
return flow
Conveyance
return flow
90%
40%
Monthly
demand
90%
Conveyance return flow

Distribution Efficiency
80%
Water losses
43%
10%
Network techn.
efficiency
60%
Field efficiency
65%
Return flow
70%
Field return flow
18%
Crop pattern
85 %
potatoes
Distribution return flow
210 000
Mining
0. 1 m3/s
page 111/211

Baseline scenario Year 2010

SYSTEM 1 GAZIVODA
Shkabaj Irr Unit
Perimeter 2
Eflow = 1. 8 m3/s
Kosova B
240 ha
55%

40%
80%

Field efficiency
Field return flow
10%
65%
18%
85 %
potatoes
Crop pattern
Vushtrri Irr Unit
PARAMETERS
Energy
Monthly
demand
Conveyance
efficiency
Conveyance
return flow
0. 4 m3/s
55%
90%
Perimeter 3
240 660
ha
55%

40%
80%

Field efficiency
10%
65%
Field return flow
18%
85 %
potatoes
Crop pattern
page 112/211

B-
BULK WATER BALANCE UNDER BASELINE SCENARIO

The results of the scenario under current conditions are presented for the 3
systems:
SYSTEM 1: GAZIVODA IBR-LEPENC CANAL
BASELINE SCENARIO WEAP RESULTS
Graph 13: WEAP results inflow and outflow of the Gazivoda reservoir
LEGEND
In the right side of the figure the legend shows the inflow in the reservoir (+
values) and different outflows from the reservoir (- values).
page 113/211

Graph 14: Gazivoda Monthly Inflow and Outflow (mil mc)
Graph 15: Gazivoda Water Balance 2010 cumulated values (mil mc)
Gazivoda Monthly Inflow and Outflow 2010
80.00
70.00
Inflow from upstream (106 mc)

Outflow (106 mc)
Gazivoda Water Balance 2010

450.00
Inflow from upstream cumulated value (106 mc)
400.00
Outflow cumulated value (106 mc)
350.00
Risk indicator cumulated value
60.00
300.00
50.00
250.00
40.00
200.00
30.00
150.00
20.00
100.00
10.00
50.00
0.00
January February
March
April
May
June
July
August September October November December
0.00
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September October
November December
(Note: Graphics present the potential unbalance on a monthly basis and year basis. Cumulative values are useful to reflect the annual renewal of the storage in the reservoirs,
System 1 (Gazivoda reservoir) - Results Interpretation
Graph 14: shows the monthly distribution of the inflow and outflow of Gazivoda reservoir. The total demand of bulk water along the Ibr Lepenc canal is based on
the water demand at the gate of the buffering reservoir upstream. The comparison between the inflow and outflow values of each month shows that there is
enough water available in the system during spring and winter seasons. However, during the summer period a deficit of water can occur, especially in August.
This is due to irrigation demand of approximately 6. 9 million m3 of water.
Graph 15: shows that for the baseline situation in 2010 System 1 satisfied all the bulk water demand; the cumulative demand (red column) is far lower than the
cumulative inflow for a representative normal year (blue column).
page 114/211

Taking into account climate change (as indicated by a typical very dry year, i.e. with only 50 % inflow of the baseline representative year) the cumulative inflow
for a very dry season (yellow line) is still higher than the bulk water demand. This means that there is sufficient bulk water at the first gate of the Ibr-Lepenc
canal to ensure quantitative Water Security under the 2010 baseline scenario conditions.
Even though the Ibr Lepenc canal can convey large amounts of water, on a daily basis, problems of
water shortages can still occur during limited periods of time for various reasons such as the following:
- improper anticipation of the daily demand and improper operation of gates releasing water
- sudden damage to the channel especially when the water level is high in the channel
- overflow if even canal siphons entries are obstructed by solid wastes
- bulk water quality problems, etc.
These are security issues of water which we have called vulnerabilities which are slightly different than
bulk water shortage. They have to be addressed as well in the programme of measures.
page 115/211

SYSTEM 2: BATLLAVA RESERVOIR PRISHTINA
BASELINE SCENARIO 2010
Graph 16: WEAP results inflows and outflow of Batllava Reservoir for 2010 baseline scenario
LEGEND
page 116/211

Graph 17: Batllava Monthly Inflow and Outflow (mil mc)
Graph 18: Batllava Water Balance 2010 cumulative values (mil mc)
Batllava Monthly Inflow and Outflow 2010
Batllava Water Balance 2010
25.00
20.00
80.00
70.00

60.00
Outflow (106 mc)
15.00
50.00
40.00
10.00
30.00
20.00
5.00
10.00
0.00
January
0.00
February
March
April
May
June
July
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November December
Results Interpretation
Graph 17: shows the WEAP results for the monthly distribution of the inflow and outflow of Batllava reservoir.
Graph 18: shows the inflow, which is compared to the monthly distribution of the total demand of bulk water pumps to the drinking water treatment plant near the reservoir.
The comparison between the inflow and outflow values of each month shows that there is enough water available in the system during spring and winter seasons.
However, during the summer period a deficit of water can occur, especially in August. This is due to irrigation demand of approximately 3. 64 million m3 and 3. 41 million m3 in
September. The cumulative value graph shows that it does not mean that there is a water shortage as the inflow from October to June is important
Graph 30: shows that for the baseline situation in 2010, the System 2 meets the bulk water demands: the cumulative demand (red column) is far lower than the cumulative
inflow normal year (blue column).
page 117/211

Taking into account climate change (typical very dry year with only 50% of baseline inflow) the cumulative inflow for a very dry year (yellow line) is very close to the bulk water demand
which means that temporary shortages might occur.
Beside of the quantitative shortage, there are security issues of water which we have
called vulnerabilities, for example, due to the insufficient protection of the reservoir from
pollution from households, tourism and farming activities. At the end of the 2010 season
the Consultant could observe in various locations the proliferation of macrophytes
reflecting the excess of nutrients entering the reservoir. There is also a risk of accidental
pollution from the roads.
page 118/211

SYSTEM 2: BADOVC RESERVOIR PRISHTINA:
Graph 19: WEAP results inflows and outflow of Badovc Reservoir for 2010 baseline scenario
LEGEND
/page 119/211

Graph 20: Badovc Monthly Inflow and Outflow (mil mc)
Graph 21: Badovc Water Balance 2010 cumulative values (mil mc)
Badovc Water Balance 2010
Badovc Monthly Inflow and Outflow 2010

30.00

6.00
25.00
Total Outflow (106 mc)
20.00
5.00
4.00
15.00
3.00
2.00
10.00
1.00
5.00
0.00
January February
0.00
March
April
May
June
July
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November December
Results Interpretation:
Graph 20: shows the WEAP results for the monthly distribution of the inflow and outflow of Badovc reservoir.
Graph 21: shows the inflow, which is compared to the monthly distribution of the total demand of bulk water pumps to the drinking water treatment plant near the reservoir. The
comparison between the inflow and outflow values of each month shows that there is enough water available in the system during spring season. However, during the summer period a
deficit of water may occur.
Graph 33 highlights that for the baseline situation 2010 the system Badovc cannot satisfy the bulk demands: the cumulative demand (red column) is larger than the cumulative inflow
for a normal year (blue column).
Taking into account climate change (typical very dry year with only 50% of the baseline inflow) the cumulative inflow for a very dry season (yellow line) exceeds the bulk water demand
which means that temporary shortages will occur.
These are also other security issues of water which we have called vulnerabilities, which are due to the insufficient protection of the reservoir from pollution from households,
tourism and farming activities. The sewage waters from household are reaching the reservoir and there are risks of accidental pollution from the roads.
page 120/211

SYSTEM 3: Groundwater System (Kuzmin + Lypjan + Shtime Reservoirs)
Graph 22: Kuzmin Monthly Inflow and Outflow (mil mc)
Graph 23: Kuzmin Water Balance 2010 cumulative values (mil mc)
Kuzmin Groundwater Monthly Inflow and Outflow 2010
Kuzmin Groundwater Water Balance 2010

Inflow from Return Flow + Natural Recharge cumulated value (106 mc)
6.00
Inflow from Return Flow + Natural Recharge (mc)

0.60 Outflow (106 mc)
5.00
0.40
3.00
4.00
2.00
0.20
1.00
0.00
0.00
January February March
April
May
June
July
August September October NovemberDecember
Graph 24: Lypjan Monthly Inflow and Outflow (mil mc)
April
May
June
July
Graph 25: Lypjan Water Balance 2010 cumulative values (mil mc)
Lypjan Groundwater Monthly Inflow and Outflow 2010
Lypjan Groundwater Water Balance 2010

Inflow from Return Flow + Natural Recharge (106 mc)
5.00
4.00
0.40
0.30
3.00
0.20
2.00
0.10
1.00
0.00
0.00
Inflow from Return Flow + Natural Recharge cumulated value (106 mc)
April
May
June
July
April
May
June
July
page 121/211

Graph 26: Shtime Monthly Inflow and Outflow (mil mc)
Graph 27: Shtime Water Balance 2010 cumulative values (mil mc)
Shtime Groundwater Monthly Inflow and Outflow 2010

Shtime Groundwater Water Balance 2010
Inflow from Return Flow + Natural Recharge (106 mc)
5.00 Inflow from Return Flow + Natural Recharge cumulated value (106 mc)
4.00
0.20
0.15
3.00
0.10
2.00
0.05
1.00
0.00
April
May
June
July
0.00
January February
March
April
May
June
July
Results Interpretation
A 2010 monthly distribution of the inflow and outflow of the underground reservoirs can be seen in Graphs 22, 24 and 26. If we make a comparison between the inflow and outflow values of each
month, we can observe that we have enough water available in the system during the entire year of 2010. Graphs 23, 25 and 27 show that the cumulative demand for each reservoir (red column) is
lower than the cumulative inflow of a normal year (blue column) which means that for the baseline situation 2010 the System 3 satisfied all its demands.
page 122/211

I.7. BUILDING SCENARIOS FOR THE FUTURE

A-
JUSTIFICATION OF RANGE OF VALUES FOR THE VARIOUS PARAMETERS

USED IN SCENARIO
The baseline scenarios show that in 2010 bulk water shortage exists for the part of the
town supplied by the Badovc Reservoir System.
This means that the water from Batllava reservoir should make up for the shortage in
Badovc. The shortage, which is reported by the water users, is also due to the capacity
and operation of the water distribution and treatment systems. There are important losses
and unaccounted-for-water in this network. There are two projects which are on-going or
planned to improve this situation.
one project aims at supplying an additional 700 l/s through a water supply plant in
Schkabaj taking water from the Ibr-Lepenc canall
the second project is aiming at improving the efficiency of the network and
improving the overall management of the company. The on-going measures have
had already some success in reducing the losses and improving the cost recovery.
As explained in the beginning of Part II, a second step after the simulation of the baseline
scenarios is to investigate what would happen if, considering the possible future
conditions and the possible set of measures which can be taken.
In this approach, it is important to identify and to take into account the uncertainties. This
can be done for example by simulating scenarios with various possible future conditions.
As for the baseline, the approach consists in identifying the shortage in terms of their
location, the month when they occur, under future conditions.
In case there is risk of shortage, measures have to be taken to reduce this risk. The
question is then What constitutes a robust set of measures and the timing of their
implementation? Robust means that, whatever the conditions in the future, the measures
provide benefits and minimize negative conditions.
To build the scenarios, decisions have to be taken regarding the value of factors of
uncertainties. The WEAP model proposes a process for taking into account the different
parameters.
Main factors of uncertainties:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
B-
Population growth
Percentage of connected population
Growth of surface for irrigation
Growth of industrial consumption
Climate change
FACTORS OF UNCERTAINTIES
For building the scenarios for the future, a 25 years baseline (2010-2035 time period) has
been selected (as explained above).
page 123/211

The main factors of uncertainties are the following:

Other parameters of uncertainty can be listed:
Conveyance reliability of the canal, damage, etc.
Capacity of the administration and population to protect the quality of the water
Consumption of water
New technology for saving water or recycling used water
The impact of the use of water downstream and of the political situation
These parameters will be taken into account in the chapter regarding measures.
C1)
DEMAND SIDE PARAMETERS

EVOLUTION OF THE CONNECTED POPULATION TO WATER SUPPLY
It is difficult to know what the future conditions and the distribution of the population in 10
and 20 years will be. Variables for scenarios regarding water demand for household and
the water supply have been explored in Table 24 and Table 25.
These are only preliminary steps but, based on these figures, it is possible to build
scenarios.
A first method would be to take an extreme value for water demand and an extreme value
for climatic conditions.
Another method could be to build sets of scenarios by the variation of one key parameter
with the other being stable.
The evolution of connected population to water supply has to take into account 2 factors:
-
Population growth in the area,
Extension of connections.
Population growth
Estimates of population growth are not accurate as the last census was carried out in
1991. The 1991 census results indicate a steady uniform growth at an annual growth rate
of around 2%. The Statistical Office of Kosovo (SOK) has since made a number of
estimates of the population, which indicated that, by 2001, the population had decreased
significantly but had since started to recover rapidly.
We can assume that the population of the Ibr basin is presently growing on a higher
basis (3-4 %) due to people who are returning and moving to Prishtina from other areas in
Kosovo.
We can consider that the recent increase of population growth rate is due to temporary
factors and that after 5 to 10 years, the growth rate will be below 2% in line with Western
Balkan countries.
page 124/211

Table 24: First scenarios of population growth

Region
Hypothesis
2008
2010
2020
2035
Prishtina
4 % up to 2015
3 % up to 2025
2 % up to 2035
679
734
1 035
1 463
Mitrovica
3 % up to 2015
2 % up to 2025
1,5 % up to 2035
239
253
324
415
917
987
1 359
1 878
TOTAL
Scenario A with high population growth (x 1000 persons)
Table 25: Second scenarios of population growth
Region
Hypothesis
2008
2010
2020
2035
Prishtina
4 % up to 2008
3 % up to 2015
2 % up to 2025
1,5 % up to 2035
679
720
921
1 181
Mitrovica
3 % up to 2008
2,5 % up to 2015
2 % up to 2025
1 % up to 2035
239
251
313
382
792
971
1 234
1 562
TOTAL
Scenario B with low population growth (x 1 000 persons):
The 2 scenarios for population growth are presented in Tables 24 and 25. The former
scenario is interesting for the case that the population growth might not be as high as
expected.
For the WEAP simulation the population growth rate was calculated according with
the data collected on March 7, 2011 from the Prishtina Regional Water Company
(from 4% in 2010 to 1% in 2035).
Extension of connections
The Water National Strategy (WD 2006) set the objective of 80% of the population
accessing to a public water supply system by 2013. On the other hand, the report WYG
International on Prishtina regional water supply 2009 indicates: The percentage of
population in the supply area obtaining water from piped water supply systems was, after
discussions with the RWCP, estimated to increase from the existing level of 65% to
around 88% by 2030. We will consider this second assumption, which seems more
realistic and was taken into account for a project aiming at developing water supply in the
Prishtina region. It corresponds to an increase of the population connected of 1% per year.
A new feasibility study is carried out recently by a KfW consultant and new assumptions
might be taken by this Consultant.
We will take a similar objective for the Mitrovica region with a percentage of 82 % of the
population connected in 2030. It corresponds to an increase of the population connected
of 1. 5 % per year.
page 125/211

Prishtina region:
The project to increase water supply in the Prishtina region up to 88% of the population by
2030 is presented in the report WYG International on Prishtina regional water supply
2009. The water will be taken from the end of the Ibr Lepenc channel and transferred to a
new water treatment plant with a capacity of 700 l/s in a first stage and 1050 l/s in its final
configuration. The 700 l/s capacity installation is supposed to be operation in 2013. The
need for the full capacity of 1 050 l/s is expected in 2023.
The estimated investment cost of the first operation in 2011-2013 is estimated at 29,5 M
for an annual operation cost of 1,725 M in 2013, increasing every year up to 2,83 M in
2030 (source: report WYG International on Prishtina regional water supply 2009: Annex 5).
Mitrovica region:
In Mitrovica there is a plan to construct a water pipe taking water directly in the Gazivoda
reservoir to increase the water supply capacity (Source: Director of the Mitrovica RWC).
Financing for this project has not been found yet. It should be noted that such project is
supported by the Mitrovica Regional Water Company as it can provide better security on
the long term especially for the bulk water quality and avoid difficulties in water sharing on
the IL canal.
It should be noted that drinking water is distributed free for the Serbian populated northern
part of Mitrovica. Efforts are made by the Mitrovica RWC to obtain an agreement in order
to have the water use in the Northern part be paid by consumers. An EU funded project is
planned in Vushtri aiming at the development of water supply for the town urban area and
surrounding villages.
2)
EVOLUTION OF AVERAGE DOMESTIC CONSUMPTION

The average per capita consumption for 2008, which was calculated by dividing the total
volumes invoiced by the population connected, gives respectively to 135 litres per capita
per day (l/c/d) for Prishtina region and 182 l/c/d for the Mitrovica region.
Whereas the consumption in Prishtina already exceedsthe European per capita
consumption, the one in Mitrovica seems even higher. The calculation is made from the
water produced. This is likely due to the fact that there are people using water (Serbian
populated area) who are not officially registered as connected to the network. This
increases artificially the average consumption per registered consumer.
The individual water consumption is known to decrease when tariffs increase and to
increase when per capita income grows. As Regional Water Companies are just covering
their operation expenses, we can expect that over a long period tariffs will increase in
order to cover financing of new infrastructure and operation of wastewater treatment
plants to be constructed. The increase of per capita income in towns will partly reduce this
tendency.
Reliable historical data on impact of income and price elasticity on domestic per capita
consumption are missing. Hence, it is difficult to forecast the likely future trends. It is
therefore assumed that the per capita demand will not vary much over the planning
horizon from the current levels. Two alternate scenarios were considered, one showing a
decrease in per capita consumption of 0,5% per year and the other a stagnation over the
period.
The table below shows the projected average daily consumption per capita considered:
page 126/211

Table 26: Possible evolution of the average daily water consumption due to tariff policy
Region
Evolution
2008
2010
2020
2035
Prishtina
- 0,5% per year
135
134
127
118
180
180
150
135
Base on real consumption

Mitrovica
Reduction due to tariff

increase
For WEAP modelling and scenario building the values of consumption per capita was
used based on the data collected on March 7, 2011 from Prishtina Regional Water
Company, for identifying the hot spots of water shortage
It is important to keep in mind that consumption per capita is expected to be
decreasing (from 150 l/d in 2010 to 120 l/d in 2035) due to tariff structure change as
households can see an interest in reducing their consumption. This supposes that
the rate of the billed water improves. As a consequence, the household will be
inclined to pay less and the average consumption will be reduced. During the hot
summer however the consumption will increase as people use more water in such
circumstances. For the dry year the consumption was set at 180 l/d and for the very
dry year at 200 l/d.
page 127/211

3)
EVOLUTION OF NON-REVENUE WATER

The current level of non-revenue water is about 46% for Prishtina region and 54% for
Mitrovica region. Those levels are considered as high and need to be reduced.
Regional water companies need to concentrate on several actions enabling to reduce non
revenue waters such as:
-
Leakage research and intensive repairs
Set a program for annual renewal of pipes
Enhance the quality and quantity of bulk metering
Intensive research of illegal connections
Generalize meters for domestic connections
Reduce the waters used that is not metered
Such actions are already taking place with success in the Prishtina RWC.
The report done by WYG International on Prishtina regional water supply 2009 takes
into account a reduction of non-revenue water from 46% to 27,5% in 2020 and 25% in
2030 after discussions with the RWC of Prishtina. The report mentions that it will be a
difficult target to meet, and it represents probably the largest risk to the project. We agree
to this appraisal as with 24h water supply and increase of the pressure in networks,
leakage should also be increasing.
Given the uncertainty of the level of non-revenue water RWC will be able to meet, we will
consider 2 scenarios. The first scenario will consider a significant improvement of nonrevenue water levels for both Prishtina and Mitrovica and the other one a stagnation or low
improvement of the current level of non revenue water.
The tables below present the 2 scenarios proposed:
Table 27: Evolution of non-revenue water level Scenario A
Region
Hypothesis
2008
2010
2020
2035
46%
43%
28%
24%
54%
51%
36%
32%
- 1,5%/y to 2020
Prishtina
- 0,3%/y to 2030
- 0,2%/y to 2035
- 1,5%/y to 2020
Mitrovica
.
- 0,3%/y to 2030
- 0,2%/y to 2035
Scenario A with significant improvement of non revenue water level:
page 128/211

Table 28: Evolution of non-revenue water level Scenario B

Region
Hypothesis
2008
2010
2020
2035
Prishtina
- 0,5 %/y to 2020

- 0,3 %/y to 2030
- 0,2 %/y to 2035
46 %
45 %
40 %
36 %
Mitrovica
- 0,5 %/y to 2020

- 0,3 %/y to 2030
- 0,2 %/y to 2035
54 %
53 %
48 %
44 %
Scenario B with low improvement of non-revenue water level:
4)
SCENARIOS OF POSSIBLE EVOLUTION OF THE DOMESTIC WATER DEMAND

As seen in the previous sections, due to missing accurate data on 2010 population,
population growth and rhythm of improvement of water service, we will consider 3
scenarios to evaluate the possible evolution of the domestic water demand:
3) Scenario 1 corresponds to the highest domestic water demand: It assumes a high
population growth, no reduction of the daily consumption per capita and a low
improvement of non-revenue water
4) Scenario 2 corresponds to a medium domestic water demand: It assumes a high
population growth, no reduction of the daily consumption per capita and a significant
5) Scenario 3 corresponds to a low domestic water demand: It assumes a low
population growth, reduction of the daily consumption per capita and a significant
The table below presents the domestic water demand in m/day for those 3 scenarios.
Table 29: Domestic water demand under 3 scenarios

Scenario 1
Scenario 2
Scenario 3
Region/Resourc
e
2020
2035
2020
2035
2020
2035
Prishtina
180 728
270 288
150 607
227 611
126 230
160 447
Mitrovica
75 638
110 233
61 456
90 780
55 930
72 942
TOTAL m/day
256 366
380 521
212 062
318 391
182 160
233 389
For WEAP, for simplification purpose, a simple calculation was made: the population
multiplied by per capita consumption.
5)
SCENARIOS OF
POSSIBLE EVOLUTION OF THE ENERGY SECTOR AND INDUSTRIAL WATER
DEMAND
The industrial water demand should be mainly impacted in a short term period by the
construction of the new power plant: New Kosovo. The project will be functioning by 2020.
page 129/211

The expected water use for the new power plant is 380 l/s in a first step and 760 l/s in a
second phase.
6)
Power plant Kosovo A will be discontinued when new Kosovo is operational. Therefore, we
consider the removal of its water consumption from 2020. As mentioned in the report:
Water supply from the Ibr Lepenc hydro system for the proposed Kosovo C power plant
European Agency for Reconstruction 2008, the Ibr basin contains metallurgic factories
and manufacturing plants that are nor working at the moment, but could restart their
activity by 2016-2017. In this case, we have to consider the potential water consumption
evaluated at 1 000l/s.
All those industries are assumed to be supplied by the Ibr Lepenc channel, which has a
sufficient capacity for additional use. The resulting water demand to take into account is as
follows:
Table 30: Evolution of the demand from the industry
Daily consumption in m/d

Industry
2020
2035
Resource
Kosovo B
34 560
34 560
IBR LEPENC channel
New Kosovo
32 832
65 664
IBR LEPENC channel
Feronikeli
8 640
8 640
IBR LEPENC channel
Manufactory
plants
86 400
86 400
IBR LEPENC channel
TOTAL
162 432
195 264
IBR LEPENC channel
Kosovo B should be normally decommissioned before 2035, but to be conservative, it has

been considered that it keeps functioning up to 2035.
In a similar way, it can be assumed that New Kosovo operates 90% of the time.
(Note that Table 30 is assuming a generation capacity of 500 MW for New Kosovo in this
decade, and an additional 500 MW after 2020, and that Kosovo B operates at 80%).
page 130/211

7)
AGRICULTURE DEVELOPMENT & WATER DEMAND MANAGEMENT
Graph 28: Evolution of export of agricultural commodities from Kosovo (Source USAID study on Kosovo Agriculture Opportunities
Strategy Feb 2010)
During farmers interviews in August 2010, it was observed that in the plain between
Prishtina and Mitrovica farmers are traditionally cultivating potatoes. Potatoes cultivation is
considered by farmers as well adapted to the soil, easy growth, and easy to transport
without crop damage to a foreign market. The average yield is estimated around 30-40
T/ha. The cropping pattern is based on this cultivation. 85%5 of the IL irrigated area is
devoted yearly to irrigated potatoes cultivation. Cabbage and maize are the secondary
crops of the cropping pattern.
Export of potatoes increased significantly during the last 3 years (Graph 28). However,
other crops would provide better income per cultivated surface as their price in Kosovo is
much lower than in EU countries. The Kosovo agricultural export is low and there is an
important potential of growth, especially for crops which have a market competitive
advantage (Graphs 29-30) and can be easily cultivated in Kosovo where large surfaces of
soil are very fertile.
.
However, in terms of bulk water consumption, this does not have much of an
impact, as low water consumption irrigation islikely to prevail for such cultivation as
is the case already in south Kosovo.
Estimation
page 131/211

Graph 29: Kosovo price for agricultural commodities compared to EU FOB Origin Price (Source USAID study on Kosovo
Agriculture Opportunities Strategy Feb 2010)
Graph 30: Comparison between the level of agricultural commodities export in various European countries (Source
USAID study on Kosovo Agriculture Opportunities Strategy Feb 2010)
page 132/211

Figure 20: Crops with a good potential of development in Kosovo (Source USAID study on Kosovo Agriculture Opportunities
Strategy Feb 2010)
For the baseline scenario the following assumptions were made (Table 31).
Information collected at the IL Canal Company and through field visit as well as references
taken from literature led to the following assumptions regarding irrigation demand. The
estimates which are shown in Table 31 consider improvement of efficiency due to specific
measures.
Table 31: Total gross water demand for irrigated agriculture in Ibr basin in 2035 (water saving scenario)
Scheme
Irrigated area
2035 (ha)
Cropping
pattern
Crop area (85%

out of the
irrigated area)
Crop water
requirements
(mm)
Net irrigation
needs (m3/ha)
Irrigation
quantity
(Mm3)
Total
10 000
Potatoes
8500
617,6
3588
30,50
Distribution
efficiency
Plot efficiency
(%)
Global
efficiency
Gross
demand
(Mm3/year)
Scheme
Net demand
Conveyance
3
2035 (Mm /year) efficiency (%)
(%)
Total
30,50
55%
80%
(%)
65%
29%
106,64
The corresponding total net irrigation quantity increases up to 30 million m3, i. e. 8% of the
water stored in the Gazivoda reservoir.
When losses due to system inefficiency are taken into account, the water which has to be
supplied in the IL canal to irrigate corresponds to around 30% of the water stored in the
Gazivoda reservoir (106 Mm3).
The value of 10 000 ha for the area irrigated through the IL is taken up in Table 31. This
figure assumes that there will be continued efforts to increase irrigation.
The growth of irrigated crops depends on the market for agriculture products in Kosovo or
in other countries. By contrast, the area under irrigation might be reduced due to urban
development. Investments for the irrigation of additional land might compensate this
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reduction. In brief, the development depends on support to farmers to improve their

access to market, the quality of irrigation service and of its infrastructure and to the
regulation of the pressure on land inside Irrigation Perimeters.
In order to identify hot spots, in the WEAP model, the worst case situation has been taken
into account:
The assumption was made that in 2020 the surface irrigated will equal 8000 ha,
according to the data collected from ILC Company. In the period 2020-2035 the irrigated
area will remain constant. The growth rate is 24% per year for each irrigated perimeter:
Komoran
Vushtrri
Shkabai
Measures which might have an impact on the irrigation surface and bulk water
consumption per hectare.
a) Water saving measures
There is an important potential with development of irrigated agriculture through
efficient use of water. To achieve this, farmer organization, secured market outlets
and cooperation with the food processing industry have to be encouraged and
supported.
b) Agricultural land protection
Save agricultural land and reverse the urban sprawling trend inside the irrigation
schemes. The scheme perimeters must be better protected through regulations
including dissuasive measures, for example, attaching water rights to the land
ownership:
making the contract with the Irrigation perimeter a compulsory package whatever
the land use and the water use level are;
preventing land speculation and construction of houses without any consideration

to the irrigation system infrastructure.
Water rights provide the possibility for the landowner to irrigate his crops.
They correspond to a water allocation inside the irrigation perimeter which is
calculated on the basis of the crops need during the irrigation season (April to
October) and take into account intra and inter-annual variability
Attaching water rights to land ownership is a current practice of water users
associations aiming at:
- reducing the market pressure on agriculture land,
- providing a minimum revenue for the irrigation company.
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c) Tariff structure modification

French recent works (Loubier et al., 2007) highlighted the impact of a tariff structure
change.
The study was carried out on a population composed of two farmer categories:
Farmers who are risk averse,

careless farmers as far as water management is concerned.
The careless farmers have a stable consumption whatever the tariff structure; The risk
averse farmers reduce their water consumption when the proportional part in the tariff
increases.
d) Agriculture development and contracting practice
The establishment of strong market oriented agriculture is proposed in the agriculture
development opportunity report, USAID (Feb. 2010).
Private companies contracting with farmers on a guaranteed volume of production in
exchange of a guaranteed price would raise market oriented farmers interest. It would
limit the uncertainty regarding recovering costs and provide cash to farmers for production.
Contracting practices might develop through the initiative of export professionals, agrobusinesses, supermarkets or even with public authorities for environment services.
However, two conditions are required to ensure that the total added value is not
concentrated downstream of the food chain and that benefits return to farmers and to the
environment:
First of all, public control over the recommended practices,

Second, farmer organisations.
e) Farmer income increase

Increasing farmers income thanks to a better crop valorisation would help reduce public
subsidies for non-solvable people.
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D-
SUPPLY SIDE PARAMETERS
Evolution of Conveyance
The availability of bulk water for the different uses along the canal or pipes which
convey it depends on the structural state of this infrastructure and of the
resources available to maintain them and to prevent damage resulting from
accident or hostile action.
With the WEAP model, it is difficult to analyse the situation on every location
where bulk water is used but an assumption can be made regarding the rate of
conveyance in the main canal, in distribution system.
New infrastructure can be created which will change the supply side conditions.
For example, there are plans or project ideas proposing the conveyance of water
by pipes from the Gazivoda reservoir.
To identify the hot spots of water shortage, in the WEAP model
considered a fixed rate of conveyance of 55%.
Evolution of Storage
The supply can vary also if new storage is ever created, for example, buffer
storage can be created along the Gazivoda canal to provide water in case of
temporary disruption of the canal.
To identify hot spots, the storage capacity existing in the baseline year 2010,
which is reasonably representative for a normal year, is considered in the WEAP
model.
C
Climate change
The parameters which have been taken into consideration account for the effect of
climate change on the behaviour of consumption changes and other natural
processes as:
-
population consumption,
evaporation coefficient and irrigation deficit
runoff.
Normal year conditions:

They correspond to the 2010 data (baseline scenario).
The population average consumption for a normal year (150 l/day/inhabitant) for
European living conditions.
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Dry year conditions
Household water consumption for a dry year period will be set at 180 l/day/inhabitant (values selected by
the Consultant team) In fact, the household water consumption is changing under the effect of the
climate change.
Evaporation coefficient (PET). A delta of + 0,5 on the normal year evaporation value was entered for a
very dry year simulation (see World Bank report, Figure 34).
Inflow (or water available on the surface). 25 % of the normal year inflow (value selected by the WEAP
methodology) modified by a WEAP function Hydrology Water Year Method data view.
Very dry year conditions

Household consumption Following the same logic for a dry year period, the value of this water
consumption was set at 200 l/day/inhabitant (Consultants assumption).
Evaporation coefficient (PET) A delta of + 1 on the normal year evaporation value will be imposed for a
very dry year simulation (Coefficient obtained with the Graph 31, taken from a climate change study by the
World Bank).
Inflow (or water available on the surface) 50% of the normal year inflow (value imposed by WEAP
methodology) modified in the WEAP function Hydrology Water Year Method data view.
Based on the parameters described above, the team has built different scenarios
which are detailed in the following sections.
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Graph 31: Box for selection of value for parameters impact for the western Balkans by climate change (World Bank report).
page 138/211

E-
SELECTION OF SERIES OF SCENARIOS

To analyse the progressive impact of different users, the WEAP model was run and
results extracted, graphics were prepared for the following series of scenarios for
the two periods: (i) period 2010-2020 (situation in year 2020), and (ii) period 20202035 (situation in year 2035).
Scenario 1: Population growth scenario
Scenario 2: Population growth + agriculture growth scenario
Scenario 3: Population growth + agriculture growth + increasing of industry
activities
Scenario 4: Population, agriculture, industry growth and climate change impact on
water demand (for a dry year period)
Scenario 5: Worst case Scenario - Population, agriculture, industry growth and
climate change impact on water demand (for a very dry year period)
F-
SUCCESSIVE SCENARIOS BY VARYING THESE FACTORS

The elaboration of the various scenarios with WEAP is an iterative process,
referring to:
assumption to be made
drivers to be changed
indicators to be analyzed.
Using the baseline scenario the following assumptions were made:

Assumption on population
The assumptions of population are related to the population increasing rate. This
can be modified in the Key Assumptions data view.
Increasing of the irrigated area
The assumption on irrigation for this scenario includes the maximal growth rate
possible for irrigation area. This scenario might occur in case there is a good
market and a good price for agricultural products. The irrigated area can be
modified in the WEAP function Key Assumptions data view.
Increasing of the industrial consumption
At the stage of industrial consumption we considered that the new power plant
New Kosovo will be built, Kosovo A power plant will be stopped and the
metallurgic factories and manufacturing plants will restart their activity (see Table
32). These parameters can be modified and added in the Key Assumptions and
Demand Sites data view.
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Table 32: Water Consumption for Industry

Water Consumption in m/s
Industry
2015
2017
2035
Resource
Kosovo A
0. 25
IBR LEPENC channel
Kosovo B
0. 4
0. 4
0. 4
IBR LEPENC channel
0.38
0.76
IBR LEPENC channel
0. 1
0. 1
0. 1
IBR LEPENC channel
IBR LEPENC channel
0. 75
3. 02
3. 02
IBR LEPENC channel
New Kosovo
Feronikeli
Metallurgic factories
and Manufacturing
plants
TOTAL
Climate change can have an impact on rivers discharge and on the

storage in reservoirs. To take the climate change into account at the
scenario building stage it is possible to change the Hydrology Data
Water Year Method, from Normal year into a Dry/Very Dry year.
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I.8. RESULTS OF THE SCENARIOS BULK WATER BALANCE

UNDER FUTURE CONDITIONS
A-
IMPACT OF SELECTED PARAMETERS ON THE WATER DEMAND
The results of WEAP activities and also the analysis of the impact of each parameter on
the water demand from our area of study can be seen in the annex section. Table 33
shows that a growth in the industrial and agricultural sectors is the factor which has the
biggest impact on System 1 (Gazivoda and Ibr-Lepenc System), however, climate
change is likely to have an impact of similar extent.
Table 33: Impact (in % demand increase) of different scenario parameters on the water
demand from Ibr River Basin.
System
Population
Growth
Irrigated
agriculture
Growth
Industry
Growth
Climate
Change
dry year
Climate
Change
very dry year
System 1 Gazivoda
System
7,7
68,3
72.7
78.3
82.3
System 2
Batllava
System
27,5
38,5
52,5
System 2
Badovc
System
18,3
41,7
55,4
System 3
Groundwater
System
25
121,37
148,6
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B-
HOT SPOTS IDENTIFICATION

In this paragraph only results regarding the simulation of scenarios 1, 4 and 5
will be presented, because these scenarios present a possible water shortfall to
assure water security in central Kosovo in the future (2020-2035). The full version
of the WEAP model activities and the methodology that was developed is
attached (WEAP Activities Report) as annex. It could be useful to use this annex
for a better step-by-step understanding of the results logic and to develop other
scenarios for the future based on a similar methodology.
System 1, i.e., the Gazivoda Dam & ibr Lepenc Canal, serves three different
sectors with strong demand on water:
population,
agriculture,
industry and mining.
Results for a dry year and a very dry year (scenarios 4 and 5) are presented in
graphs 32 and 33. In these graphs, the monthly water demand for each demand
node is represented by columns of different colours. The blue line represents the
monthly inflow of IL Canal (water available for use) and the red line represents
the monthly values of bulk water available at the end of the canal.
Graphs 34 to 41 present the typical response results for the System 2 (Badovc
and Batllava reservoirs under a variety of scenarios based on demand growth
and climate change, showing severe and further increasing water deficits in the
near and further future (2020 and 2035).
The formulas used to calculate the series of
following:
Q water month by month are the
1. Qwater _Jan = Qinflow_Jan Qtotal water demand_Jan

2. Qwater _Feb = (Qinflow_Feb + Qwater _Jan) Qtotal water demand_Feb
3. Qwater Mar = (Qinflow_Mar + Qwater _Feb) Qtotal water demand_Mar.
where the monthly values of inflow and water demand were extracted of the
12. Q
water Dec = (Qinflow_Dec + Qwater _Nov) Qtotal water demand_Dec
WEAP
model.
The variation of the sum of monthly Q shows that System 1 is not satisfying its
demands during August-October period, for both scenario 4 (dry year) and 5
(worst case scenario very dry year).
page 142/211

Graph 32: Future water situation in IL Canal, 2035, dry year condition
page 143/211

Graph 33: Future water situation in IL Canal, 2035, very dry year condition
page 144/211

Table 34: Water shortage in System 1 (Gazivoda system)

Water shortage (million cubic meter) - Values extracted from WEAP
2035 Dry year

Gazivoda system 2035
Total
2035 Very dry year
August
September
October
August
September
October
9.195
3.381
12.240
6.802
3.559
12.6
22.6
page 145/211

page 146/211

Graph 38: Unmet demand in Batllava system System 2 Dry year Scenario 2035
page 147/211

page 148/211

Graph 41: Unmet demand in Batllava system System 2 Very dry year Scenario 2035
A - Impact of demand growth

Scenario 1: Population growth scenario
Scenario 2: Population growth + agriculture growth scenario
Scenario 3: Population growth + agriculture growth + increasing of industry
activities
B-Impact of climate change
Scenario 4: Population, agriculture, industry growth and climate change impact on
water demand (for a dry year situation)
Scenario 5: Worst case Scenario - Population, agriculture, industry growth and
climate change impact on water demand (for a very dry year situation)
page 149/211

Table 35 summarizes the analytical results obtained from the WEAP model simulations.
Table 35: WEAP results synthesis
System
Scenario
2020
2035
Scenario 1
Scenario 2
System
System
Gazivoda Scenario 3
Scenario 4
Worst Case scenario
Scenario 1
Scenario 2
System
System
Batllava Scenario 3
Scenario 4
Worst Case scenario
Scenario 1
Scenario 2
System 2 Badovc System
Scenario 3
Scenario 4
Worst Case scenario
Scenario 1
Scenario 2
System 3 Groundwater Scenario 3

System
Scenario 4
Worst Case scenario
Bulk water supply lower than demand but risk of occasional shortage -- measures to be prepared
Water security assured but limited initiate implementation of adaptive measures
Demand exceeds supply water saving measures essential
Not applicable
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I.9. CONCLUSIONS
These results of table 35 show two main water shortage situations:
Badovc: reservoir water shortage can occur from 2011 onwards and the
shortage increases especially under climate change assumptions.
Battlava: in 2035 there is severe risk of water shortage requiring additional or
new supply and this shortage is worse under climate change assumptions.
Gazivoda: under climate change assumptions and taking into consideration a
large increase of irrigation up to 10 000 ha, there is a risk of structural water
shortage after 2020, especially under climate change assumptions.
Ground water system: the confidence in the result is modest only as
assumptions had to be made on the capacity of the groundwater aquifers.
In the short term urban water supply investments are planned which will provide
enough water up to year 2020. It is assumed that the water distribution network
has the capacity to distribute the treated water from the Batllava and Gazivoda
reservoirs to the different parts of the city of Prishtina.
In the long run 2020-2035, especially in case of the climate becoming drier,
there is a high probability that structural water shortages will occur during the
normal summers.
Secondly, it is a concern to maintain the quality of the drinking resource and of
the water in the channel on the long run, as the pressure from pollution sources
is increasing.
Additional clean sources of water will be need to be made available from 2020
onward because of the growing relative and absolute water, and because it may
be difficult to maintain a sufficient quality of bulk water.
Considering also the responsibilities of the company supplying water, options
presenting a low risk of water contamination are likely to be supported by the
Regional Water Companies, for instance a diversification of water source and
water supply routes. This will be essential in case of emergency, natural
disaster, pollution, human errors or accidents leading to disruption of the water
conveyance.
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PART V DRAFT PROGRAM OF MEASURES

TOWARDS WATER SECURITY
I.1. TERMS OF REFERENCE
According to the ToR, the programme of measures has to be designed as component of a river basin
planning and management programme to meet objectives regarding Bulk Water Security in central
Kosovo in the future. These objectives are currently broadly defined in the ToR.
Point 3 - Water demand management programme
Develop a comprehensive list of water saving measures and provide unit costs (or range of
costs) for each measure, where appropriate.
Point 4 - Assessment of potential water savings in bulk water supply
The Kosovo-Towards Water Strategic Action Plan report identified potential water savings in
the bulk water supply in the Ibr Basin
-
Optimisation of operation of the Gazivoda dam

Reduction of leakage in the Ibr Lepenc canal
were identified as two options with significant lower unit cost than other options to reduce water
losses/increase water supply of the central part of Kosovo.
The consultant is required to reassess (and confirm or not as appropriate) whether these two
options are indeed low cost options for water savings in bulk water supply to central part of
Kosovo.
If alternative options are identified as cost effective, these should be described and cost
estimates should be provided.
It is noted that, eventually, securing good water quality in the Ibr will be an objective to be
met under EU Water Framework Directive and the consultant will consider whether and how the
options considered may impact on the possibility to achieve this objective in the future.
Point 5 Initial identification f a robust program of structural and non-structural measures as
component of a river basin planning and management program.
Based on the analyses above this activity will include
a. Identification of a draft programme of measures to reduce current water scarcity and risk of
future water scarcity while sustaining good water quality. This would include not only structural
measures (investments) but also non-structural measures such as capacity building, pricing
changed regulation
b. demonstration that the proposed program is robust to alternative futures of climate, water
demand. The demonstration will refer to the scenario above.
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I.2. SCHEMATIC PRESENTATION OF TOR

Water security should be looked at in a long term perspective. To identify what
should be the next steps and priorities, it is important to consider the investment
already planned, the possible changes in population, the economical
development and water demand.
A good understanding of the relations between the water resources, and the
water systems which are capturing, conveying and distributing the water is a
prerequisite. The first chapters dealt with these aspects.
From this assessment, as shown in the Figure 21, a program of measures can
be identified and its robustness assessed using a mulitcriteria grid and a Cost
Benefit Analysis.
The assessment has pointed out that vulnerability for Central Kosovo means
water shortages but also other types of vulnerability such as deteriorating water
quality; the program of measures has to address these issues.
Figure 21: Schematic presentation of the objectives of the program of measure as per ToR
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II. PROCESS OF MEASURE IDENTIFICATION AND

ASSESSMENT
II.1. STEPS FOR MEASURES IDENTIFICATION AND ASSESSMENT
The measure identification and assessment included the following steps:
1) The assessment of the bulk water shortage for the 3 water systems and their
components, as presented in the analytical part of this report. The WEAP model
was used to this end. There is concern regarding water shortage for the Badovc
reservoir. However, the new water supply of Prishtina, which is planned, will
provide additional supply to this city which will likely remediate this deficit at
least up to 2020.
As a result, measures for water saving on the side of the users must be
introduced. The main reduction of water consumption can be obtained by
reducing water which is not paid by users, by the improvement of the water
supply service and the introduction of a progressive, acceptable increase of the
water tariff. Encouraging progresses are made by the Prishtina Regional Water
Company in identification and reduction of losses and in the increase of
payment of water bills.
In addition, reducing losses in the Ibr-Lepenc canal can generate additional
water which can be delivered to paying customers. Increasing the conveyance
efficiency can also contribute to reducing future tensions with riparian countries.
It also reduces energy and environmental costs. For the New Kosovo plant a
target has been set for a reduction of 25 % of the losses.
2) The insufficient protection of the drinking water resources. Significant water
security issues were identified. They were termed vulnerabilities. These are due
to the age of the water systems, to the pollution pressure, or to other threats to
the water storage and supply systems.
3) A list of measures was identified to remediate these vulnerabilities with the
aim to secure a satisfactory degree of Water Security in Central Kosovo for
connected and still-to-be-connected populations as well as other uses notably
industries/mines, irrigation and power generation.
4) For each stand-alone measure, robustness and relevance were assessed
using selected criteria and Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA).
5) The preliminary results on water shortage calculation and vulnerabilities, and
on the selected measures were presented to the government partners during an
official meeting on the 23th of February in Prishtina. Comments were recorded
and incorporated in this revised report. The assessment of water shortage was
reviewed using updated data provided especially by the Prishtina Regional
Water Company and partners in the energy sector. The errors were also
corrected. The final results are significantly different from those in the earlier
draft version. The concept of Water Security was clarified in this final version,
as there were diverging opinions on what should be the level of security to be
aimed at. To this end further coordination between the key institutions and
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specialists is recommended. Section III provides key concepts to move towards

a common understanding. Finally, the proposed measures were reviewed and
were combined into four projects. A draft conceptual note was prepared to
facilitate their financing.
II.2. METHODS
FOR
VISUALIZATION
MEASURE
ASSESSMENT
AND
For prioritisation purposes, each measure was assessed with two instruments
as per ToR:
a grid of criteria to assess relevance, and

a Cost Benefit Analysis.
Figure 22 represents a typical graphic description for each measure indicating:
the score obtained based on the criteria,

the net present value of the investment as a reflection of the cost benefit
analysis.
Figure 22: Presentation of the instruments to assess the relevance of measures.

The criteria grid includes ten criteria for prioritisation which have been selected
taking into account general water security principles and criteria for project
financing such as:
general public benefits that the measure can generate, and
feasibility, acceptance, readiness of the measures, etc.
It is considered that the score that is obtained using these criteria also provides
an indication of the degree of robustness of the measure proposed.
Based on the recommendation obtained in the 24th February meeting, the
measures are organised in packages, each package being a coherent project
proposal.
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Work has been performed to organise the measures according to the main
issues developed in the detailed analysis of water security in central Kosovo
(first part of this report).
Additional intangible benefits from externalities are introduced in the cost benefit
analysis. In effect, the benefit coming from reducing or avoiding the damage in
case of an emergency situation are sometimes considered to have a value of
zero, which is incorrect; the value of the damage avoided should be counted as
direct benefit from the investment or the measure.
II.3. CRITERIA FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF MEASURES

The water security principle proposed by the Consultant has been utilised to
screen the measures. Each measure should contribute to the following
principles:
Equitable and reasonable water allocation
Sustainable water resource management, including through tariff policy
Protection of water resources
Ensure a degree of comfort in emergency conditions
In addition to this broad assessment, more specific criteria have been defined
and are also part of the grid for assessing the measures. The criteria and the
system for calculating the score are presented in Table 36. The Criteria selected
are the following:
I - Stakeholder commitment. Political Will: a proposal which is not supported by
political will and a leader or leading institution will likely face difficulties in its
implementation and the impact from the measures might be low. Of course,
political will can vary over time but the assessment is performed taking into
consideration the interest that institutions might have to lead the implementation
of the measures. For example, measures with little direct immediate political
gains might not be very popular.
II - Funds Availability and Affordability: this criterion considers the cost benefit
analysis, where appropriate. This is, at this stage, a rough assessment and
there are many uncertainties in such analysis. However, whenever possible,
relevant ranges of costs and benefits were estimated.
III - Environmental Impact: this criterion takes into account the environmental
impact of the measures in terms of public health, but also protection of
ecosystems and water resources intended for human consumption.
IV - Economic Development: the measure can have few or many, direct or
indirect economic impacts on the short or long term.
V - International cooperation: the measure can affect to various degrees the
international cooperation.
VI - Employment: a measure might encourage direct or indirect job creation.
Although it is difficult to evaluate how many jobs a measure can create, this
criterion gives weight to measures with a positive effect on job creation.
VII - Technical capacity: this criterion avoids the design of measures which
could exceed the current capacity in terms of skills and maintenance, and would
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help avoid installing overly sophisticated tools which are not taken care of by the
operators. It also takes into account the fact that the important support by the
international community to the country may undermine the availability of skilled
workers for particular jobs.
VIII - Robust concept Flexibility, veatility: this criterion evaluates to which point
the measures are still relevant when future conditions change.
IX - Readiness: the degree to which a measure is ready to be implemented and
financed. It is to be noted that some measures do not need to be started now.
However, they might be relevant and provide higher benefit if an event occurs in
the future. In this regards the timeframe is important.
X- Institutional responsibility framework: each measure is individually considered
against ten criteria to gauge the overall viability, as a basis to compare and
prioritize the entire program of measures.
Points are assigned for each criterion, based on the following scale, and then
adjusted per the weighting factors:
0 = negligible
1 = low
2 = medium
3 = high
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Table 36: Water security criteria to prioritize the program of measures

Criteria:
Description:
Maximum
Points
Weighting
Factor
I.
Stakeholder
Commitment Political Will
each measure needs a champion

to succeed
45
15%
II.
Funds: Available
& Affordable
without investment funds or

customer payments, measures will
stall
15
5%
III.
Environment
required for sustainable resource

management
15
5%
IV.
Economic
Development
the regional economy is the basis

for society and inter-basin
cooperation; water supply is a key
contributor
30
10%
V.
International
Cooperation
The Ibr River basin spans across

borders and is to be shared by all
stakeholders
7,5
2,5%
VI.
Employment
Inputs to aid the working

population provide extra benefits
15
5%
VII.
Technical
Capacity
Builds on and develops local

capacities; long-term external
inputs are less preferred
30
10%
VIII.
Robust Concept Implementable in a stepwise
versatile, fashion, per available funds,

resources, etc.
organic
22,5
7,5%
IX.
Readiness
The degree of preparation of the

project or measure which make it
ready to be implement soon or not.
45
15%
X.
Institutional
Responsibility
Framework
Compatible with existing water

sector context
30
10%
page 158/211

II.4. COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS

A- OVERVIEW
To conduct the economic analysis, the Consultant assessed the program of
measures using a cost-benefit analysis (CBA). CBA is an analytical technique
which entails calculating the ratio of benefits to costs over the evaluation period;
here the CBA ratio was calculated based on the present value of the aggregated
discounted annual values of the benefits and of the present value of the
aggregated discounted annual values the costs. A ratio greater than 1.0
indicates the realization of the initiative results in higher benefits than costs,
and, thus the initiative is considered an acceptable use of resources;
alternatively, a ratio less than 1.0 indicates higher costs than benefits, and the
initiative is considered undesirable.
Thus, CBA is a valuable tool during the planning process, especially for
screening measures of different types achieving different outcomes to
determine which measures are suitable for further consideration. For example,
investors (national governments, financing institutions, private companies, etc.)
often use CBA to aid in decision-making regarding the allocation of scarce
financial resources.
N. B. It is important to note that the CBA should be interpreted carefully when it
is used to rank or prioritize competing measures. The sequence in the annual
cash-flows can affect the magnitude of the ratio (over 1.0), but not the overall
suitability assessment (the attainment of a ratio over 1.0).
B- BACKGROUND
CBA was developed as a tool to assess the comprehensive nature of large,
capital intensive initiatives, such as dams and regional supply projects, when
planning aiming at the best use of scarce financial resources.
Comprehensive means that CBA aims to consider the benefits and costs, which
may arise in different segments of the community or context, especially those
extending beyond a standard assessment of capital, financing and operating
costs - and the revenues gained from the particular initiative.
So, the purpose of CBA is to consider additional factors, which may not normally
have a price tag or be readily purchasable in the marketplace but which are
clearly by-products of investment measures. Such factors are termed
externalities and include, but are not limited to items such as:
Public/community access to water supply for public health, social and
economic development
Environmental health and quality
Water resources availability quantity and quality
The advantage of is that the evaluation is holistic, considering all possible
factors. However, conducting CBA properly:
how to assign a monetary value to the externalities?
how to set monetary values in a neutral manner without bias favour of
or against project realization?
page 159/211

The answer to these questions and the approach used by the Consultant to
conduct the CBA are detailed in the following text in the assumptions for
externality unit costs and values of costs and benefits.
C- ASSUMPTIONS GENERAL METHODOLOGY

The methodology applied for the Cost-Benefit Analysis is preliminary and
general, according to the scope of the project and data availability.
Nevertheless, this assessment fulfils the purpose to assist a general screening
of the suitability of the intended measures for further consideration,
commensurate with this preliminary level of assessment.
Assessment Period: the economic analysis is conducted over the period of 2010
2035, a 25 year evaluation period.
Present Value: The present worth of all costs or of all benefits is calculated in
each year of the assessment period using the stated discount rate.
Net Present Value: The sum of the present worth of all costs (negative) and
benefits (positive) accrued during the assessment period. This is also
sometimes called Net Benefit; a positive net benefit generally confirms a
worthwhile measure, which is suitable for further assessment, since higher
benefits are generated than costs. Conversely, a negative Net Benefit indicates
an unfavourable measure, which should not be considered further, since the
measure results in more costs than benefits to society.
Discount Rate: a rate of 10% is applied in the present value calculation, based
on the project country context. (This is beyond the range of 5-9% recommended
in Water Resource Economics (R. Griffen, MIT Press, 2006), for federal and
state projects and policies not subject to a mandated discount rate, but is
appropriate since the project country is not a developed, industrialised
economy).
D- ASSUMPTIONS COSTS
In a Cost-Benefit Analysis the costs are often more suitable to quantification, as
the price to realize a measure is generally paid for and thus more readily
estimated.
Capital Expenditures (CAPEX): The investment sum for one-off expenses to
realise infrastructure facilities or procure equipment/materials are estimated
based on market rates for similar items.
Operational Expenditures (OPEX): The annual expenses regarding operations &
maintenance of facilities, personnel, vehicle running costs, etc. are estimated
per market rates for similar items.
E- ASSUMPTIONS BENEFITS
In a Cost-Benefit Analysis, the indirect benefits may be more difficult to quantify.
The monetary value of externalities is typically set via more rigorous study and
includes willingness-to-pay studies, customer surveys, etc. to more accurately
gauge and calibrate the value of such benefits in the project context according
to local values and habits; the key aspect during this preliminary assessment in
page 160/211

the evaluation is to consider such benefits in a sound, practical and unbiased

manner.
Revenues: The additional revenues gained from (additional) bulk water sales
per water savings or added water resources are calculated at tariff rates.
Further, some measures result in incomes associated with payment of additional
fees or penalties.
Externalities: Revenues alone do not fully represent the benefits gained from the
allocation of water resources; just as a bridge provides numerous benefits,
which are not directly paid for each time it is used, access to water resources
also provides many intangible benefits throughout society. This analysis
considers the following externalities, which are described in turn below:
1) Public health and safety
2) Economic development
3) Environmental integrity
4) Integrated water resource management
5) Risk minimization or cost avoidance
1) Externality- Public Health: Safe drinking water quality and pristine raw water
supply reap benefits throughout society well beyond that considered in tariffs.
Medical Costs Avoided: according to Facts and Figures - Attainment of the

Millennium Development Goals (World Health Organisation; 2004) savings
of between 0. 6 2. 5 Euro per capita per year can be reaped if
communities are supplied with safe drinking water.
Sick Days Avoided: according to Facts and Figures - Attainment of the

Millennium Development Goals (World Health Organisation; 2004) savings
of between 0. 1 0. 3 Euro per capita per year can be reaped when
communities have safe drinking water, according to avoidance of
workforce losses in productivity.
Flood Damage Avoided: according to Flood Damage to the United States a reanalysis of NWS estimates (US National Weather Service; 1926-2003)
ensuring impervious land cover can reduce property damages from floods
at about 10 Euro per Capita per Year.
Water Treatment Materials & Operating Costs Avoided: higher-quality bulk

water is estimated to result in a 5% annual savings in drinking water
treatment plant operations.
2) Externality- Economic Development: A water supply system provides a basis

for commerce in the respective community.
Economic Basis of Community Water Supply: according to Facts and

Figures - Attainment of the Millennium Development Goals (World Health
Organisation; 2004) a gain of between 3 34 Euro per every Euro
invested can be reaped in economic activity in communities with a reliable
water supply system.
Increased Employment: according to increased employment related to

each measure (for example, additional Ministry personnel) commensurate
gains will be achieved in the form of salaries, etc. (This sum is typically
cancelled out by the respective cost item).
page 161/211

Recreation/Tourism: according to Measuring the Economic Value of a City

Park System (The Trust for Public Land; 2004) a value of between 1. 5 8
Euro per park visit can be gained from trail type parks (such as in
headwaters conservation areas)
3) Externality - Environmental Integrity: An intact and vigorous natural

ecosystem, where surface and ground-water resources generally play a vital
role, provides value to the society as a whole.
Biological Minimum Flows: according to Environmental Flows in Integrated

Water Resources Management: Linking Flows, Services and Values
(Institute of Environment & Resources, Louise Korsgaard; 2006) a value of
between 3 6 Euro per square kilometre of watershed per year can be
gained in watersheds where biological minimum flows are maintained
(such as per intact headwaters conservation areas or sustainable water
allocation policies).
4) Externality Integrated Water Resources Management: According to

Ecological and Economic Advantages of an Integrated Water Management (I.
Heinz; Institute of for Environment Protection, University of Dortmund; 1990) the
application of sound water resources management policies for sustainable
extraction, allocation and conservation will avoid the depletion of basin
resources and requirement for external transport from another basin and
savings of about Euro 0.15 to 0.30 per cubic meter.
5) Externality Emergency Risk Aversion: The availability of water resources
during emergency scenarios (natural disasters, facility failure, etc.) is calculated
at tariff rates.
F-
STEPS TO NEUTRALIZE BIAS

An acknowledged weakness of the Cost-Benefit Analysis is the possibility for
bias or error when determining the calculation parameters such as unit prices,
discount rate, etc. The biased valuation of costs or benefits will affect the
outcome and suitability assessment. To counter this possibility, the Consultant
has carried out sensitivity analyses, to investigate the impact of varying
estimates on the calculation:
Range of Unit Costs (low-medium-high): A range of values is selected to

calculate the particular item.
As normal procedure, the Consultant has applied the highest likely values
for calculating costs and the lowest likely values for calculating benefits.
This ensures a conservative assessment, which avoids overstating the
benefits of the intended measure. (On the other hand, it is also possible
that benefits are understated excessively which might risk rejecting
measures that are valuable. This should be studies in a next stage of the
project and is beyond the scope of this current report).
Sector Multiplier: The measure under consideration may provide a cost or

benefit, but is not the sole element within the study area and its human
population which provides this benefit. Therefore, only a percentage of the
value is applied so as to not overvalue the item. For example, a measure
which maintains good raw water quality will contribute to the benefit of
medical costs avoidance, but is not solely responsible for this condition.
Therefore, a sector multiplier of 50% is applied to more accurately state
the level of impact.
page 162/211

III. PROJECTS AND MEASURES IDENTIFIED

III.1.
QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT OF WATER SECURITY

A- ASSESSMENT OF THE WATER SHORTAGE AND WATER SAVING
NEEDS
For the population connected to piped water supply, the WEAP scenario
analyses have shown that there will be bulk water shortages in 2020 and that
climate change will exaggerate the situation in 2035.
For the non-connected population, shortage of water for human consumption in
rural areas can occur frequently due to the high level of contamination of the
resource.
B- OPERATIONAL SHORTCOMINGS
The population in Kosovo towns is experiencing water shortages. In many
instances, the constraints and capacity of the water supply network is also a
reason of these shortages. It is important to recall that disruption of supply at the
tap is a different issue than the bulk water shortage issue. Tap water shortages
include difficulties due to the following factors:
Shortcomings of the water supply network,

Insufficient water treatment capacity,
Temporary insufficient pressure in the end of water pipes.
It was agreed between the Consultant and the World Bank that it was beyond
the scope of this study to look into the operation of the secondary networks of
the main users such as the Regional Water Companies.
The tap water shortage will not be covered by the measures proposed.
However, the analysis of the situation has led to the identification of various
vulnerabilities related to water security.
For each main type of vulnerability a draft Project conceptual note was
developed using the EU format as requested by partners. This was suggested in
order to facilitate possible submission for financing.
III.2.
VULNERABILITIES OF WATER SECURITY

A- PRESSURE ON WATER RESOURCE
As described in the first chapters there are important pressures on water
resource.
It is urgent to do all that is necessary to reduce the contamination risks of water
that is used for human consumption,
-
in existing and future reservoirs,
in the IL canal and pipes for drinking water,

page 163/211

in the groundwater which can be used as an alternative source for drinking

water supply.
Hence, the consultant recommends to investigate in detail other possible

sources and routes for supplying water, especially after 2020, even if they look
expensive at a first look, when the losses in case of rare event are not taken into
account. At this date it is probable that the demand will exceed the supply
during dry years.
All the elements considered above should be taken into consideration.
It is proposed to study a series of measures including:
-
protection of drinking water resources,
diversification of sources, alternative routes for conveyance.
These measures can provide flexibility to ensure sufficient water of good quality
for drinking water, especially in case of emergency due to accident, natural
catastrophes, human mistakes or attacks, etc.
The relevance and benefits provided by the various options should be
assessed. The scope of the present work does not allow investigating in detail
all the options.
To this end, storage sites and routes as well as ideas and steps to move
forwards towards improved water security in central Kosovo are proposed
B- POLLUTION PRESSURE ON DRINKING WATER RESOURCES

A - Surface water:
Although the simulation of future situations which was performed by the
Consultant was concentrated on water quantity, the Consultant pointed out the
importance of the pollution pressure on the water resources:
The vulnerabilities identified first were the following:
1- The drinking water resource in the reservoir is not well protected against
accidental and pollution coming from villages and activities surrounding it.
2- The quality of the water in Ibr and Sidnica rivers is very poor and
represents a threat for sanitary objectives and a potential source of tension
with Serbia, which is situated downstream. This is a significant
transboundary concern. Improvement of the status of the Water Bodies
(under EU WFD Directives) is to be seen on a long term perspective, but
protection of the resource used for drinking water supply is a priority,
3- An increased use of water for drinking water requires that a sufficient quality
of the bulk water be maintained continuously especially in reservoirs and in
groundwater and springs.
page 164/211

To cope with this issue, the following two projects are proposed:
PROJECT 1:
Protection of drinking water resources in reservoirs.
Measures
1- Improvement of knowledge of precipitation, water quality and hydrology,
2- Policy and tools component for water resource protection, support for the
enforcement of drinking water protection zones
3- Training of staff and capacity building on water resource protection
B - Groundwater:
1- Of the non-connected population over 90% are supplied by water from
shallow well/boreholes, which are highly vulnerable to pollution.
2- The pollution of groundwater is growing due to the new buildings and the
still insufficient pollution prevention mechanisms. Groundwater is
increasingly contaminated. The high pollution pressure in several areas is
creating difficulties for a healthy use of groundwater. If nothing is done, this
trend will reduce the water available for human consumption, especially in
rural areas in the future.
PROJECT 2: Development of groundwater sources for non-connected

population
Measures
1- Groundwater knowledge development.
2- Installation of a groundwater monitoring network.
3- Development of good quality groundwater for drinking water of nonconnected population.
C-
THE CONVEYANCE SYSTEM NEEDS REHABILITATION AND PRIORITY

ALLOCATION
1- It is envisaged that the new Kosovo power plant will use cooling water from
the IL canal. The new power plant will need water without interruption.
2- There are also plans to supply the Prishtina and Mitrovica urban areas with
additional bulk water coming from the IL channel as well.
3- The baseline scenario led to the identification of possible hot spots of water
shortage. According to the simulation, climate change will have an impact in
the case of an important growth of the irrigated areas up to 8000 ha.
4- As described in the analysis of the water system, there is a risk of disruption
in the conveyance of water to the end users due to the following events
- Landslide or earth movements generated by heavy rain events or
earthquakes can damage the conveyance of the canal. Landslides are
already occurring next to the canal.
page 165/211

- Accidental pollution or acts of vandalism as well as insufficient

maintenance or improper reactions during emergency can create
temporary disruption of bulk water conveyance.
5- Also, the IL canal is not well protected from accidental damages or
vandalism. 24-hour surveillance is needed to clean the siphon grates of the
solid waste or even animal carcasses which have fallen into the canal.
Without such a close surveillance, there is a risk that water overflows the
canal.
To cope with this, the following project is proposed:

PROJECT 3: Providing 24 h sufficient water of good quality via Ibr
Lepenc canal.
Measures
1. general planning for prioritising investment and repairs and infrastructure
development,
2. define and implement rules of priority allocation and development of
platform for discussion between users, providers and public authorities,
3. repair of canal and protection against physical damage,
4. protection against pollution and other threats such as accident pollution,
attacks,
5. equipment for gates management and water allocation through improved
flow regulation,
6. storage along the canal to store water outside peak demand,
7. training of staff and capacity building,
D-
DIVERSIFICATION AND ALLOCATION OF WATER RESOURCE

Parts of the Water systems need to be replaced, rehabilitated or adapted to
future users. Drinking water supply requires continuous good quality.
Climate change and unexpected events are likely in the long run to create
disruption of conveyance, pollution and water shortages,
These risks are a concern for the security and the non-stop supply of water
for cooling the new Kosovo power plant.
This is why alternative sources and diversification of the conveyance routes
especially for drinking water should be studied now, even if they are costly,
as anticipation is better than emergency investments when the problem is
acute. Diversity of sources and routes can improve water security. It might
avoid important economic losses in case of extreme emergency.
An interesting option is to increase the water supply flexibility by
interconnecting conveyance structures
Allocation of the biological minimum or environmental flow (E-flow) should
be maintained in any case as they usually provide important socioeconomic benefit especially to the less favoured category of the population.
Drinking water should be the first priority but, in case of emergency, there
should be rules for water allocation. It is necessary to improve the practical
page 166/211

mechanism which can influence priority allocation in the Water sector to the
different bulk water users.
PROJECT 4: Study of options for providing better water security in
case of major emergency .

Measures
1. Study the options for investment of water security options (new dams.
Groundwater, new route for drinking water)
2. Technical and environmental study of the options
3. Debate on the options
Figure 23: risk of rupture of conveyance, land slide, solid waste disrupting the secure flow of water in the IL
canal (Consultants survey August 2010).
page 167/211

IV. DESCRIPTION OF PROJECTS AND MEASURES

IV.1.
PROJECT 1 - PROTECTION OF DRINKING WATER
RESOURCES OF RESERVOIRS
A- PROJECT TITLE
Protection of drinking water resources in reservoirs
B- BENEFICIARY INSTITUTIONS
The beneficiary institutions are:
-
The Regional Water companies of Central Kosovo

The Municipalities where the drinking water resources are located
The Ministry in charge of environment
The Ibr Lepenc Company.
C- SITUATION ANALYSIS
Better information on the water resources and pollution pressure
For ten years there have been regular hydrological measurements, but the
validation process is not yet sufficient. As a result, the hydrological data of the
last ten years cannot be utilised without important time-consuming sorting,
checking, validation and processing. Even though extensive training has been
delivered through external support, there are still significant improvements which
are necessary such as the following:
- Reinstallation of network for precipitation measurements on a regular
basis.
- Collection of data for rating curve calculation.
- Improvement of data quality for sampling and analysis of parameters on
water quality in rivers.
- Full implementation of groundwater exploration.
- Installation of a groundwater monitoring network.
Several of these elements were pointed out as important during the 24th
February workshop in Prishtina.
As reported in the Water Resources Development Plan (regarding the Prishtina
Regional Water Company, financed by the KfW, February 2010) the Batllava
and Badovc reservoirs are subject to growing human-caused stress:
a) land development in the catchment areas is increased, with the likelihood to
further degrade reservoir water quality,
b) there is new land development close to the shore and recreational uses
during the summer months,
c) accidental pollution can occur as it is possible that dangerous substances
can be manipulated or transported close to the reservoir or in the catchment
area (especially hydrocarbons, but also pesticides and detergents),
d) animals are grazing in large numbers too close to the reservoir.
page 168/211

Need to better protect the water in reservoirs

This pollution pressure may increase year by year and lead to the degradation of
the raw water quality, in particular of the biological parameters, which pose an
greater public health risk. Excess of phosphorus and nitrogen can generate
eutrophication, which affects drinking water production.
Based on the recommendations of the Water Resources Development Plan,
several steps are suggested to stabilize and improve the situation. This course of
action is consistent and assures compliance with Kosovo Administrative Order
Nr. 40, 2007, the E. U Water Framework Directive, the E. U. Drinking Water
Directive 99, the Kosovo law, and several policy documents.
Positive actions of motivated groups of people can increase the opportunities of
the administration to apply laws for wrongdoers and to provide incentive to people
implementing water protection measures.
page 169/211

Total budget:
Euro 11.7 million
D- LOGICAL FRAMEWORK
Project: Protection of drinking water resources in reservoirs
Overall objective
Objectively verifiable indicators
Sources of Verification
The objective is to protect in the long term the quality of water in the existing
reservoirs Gazivoda, Batllava and Badovc and other surface water intended for
water supply, especially for drinking water
Project purpose
Project evaluation
a)
to improve water resources monitoring precipitation, hydraulic and water

quality within the Ibr River Basin,
No. of data series on rainfall,

hydrology, water quality of good
quality
Databases
Data quality check
b)
to improve decision making for water resources management, more efficient

utilization of resources by collecting reliable information
to develop efficient protection measures: avoid land development, recreation
practices, etc, that lead to degrading water quality
Protection measures implemented

or not
Annual report
Number of pollution sources treated
Annual report
c)
d)
to reduce pollution in reservoirs by various sources: coming from agriculture,

transport and houses.
IPA budget:
Assumptions
Evaluation Report
Improvement of the management

Administration arrangement for
payment of people recording rainfall
Results
1.
2.
3.
Reduction of pollution reaching the reservoir

Quality of the water in the reservoirs is not degradation
Capacity to deal with accidental pollution
Number of pollution sources treated.

Quality of the water in reservoirs.
Capacity of institutions and staff to deal
with emergency.
Activities
1-
Survey every two years.

Monitoring of water in the
reservoir.
Emergency exercises.
Means
Subsidiary act on water
Costs Euros
Assumptions
Measurements of precipitations, water quality, hydrology

a) Elaboration and support to implementation of a water resources monitoring strategy
150000
page 170/211

b)
Procurement of additional/replacement monitoring equipment
200 000
c)
External Support for the improvement of monitoring data quality
150000
2- Elaboration of an protection plan on large reservoirs

a) Preparation of Catchment Area Development Protection Plans,
350 000
b) Identification of pollution sources around reservoirs and proposal of measures to reduce the pressure
5000
c)
5000
Establish, or refine delineation of protection of areas
3- Support for the enforcement of measures on protection zones

a)
Outfitting elements for the newly created catchment basin enforcement team
40,000
b)
Support and training to the Municipalities to enforce the plan
10,000
c)
Investment to create sanitation facilities for recreational facilities,
d)
Installation of septic tanks for rural (low-density) residences and businesses for connection to a sewerage system
4-Maintenance and control, communication for pollution prevention

a) Control of the pollution sources external support
b) Enforcement team and vehicle
c) Enforcement team training
250,000
70,000
5000
18400
13000
d)
Maintenance of equipment Lakeside recreation facility Maintenance Septic Tank annual service/emptying
130000
e)
Communication for pollution prevention
20 000
page 171/211

E- CAPITAL EXPENDITURES & OPERATING EXPENSES

The capital and one-off expenditures include items to plan and realize the zones,
consistent with legislation, such as:
- The purchase of gauging station for precipitations,
- Preparation of Catchment Area Development Protection Plans, including land
use designations,
- Investment to create authorized park/recreational facilities, one per reservoir,
including sanitation facilities,
- Installation of septic tanks for rural (low-density) residences and businesses,
which are not planned for connection to a sewerage system,
- Outfitting elements for the newly created MESP catchment basin enforcement
team,
- External support for training or carrying out operation of the data processing and
tasks for data validation,
- Consultancy or human resources for the inventory and characterization of the
pollution sources and other pressure on the reservoir waters.
The recurring operating expenses include:
-
The salaries for the development of the monitoring programme and validation
process improvement,
The salaries and annual costs regarding the two enforcement officers, whose
mandate is to patrol the three reservoirs to control the enforcement of rules and
legislation,
Education of citizens on proper use/penalize illegal water resources use,
Maintenance plus park and septic tank.
page 172/211

Table 37: Costs for data collection and protection of drinking water resource.
Data collection for surface water resource
A. Capital Expenditures
Unit price
Unit
150,000
Euro/Report-plan
200,000
Euro/Report-plan
Number
Total
1- Development of Monitoring Plan & Protocols

a. Iber-River Basin
150,000
2. Equipment Replacement/Augmentation
a. Monitoring Stations
3. External support
A. Operational Expenditures, annual
200,000
150,000
Unit price
Unit
a. Expand capacity for data collection
3,240
Euro/Person-y ear
b. External technical support
15,000
Euro/Person-y ear
18,000
Costs/y ear
Unit price
Unit
a.Gazivoda Reservoir
b.Batlava Reservoir
c.Badovc Reservoir
150,000
100,000
100,000
Euro/meter/square
d.Land Purchase
Inventary pollution sources
Protection area refinement
e.Basic lakeside/recreation/sanitation/facility
25
Euro/meter/square
Number
1- Monitoring & Data Collection Team
2. Monitoring Team Logistics

a. Running Costs
Protection of Drinking water resource

A. Capital Expenditures
3,240
15,000
1
1
18000
Number
1- Catchment Area Development-Protection Plan

Euro/meter/square
Euro/meter/square
150,000
1
1
1
15,000
1
3
150,000
100,000
100,000
375,000
50,000
50,000
450,000
2.Enforcement Team Logistics

a.Vehicle
b.Team 4x4 Outfitting
3.Septic Tanks
a.Residential
40,000
5,000
Euro/Vehicule
Euro/Items
2,500
Euro/Tank
b.Commercial
3,500
Euro/Tank
B. Operational Expenditures
1.Enforcement Team training
100
20
40,000
10,000
0
250,000
70,000
Expenditures annual
3,240
2.Enforcement Team vehicule

3.Lakeside recreation facility Maintenance
4.Septic Tank annual service/emptying
1
2
1,000
Euro/Person-y ear
5400
10000 maintenance/y ear
maintenance/y ear
1
120
12960
5400
10000
120,000
Graph 42: value of criteria for collection
Score for all the criteria: Score = 50
page 173/211

Graph 43: value of criteria for protection of drinking water resource
Score for all the criteria: Score = 56
F-
BENEFITS - PROTECTION OF DRINKING WATER RESOURCE

a) Affect greater information levels, which will enable:
-
better decision making for water resources management,

more efficient utilization of resources.
b) Maintain raw water quality supply, which will provide:
the direct benefit of reducing the respective drinking water treatment plant
operational costs (chemicals, energy, materials),
indirectly, positive economic benefits, as per health statistics related to a secure

drinking water supply complied by the World Health Organisation in 2004 as
regards the Millennium Development Goals, the watershed population will gain
benefits of:
o lower medical expenses,
o reduce absenteeism from their jobs.
page 174/211

Table 38: Benefits for protection of drinking water resources.

LEAKAGE REDUCTION
Costs
A - Capital Expenditure
Unit price Unit
Number
Per year
26919000
TOTAL
1- Install PVC-Concrete
Liner in Open Channel
Euro/linear
a.Iber-Lepenc Canal
2. Refurbish existing
Existing Water Mains
a. Pipelines in Main
Settlements
1000 meter
25000
25000000
1750000
50
Euro/linear
meter
35000
B - Operational Expenditures,annual
1. Existing Personnel with
budgeted resources
12000
Euro/linear
a. Iber Lepenc Canal
0.2 meter
60000
Benefits LEAKAGE REDUCTION

A. Revenues
1 Community Water
Supply
a. Per Water Savings in
system 1 demand
b. Per Water Savings in
system 2 demand
169000
4280389
0.0158 Euro/cubic meter

10%
11490000 mil mc
181542
10%
3325000 mil mc
52535
B. Public Health & safety

1 Safe Drinking Water
(Medical costs Avoided)
2 Safe Drinking Water (Sick
days avoided)
10%
499000
30662
10%
499000
3150
C. Economic development
1 Economic bais of
Community Water Supply
5%
4012500
page 175/211

Graph 44: Net Present Value for measure/project Protection of water supply reservoirs.
Measure 1: Protection of Water Supply Reservoirs

Gross Overview of Costs - Benefits
10,000
NPV
5,000
Externalities
0
Revenue
-5,000
CapEx
OpEx
-10,000
-15,000
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
2031
2032
2033
2034
2035
NPV
Annual Values, at 10% discount rate, in 1,000 Euro
15,000
The economic assessment of Measure 1 indicates that it is an acceptable use of

resources, as the Net Present Value calculation yields a high, positive value (Graph
44) and the benefit-to-cost ratio exceeds 1.0 ((see Annex M-1). Therefore, since this
measure results in net benefits to society, it is suitable for further evaluation in the
next step of investment development (beyond the scope of this study).
The key elements of the Cost-Benefits Analysis for Measure 1, Protection of Drinking
Water Resources of Reservoirs, are:
Costs: NPV of Euro 11.7 million (2035)
CAPEX: significant one-time investment costs of about Euro 10 million,

related to the preparation of Protection Zone Plans, land purchase for
headwaters conservation areas and centralized/decentralized wastewater
collection and treatment facilities
OPEX: annual costs of about Euro 160,000 per year regarding the running
costs for Catchment Basin Enforcement Team and the wastewater facilities
Benefits: NPV of Euro 23.9 million (2035)
Externalities:
o Public Health and Safety: Benefits are estimated at about Euro 1.4
million per year, according to headwaters protection/conservation
measures to maintain/improve raw water quality to the benefit of the
study area population (fewer sick days, lower medical costs, less
flooding damage)
page 176/211

o
o
o
o
Economic development: Benefits are estimated at about Euro 125,000

per year, based on the establishment of park areas in three
headwaters conservation areas (at about 80,000 visitors per year)
Environmental integrity: Neither cost nor benefits are added as this
Measure is not considered directly responsible for maintaining
biological minimum flows (from the respective reservoirs)
Integrated Water Resource Management: Benefits from headwaters
protection and conservation from development are estimated at about
Euro 800,000 per year.
Emergency Risk aversion: Neither cost nor benefits are added as
this Measure provides no emergency scenario relief.
Net Benefits: NPV of Euro 12. 2 million (2035)

Benefit-to-Cost Ratio (via NPV over 25 years): 2. 0
Measure 1 results in more benefits than costs.
Measure 1 is suitable for further evaluation and development.
G- STAKEHOLDER ANALYSIS
People will be more confident if the water is safe.
The people involved in tourism activity will benefit from a clean environment without
health hazard for their clients.
The administration will strengthen their capacity to respond to general public needs.
H- TARGET GROUP BENEFICIARIES

The Ministry in charge of environment will increase its capacity to enforce legislation
on water resource protection.
The Regional water companies will benefit from the improvement of the water quality
and can improve coordination with the Ministry and Municipalities.
The Municipalities will avoid future costs in case of water resource degradation and
increase their capacity to protect natural resources, especially by introducing
concrete measures in their development plan.
The polluters will benefit from technical and possibly financial support to apply good
practices for their activities or for implementing sewage treatment.
I-
IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS
Assumed project start date: 2012
Duration of the project implementation: 3 years
page 177/211

IV.2.
PROJECT
PROTECTION
2:
GROUNDWATER
KNOWLEDGE
AND
A- PROJECT TITLE:
Groundwater knowledge and protection
Regional Water companies
Ministry in charge of Environment
Municipalities around reservoirs
1)
GROUNDWATER KNOWLEDGE, PROTECTION AND SUSTAINABLE USE

Abstraction of good-quality and protected groundwater is an alternative to the use of
water from the reservoirs. This resource is not well known and in a number of places
it has been contaminated, is too salty or includes unwanted minerals.
Appropriate investigation of this resource can provide an alternative source for water
supply and contribute to water security. In more remote hilly and mountainous areas,
groundwater resources are especially important. There, water security in terms of
access to non-contaminated water should be considered as providing important
socio-economical benefits.
2)
HYDRO-GEOLOGY
Since there are very few accessible useful documents on groundwater, it is
necessary to collect basic hydrogeological information which is missing. The EUfunded Drini river Basin project (2008-2010) has developed a methodology for data
collection in wells to characterise groundwater bodies.
Staff in the Water Department was trained for this methodology and is able to
continue such data collection. The organisation of such data collection still requires
external guidance. Support to initiate such activities is required.
A priority would be to invest in investigation boreholes to have a better knowledge of
the available resource and to carry out groundwater assessment in terms of quantity
and quality and develop a sustainable program for their use.
Extensive data interpretation is needed to improve the knowledge on groundwater.
Awaiting that sufficient skill on data interpretation is built in the water administration,
individual local and international experts can temporarily fill the staffing gaps and
help collate, interpret and present hydrogeological data and information.
In the long-term, an increase in the WD and HMIK analytical capacity could be
achieved in the following ways:
-
By the recruitment of staff who have a combination of water resource (e. g.

hydrogeology or hydrology), computer and GIS skills.
Additional expertise could be gained by sending young staff members on M. Sc.
courses and older staff member on short-term training courses.
page 178/211

Total budget Euro

1.37 million
Groundwater knowledge and protection

Overall objective
Objectively verifiable
indicators
Sources
Verification
IPA budget:
of Assumptions
Better know the groundwater for their sustainable use in the future and increase water security for population
connected and not- connected to piped water supply
Project purpose
For the Ibr Basin: Develop step by step the knowledge on groundwater resource and provide public access to this Production of studies
information
on surface and deep
groundwater
System for access to
groundwater resource
Develop efficient protection practices for ground water which can be used for drinking water
Protection zone
implemented
Control of their
implementation
Results
1.
Collect information on ground water bodies in the Ibr River Basin
2.
First steps of the implementation of Surveillance quantitative and qualitative monitoring networks
3.
Groundwater exploration and basic description for a the Ibr river basin area
4.
Key actors are implementing good practices for the protection of drinking water protection zones
Number and quality of

studies
page 179/211

Activities
1.
2.
Means
Costs
Assumptions
Carry out a ground water pilot project

a)
Measure the parameters of alluvial groundwater bodies in Drini River Basin
Equipment and material for

measurement, Transport,
Local staff for measurements
10 000
b)
Describe and record characteristic of the ground water bodies
External supervision
20,000
Transport
2000 Bidding for the drilling of the

boreholes and installation of
400000
the monitoring points
Install quantitative and qualitative groundwater monitoring networks

a)
Construction Bidding Document and specification and sub-contracting the construction work
Construction works contract

b)
Supervision of the construction phase of the monitoring boreholes testing
External supervision Drilling

Engineer and Hydrogeologist 5 months
WD and HMIK staff and
transport
c)
Supervise installation of the monitoring equipment and interpretation of data
d)
Evaluate, validate and record the monitoring data
Hydrogeologist -2 months
100 000
10000
20000
page 180/211

Activities
3.
Means
Identification of significant pressures on Groundwater Bodies
Costs
150,000
a)
Determine the location and abstraction rates of all significant water sources and Interpret
Orthophotos supervision by hydrogeologist
Hydrogeologist -7 months
70000
b)
Determine the location of major pollution sources
Local staff for 7 months.

Budget for photos,
transport and equipment
150000
4. Protection of water resource
Assumptions
Means
Costs
a)
Support to farmers and household to introduce good practices in the protection zone of drinking
water supply
Staff and fencing of the

protection zone
50 000
b)
Control of the implementation f measures
Staff to control, transport
10 000
Assumptions
page 181/211

Graph 45: Net Present value for measure/project Protection of groundwater Resources.
Measure 2: Protection of Groundwater Resources

3,000
2,500
NPV
2,000
1,500
Externalities
1,000
Revenue
500
CapEx
0
-500
OpEx
-1,000
-1,500
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
2031
2032
2033
2034
2035
NPV
3,500
The economic assessment of Measure 2 indicates that it is an acceptable use of

resources, as the Net Present Value calculation yields a high, positive value
(Graph 45) and the benefit-to-cost ratio exceeds 1.0 ((see Annex M-2). Therefore,
since this measure results in net benefits to society, it is suitable for further
evaluation in the next step of investment development (beyond the scope of this
study).
The key elements of the Cost-Benefits Analysis for Measure 2, Knowledge and
Protection of Groundwater Resources are:
CAPEX: significant one-time investment costs of about Euro 875,000,

related to the development of a groundwater monitoring network and
establishment of ground water protection zones.
OPEX: annual costs of about Euro 50,000 per year regarding data
collection, validation and interpretation of the groundwater monitoring
network.
Externalities:
o Public Health and Safety: Neither cost nor benefits are added as
this Measure is not considered to directly influence this aspect
o Economic development: Relatively minimal benefits are obtained in
terms of wages during project realization.
o Environmental integrity: Neither cost nor benefits are added as this
Measure is not considered to directly influence this aspect
page 182/211

o
o
Integrated Water Resource Management: Benefits from sound

water resource management per the groundwater monitoring
network are estimated at about Euro 400,000 per year.
Emergency Risk aversion: Neither cost nor benefits are added as
this Measure provides no emergency scenario relief.
Net Benefits: NPV of Euro 2.87 million (2035)

Benefit-to-Cost Ratio (via NPV over 25 years): 3.1
Measure 2 results in more benefits than costs, according to Cost Benefit Analysis.
E- STAKEHOLDER ANALYSIS
The people involved in tourism activity will benefit from a clean environment
without health hazard for their clients
The administration will strengthen its capacity to respond to general public needs.
F-
TARGET GROUP BENEFICIARIES

The population in villages not-connected to piped water supply.
The private sector, which might be interested by water resource for production
purpose.
The Ministry in charge of environment will increase its capacity to enforce
legislation on water resource protection.
The Regional water companies will benefit from the improvement of the water
quality.
The Municipalities will avoid future costs in case of water resource degradation
and increase their capacity to protect natural resources, especially by introducing
The polluters will benefit from technical and possibly financial support to apply
good practices for their activities or for implementing sewage treatment.
G- IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS
Assumed project start date: 2012
Duration of the project: 2 years
.
page 183/211

IV.3.
PROJECT 3: PROVISION OF SUFFICIENT WATER OF
GOOD QUALITY THROUGH THE IBR LEPENC CANAL
A- PROJECT TITLE:
Provision of sufficient water of good quality through the
Ibr Lepenc Canal
Ibr Lepenc Company

Municipalities along the canal
Inefficiency of conveyance: the transmission system inefficiencies in System 1
(Ibr-Lepenc Canal) and the key transmission pipelines serving the main
settlements within System 1 and 2 are aged, poorly maintained and, thus,
experiencing physical leakages, estimated at 10-40%.
There is a good potential for improvement at an affordable cost. The location and
type of water supply and irrigation networks to rehabilitate are shown in Figure 22.
Highly qualified supervision is needed to make sure that appropriate technology is
used and quality of work is up to international standards.
Pollution pressure on the canal: in many locations along the Ibr-Lepenc Canal
human and livestock have unhindered access to the canal which can lead to
pollution and degradation of the water quality. There is a need to implement an
effective mechanism to ensure that the pollution pressure will not increase year by
year.
Risk of disruption -- Operation of gates in normal and in emergency situation: the
current manual system to operate the gates and other equipment for bulk water
transmission and distribution along the Ibr-Lepenc Canal is functional, but could
be optimized for more efficient allocations, better real-time responsiveness and to
site-specific conditions.
It is also important to improve the knowledge on the water used for drinking water,
agriculture, and power generation.
A- Water in the canal and pipelines: measurement of flow through the dam
and canals and of water quality
Good quality measurements of the water flowing in the pipelines and canal of the
losses are required. This process has started with the support of KfW in the
Prishtina Regional Water Company and should be continued and extended to
other Water Regional Companies. The GIS of Prishtina RWC has been
reactivated.
Regular and systematic measurements of good quality are needed to have
sufficiently accurate records from one year to the other and be able to assess the
improvement and shortcomings in order to define priorities measures.
B Improvement of the knowledge of water used for agriculture
page 184/211

Some basic information regarding population growth or migration, crop

production, use of water, fertiliser, pesticides exist in various studies of official
reports. But it is difficult to assess the degree of confidence that can be given to
this information.
There is a need to better investigate the shortcomings in the different steps of the
production of publicly released statistics. Plans for improvement should be
implemented. The aim would be to set up formal cost effective data collection
processes and progressively work for achieving European standards.
A long term program for data collection on agriculture and irrigation management
requires methodological support and institutional capacity building. Specific topics
need to be investigated as soil fertility decreases, arable land is lost due to
unregulated urbanization, informal irrigation, land speculation and urban sprawl,
and agriculture vulnerability to climate change.
a) Information on possible export crops and their markets should be collected
and widely disseminated among farmers and professionals in the agricultural
product trade. Inter-institutional relations must be strengthened in order to
avoid duplication or insufficient knowledge of particular issue,
b) A local climatic station to precise monitor variables such as temperature,
humidity, wind, sun radiation and rain, would be essential for establishing more
precise water balances and irrigation requirements. On top of this, resources
could be devoted to disseminating information and timely advice for irrigation
to farmers,
c) Water flows and water quality measurements of the water use for irrigation is
needed (inflow and outflow including the WFD dangerous substances).
To set up local field experimental research station, establishing agro-technical
references for specific production systems including soil characteristics, rain
infiltration rate, available soil moisture, root depth, crop coefficient, and yield
response. This will be helpful for establishing good practices, guidelines for
irrigation management at farm and irrigated perimeter levels.
page 185/211

Total budget: 31.
Provision of sufficient water of good quality through the Ibr Lepenc Canal
Overall objective
2 million
Objectively
verifiable
indicators
Sources of
Verification
Improvement of
water quality of
bulk water
Water quality
analysis
IPA budget:
Increase safety and efficiency of the conveyance of good quality of water in the Ibr Lepenc Canal and the main
distribution network for current and future uses
Project purpose
1.
2.
3.
4.
Water savings via the reduction of inefficiencies in existing infrastructure, due to leakages
Reduction of the risk of accidental pollution by limiting access and thus reduce/eliminate the pollution
pathway
Improve the information on the bulk water conveyed and distributed and pressure on the canal
Efficient water allocations via the Gazivoda Reservoir and Ibr-Lepenc Canal
Results
1. A reduction of 15 % of leakage providing water for other users without decreasing the water flow in the Ibr
river and thus avoiding issue on the reduction of water flowing at the border with Serbia
2. Increased protection from pollution of canal surroundings
3. Improvement of the information of bulk water used
4. Improvement of the possibility of efficient and flexible water allocation
page 186/211

Activities
A- Water savings via the reduction of inefficiencies in existing infrastructure, due to leakages,
reduction technical leakages
a) Rehabilitation of the structure of the canal in open air of the Ibr - Lepenc Canal
(grossly estimated at 25 km)
b)
Refurbish key transmission and main pipelines serving the major settlements,
Mitrovica and Prishtina (grossly estimated at 35 km)
c) Establish budget sources to affect proactive operations and maintenance
B- Improvement of information on water flow, water used and water quality in the canal and
main conveyance system
a) water used by agriculture
b) water used to generate power
c) water used for other sectors
d) quality and quantity of water used for drinking water purposes
C- Improve water quality by limiting access to and despoliation of the Ibr-Lepenc Canal
a) implement protection measure and rehabilitate protection against runoff
b) installation of fencing where possible intrusion might generate accidental pollution
Means
Costs Euro
Assumptions
25 000 000
175 0000
170 000
20 000
2 250 000
1 750 000
There are already revenues from the beginning in the initial years when no water shortage exists. The economic assessment raises the question, how can water saved (from reduced losses) become
water sold in years where there is no scarcity of water?
It should be noted that single localized major leakage can be repaired rather quickly. However this may not improve significantly the efficiency of the conveyance. To achieve an important reduction of
the leakage, the condition survey of the canal has shown that this must be achieved through repairs that stop or reduce the continuous leakage due to old joints and cracks in the lining.
Two different methods of cost estimation have been used. Both of them led to the cost of 1 million EUR/kilometer for a complete renovation of the canal. This might be a high-end price, but if well done,
the repairs can last more than 30 years without much need of maintenance and rehabilitation. This would provide a large amount of additional bulk water that can be used in the future without any other
investment.
page 187/211

D - Improvement of Equipment for efficient Water Allocation

a) A central SCADA (supervisory control and data acquisition) control unit located at a central
location, such as IL headquarters
b) Gates/Weirs within the canal, at strategic locations to affect water distribution to bulk customers,
including automatic sensory (water level, gate position, etc.) and operations equipment
c) Install Automatic sensory and operation equipment
d) Establish budget source to affect proactive operations and maintenance (per year)
E - Training young professionals to use modern tools and equipment
a) Decision making and reaction during exceptional events
b) Improvement of maintenance
c) Emergency plan design and regular exercise
250 000
225 000
450 000
45 000
20 000
20 000
20 000
page 188/211

Graph 46: Net Present Value for the measure/project 3 Improvement of Ibr-Lepenc Canal.
Measure 3: Improvement of Iber - Lepenc Canal

5,000
0
NPV
-5,000
Externalities
-10,000
-15,000
Revenue
-20,000
CapEx
-25,000
OpEx
-30,000
-35,000
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
2031
2032
2033
2034
2035
NPV
10,000
The economic assessment of Measure/Project 3 indicates that it is an acceptable

use of resources, as the Net Present Value calculation yields a modest but
positive value (Graph 46) and the benefit-to-cost ratio exceeds 1.0 ((see Annex
M-3). Therefore, since this measure results in net benefits to society, it is suitable
for further evaluation in the next step of investment development (beyond the
scope of this study).
The key elements of the Cost-Benefit Analysis for Measure/Project 3, Provision of
sufficient water of good quality through the Ibr Lepenc Canal, are:
CAPEX: significant one-time investment costs of

o about Euro 25 million for the relining of the Ibr-Lepenc Canal
(to reduce leakages and infiltration), plus about Euro 1 million
for installation and training in automatic canal weir system;
o about Euro 2.5 million to reduce pollution pathways via
sedimentation from side channels and unhygienic canal access
of livestock/solid waste.
OPEX: annual costs of about Euro 80,000 per year regarding additional
maintenance and pollution removal from the canal.

Revenues: revenues are allocated conservatively, according to existing

(2010) tariff rates and for 50 percent of all bulk customer categories
only. This integrates the gains from avoided losses, plus qualitative
gains in water quality.
Externalities:
o
o
o
o
Public Health and Safety: Benefits are estimated at about Euro

110,000 per year, according to measures which will improve raw
water quality to the benefit of the System 1 population (fewer sick
days, lower medical costs, lower treatment costs).
Economic development: Neither cost nor benefits are added as this
Measure is not considered to directly influence this aspect.
Environmental integrity: Neither cost nor benefits are added as this
Integrated Water Resource Management: Benefits of about Euro
1.4 million per year from more efficient allocation capacities per the
automatic weir system and resulting sound water resource
management for greater in-basin water availability per more
efficient use of existing resources.
Emergency Risk aversion: Benefits of about Euro 950,000 per
year are added. This measure provides greater system security via
improved integrity and resiliency of the existing Ibr-Lepenc Canal
a primary water supply component.


A- Leakage reduction
Graph 47: Localisation and type of conveyance system to be rehabilitated to save water (WEAP
model SCE/OIEau 2010).

Table 39: Costs and benefits for leakage reduction in the IL Canal.
LEAKAGE REDUCTION
Costs
Unit price Unit
Number
Per year
26919000
TOTAL
1- Install PVC-Concrete
Liner in Open Channel
Euro/linear
a.Iber-Lepenc Canal
2. Refurbish existing
Existing Water Mains
Settlements
1000 meter
25000
25000000
1750000
50
Euro/linear
meter
35000
budgeted resources
12000
Euro/linear
a. Iber Lepenc Canal
0.2 meter
60000
Benefits LEAKAGE REDUCTION

A. Revenues
1 Community Water
Supply
a. Per Water Savings in
system 1 demand
b. Per Water Savings in
system 2 demand
169000
4280389
0.0158 Euro/cubic meter

10%
11490000 mil mc
181542
10%
3325000 mil mc
52535

(Medical costs Avoided)
2 Safe Drinking Water (Sick
days avoided)
10%
499000
30662
10%
499000
3150
1 Economic bais of
Community Water Supply
5%
Graph 48: Leakage protection - Total Score for criteria
Score = 56
4012500

B- Canal Protection
Table 40: Cost and benefits for canal protection
CANAL
PROTECTION
Costs
Unit price Unit
Number Per year
TOTAL
1- Protection from
runoff of Iber channel
Euro/line
ar meter
a.Iber-Lepenc Canal
2. Installing 2 meter
high fencing
Settlements
1 250 000
1 750 000
50
Euro/line
ar meter
35000
Euro/line
ar meter
60000
1. Existing Personnel
with budgeted
resources
a. Conduct poractive
O&M
12000
0.2
169000
CANAL
Benefits PROTECTION
A. Revenues
1 Community Water
Supply
a. Per Water Savings
in system 1 demand
b. Per Water Savings
in system 2 demand
10%
10%

(Medical costs
Avoided)
(Sick days avoided)
3 Reduced water
treatment materials &
costs
50%
0.6
64520
50%
0.1
6629
5000
1 Economic bais of
Community Water
Supply
5%
Graph 49: Canal Protection - Total score for criteria
Score = 50

C - Equipment Water measurement and regulation

Graph 50: Equipment for efficient water allocation

Table 41: Costs and Benefits for Equipment water regulation
EQUIPEMENT - WATER
Costs
REGULATION
Unit
Unit price
Number
Per year
TOTAL
1- Design & Install SCADA main

control centre
a.Iber-Lepenc Canal
250000
Euro/unit
250000
15000
Euro/unit
15
225000
30000
Euro/unit
15
450000
2. Installing weirs gates

a.Iber-Lepenc Canal
3 Install Automatic sensory and
operation equipment
a.Iber-Lepenc Canal
20 years

budgeted resources
a. Conduct poractive O&M
500
Euro/unit/y
ear
15
7500
2500
Euro/unit/y
ear
15
37500
2.Energy Costs
a. Running Costs
EQUIPEMENT - WATER
Benefits REGULATION
A. Revenues
1 Community Water Supply
a. Per Water Savings in system 1
demand
0.0158
5%
5745000
Euro/cubic
meter
mil mc
90771

1 Safe Drinking Water (Medical
costs Avoided)
2 Safe Drinking Water (Sick days
avoided)
1 Economic bais of Community
Water Supply
5%
per 1 euro
invested in
WS
Graph 51: Total score for criteria equipment for water measurement and regulation
Score 55
138750

The people involved in tourism activity will benefit from a clean environment
without health hazard for their clients.
The administration will strengthen their capacity to respond to general public
needs.
.
F-

The Ministry in charge of environment will increase its capacity to enforce
legislation on water resource protection.
The Regional Water Companies will benefit from the improvement of the water
quality and can improve coordination with the Ministry and Municipalities.
The Municipalities will avoid future costs in case of water resource degradation
and increase their capacity to protect natural resources, especially by introducing
The polluters will benefit from technical and possibly financial support to apply
good practices for their activities or for implementing sewage treatment.

IV.4.
STUDY OF OPTIONS FOR PROVIDING BETTER
WATER SECURITY IN CASE OF EMERGENCY
A- PROJECT TITLE:
Study of options for providing better water security in case
of major emergencies
-

Municipalities around reservoirs
Power generation companies
The current reliance on a singular water transmission mechanism (Ibr-Lepenc
Canal) raises vulenrability in the cities of Prishtina and Mitrovica in case of
emergency situations.
During the Consultants canal survey, the team observed landslides near the
canal. Runoff during rainy events also concentrates sediment in sensitive
unprotected zones, as some former protection against runoff along the canal
trajectory is not functioning properly anymore. The region is also under seismic
risk, as underlined by the small earthquake occurringin Prishtina in September
2010.
Many current and planned uses are or will depend on the IL canal. Small
industrial and business activities as well the power plant cooling require water
security. Disruption of the flow in the IL canal for whatever reason will cause large
socio-economic loss for Mitrovica and Prishtina and the river basin as a whole.
In the event of seasonal water shortage, the tension between users can be
exacerbated as a growing number of important uses will depend on this single
source.
There are other options to increase water security in the long run but they require
large investments. They will not be completed before several years and cannot
be envisaged to cover the new demand for Prishtina water supply treatment plant
or other investment already planned.
The main concept is the diversification of sources for supply. This can be
achieved by various means such as:
a) The introduction of a pipeline directly from the reservoir (pressurized or if
possible by gravity) to avoid water conveyance disruption and increase the
security of bulk water quantity and quality for drinking water production

b)
c)
d)
e)
(piped systems generally have much lower water loss than concrete lined
canals, and are fully closed and protected).,
The construction of dams to store water in altitude where the water will be
naturally protected
The construction of water storage in a number of excavations not far from the
canal which can create an interesting buffer reservoir,
The construction of facilities in order to be able to pump groundwater of good
quality in the canal or in pipelines in case the canal conveyance is disrupted
upstream or the water is contaminated by dangerous substances.
The construction of interconnections in between the water supply networks to
increase the flexibility and reliability of the entire system.
Figure 24: Concept of interconnections between the Water Systems in the Ibr River Basin.
Figure 25 shows the various options of water security investments including the construction of a
reservoir or of a pipeline directly in a trench which can provide an alternative source of water for
Mitrovica and Prishtina. This would provide many advantages in the long run; especially, it would
provide flexibility and much higher in the water supply management. In case there are alternative
routes, it is far less cumbersome to temporarily disrupt the flow in a section of the network where
repairs are being carried out.
In the medium and long term, these measures might be interesting options. Further investigations
are needed to estimate costs of such work.
New water storages. It is recommended to investigate and gain knowledge on the technical detail
and the social and environmental aspects of various options to secure water in case of
emergency in the future.

Figure 25: Options for diversifying the sources and routes for drinking water supply provision
The increase of the storage capacity should be designed to simultaneously
provide the opportunity to pump water up to high-located storage during periods
with low tariff of electricity and generate electricity when the tariff of electricity is
high (peak demand). This will require that new equipment be installed.
There may be also other investment needed in the future in case irrigation
develops. Rehabilitation and development of the irrigated perimeter would have
to be carried out. As a matter of fact, there are currently many places where
houses have been and are being constructed inside irrigation perimeters.
If new water storage for drinking water and buffer reservoirs are constructed in
order to ensure continuous cooling water conveyance, there will be fewer
constraints for using water for irrigation and undertaking; this would require
specific investments on the IL canal.
The construction of new reservoirs can have other benefits such as developing
local tourism and thus create non-agricultural jobs in rural areas.

Creation of new small or medium size water storages

Table 42: Characteristic of possible water storages in Ibr River basin

Map 23: Location of possible sites for water storage in the Ibr River Basin.
Map 24: Precipitation distribution and the location of possible sites of water storage

In case there are projects for small scale hydro power, an environmental impact
study should be carried out to identify measures to minimize the impact of the
future infrastructure on the river ecosystem. Technical assistance will be required
to support the Government in developing tender packages in case public-private
partnerships would be envisaged.
It would also be advisable that businesses which start or restart activities in
industrial areas which are receiving subsidies propose a plan for limiting the
pollution of their activities in the soil, air and water.
Technical support to introduce the best available technique (BAT) also needs to
be developed. A programme to support the implementation of proper sewage
systems in households that are not connected to public sewage is important to
improve the public health situation where the population is relying on groundwater
for drinking water supply, irrigation and animal watering.
Map 25: Catchment of a possible reservoir in the Drenas River Basin.

Figure 26: Presentation of a site for the construction of reservoir, as alternative source of water in case of
emergency.

Total budget: 400 000
IPA budget:
Study of options for providing better water security in case of major emergency
Overall objective
Objectively verifiable
indicators
Diversify the source of water to be able to avoid socio-economic losses in case of

emergency due to natural events, accidents, major pollution or disruption of
conveyance
Project purpose
indicators
Sources of Verification
Verification
Assumptions
Verification
Assumptions
To diversify the source of water supply and increase the flexibility of the system to
minimize losses in case of major problem on the main conveyance. Provide alternative
source in remote places.
Results
indicators
Clear technical and environmental presentation of the various options to be consider

on the long run to deal with emergency situation and replace the old infrastructure of Technical reports
water supply
a) New storage in altitude with possible production of hydroelectricity
b) Ground water resource for emergency
c) New routes for drinking water supply
Details on the various options and

their
advantages
and
shortcomings.
page 204/211

Activities
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Means
Study the various options which have likely to have technical, social and
environmental acceptance
Describe the technical details of these options
Analyze the environmental impact of each or of combination of these options
Organize a public debate over the various options
Propose long term investments and the possible revenue to cover the
investments
Costs
Assumptions
400 000
The Cost benefit analysis was not carried out on the study itself but on possible large investments that might be considered in the long run after 2020 when the water demand will be
larger that today due to increased population and commercial activity around Prishtina and in central Kosovo as a whole.
Of course the cost estimates of these large investments need to be refined during the further study.
page 205/211

Measure 4: Study of Water Security Contingencies

60,000
40,000
20,000
NPV
0
Externalities
-20,000
Revenue
-40,000
CapEx
-60,000
OpEx
-80,000
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
2031
2032
2033
2034
2035
NPV
-100,000
Graph 52: Net Present Value of Measure/Project 4 Study of water security contingencies
The economic assessment of Measure/Project 4 indicates that it is an acceptable
use of resources, as the Net Present Value calculation yields a large but positive
value (Graph 52) and the benefit-to-cost ratio exceeds 1.0 ((see Annex M-4).
Therefore, since this measure results in net benefits to society, it is suitable for
further evaluation in the next step of investment development (beyond the scope
of this study).
The key elements of the Cost-Benefits Analysis for Measure/Project 4: Study of
Options for Providing Better Water Security in Case of Emergency, are:
CAPEX: significant one-time investment costs of

o about Euro 400,000 to conduct the study (Water Sector
Contingencies - Scenarios, Strategy & Action Plan)
o an indicative investment budget of about Euro 78 million to
develop contingency water supply facilities, such as reservoir
(Euro 61 million), ground water wellfield (Euro 2 million) and
parallel pipeline (Euro 15 million).
OPEX: annual costs of about Euro 375,000 per year regarding the
operation of such contingency facilities, primarily the dam/reservoir.
Revenues: revenues of Euro 63,000 per year are added based on the
addition of 4 million cubic meters per year of new water resources
(based on additional groundwater resource of 150 l/s operating at 20
hours per day; conservative estimate, likely more resources possible via
dam/storage facility), according to existing (2010) tariff rates.
page 206/211

Externalities:
o Public Health and Safety: Neither cost nor benefits are added as
this Measure is not considered to directly influence this aspect.
o Economic development: According to the addition of new water
resources (via groundwater and dam/storage facilities) and made
available to bulk customers, commercial benefits are added at
three times the investment amount, less land purchase (totalling
about Euro 113 million) through the evaluation period.
o Environmental integrity: Neither cost nor benefits are added as this
o Integrated Water Resource Management: Benefits from sound
water resource management per the addition of new, sustainable
resources within the basin are estimated at about Euro 825,000 per
year, calculated per the 2035 bulk category community water
supply demand in System 1.
o Emergency Risk aversion: Benefits of about Euro 950,000 per
year are added. This measure provides greater system security via
greater backup and parallel facilities for improved integrity and
resiliency in bulk water supply (presumably for the existing System
1, and so per added security totalling 10 percent of the 2035 water
demand for the Ibr Lepenc system bulk customer categories).


The power generation and private sector will have a better environment for
development of water use.
The people involved in tourism will benefit from a clean environment without
health hazard for their clients.
The administration will strengthen their capacity to respond to general public
needs.
F-

The Ministry in charge of environment will increase its capacity to secure water
for all water users on the long term and contribute to economic development.
The private sector, that wants to use more water.
The Regional Water Companies will benefit from the improvement of the water
quality and can improve coordination with the Ministry and Municipalities.
The Municipalities will avoid future costs in the case of water resource
degradation and increase their capacity to use water.
page 207/211

V. INVESTMENT PRIORITIES
The report Kosovo Towards A Water Strategic Action Plan (2010) proposed
two options as priority investment, namely
a) optimization of operation of the Gazivoda dam
b) reduction of leakage.
The Consultant of the current study considers that the first priority as optimum
investment is to protect the Gazivoda canal and make sure that no disruption of
conveyance occurs, and in the event it does occur there is sufficient emergency
capacity and experience from specialised staff to deal properly with such an
event.
In other words, the priority investment should target the sites on the canal where
the risks are high, such as possible landslides, and other major weak points of
the canal. The Ibr Lepenc Company should be supported in its effort of canal
repairs, especially in terms of technical advice and supervision.
The second priority action is to protect the canal from pollution and to develop a
long term strategy to restrict the access to the surrounding of the canal to
authorised persons and create strong physical barriers to avoid animals and
unauthorised vehicles moving close to the canal. There should be actions to
make sure that the owners of houses and lands close to the canal reduce the
pollution pressure on the canal.
These protective actions aiming at reducing pollution pressure should be carried
out also in the main reservoirs of Gazivoda, Batllava and Badovc.
The gate operation improvement is not so urgent. Increasing the capacity of the
Ibr Lepenc Canal Company to properly manage the whole infrastructure and
develop plans to face growing demand is as important.
In any case, it is also important that ideas are shared between specialists and
that high cost investments with high long term benefits in the future be also taken
into consideration and assessed. There should not be consideration only for low
cost investment.
For instance, there will be a need of further investment if ever irrigation develops.
However, irrigation development requires support, organisation, coordination in
terms of marketing, irrigation practices, choice of crops, technical references,
contracting with partners to insure quality of products, etc.
As another example, if ever a peak tariff for electricity is introduced, there will be
incentives to develop pumped-storage reservoirs which can be useful not only for
potential energy storage but also for other purposes such as possible better
management of emergency crises.
Optimising the use of Gazivoda water by fine tuning the operation of turbines
would be then an additional source of revenues which can facilitate the financing
of investments.
page 208/211

PART VI ANNEXES
I. ANNEX 1: INFORMATION SOURCES
1)
Kosovo Water Master Plan Water Department Ministry of Environment and Spatial Planning, 1985
2)
Water Supply from IbrLepenc Hydro System for the Proposed Kosovo C Power Plant Project,
Cowi 2008
3)
Report on the performance of Regional Water Companies - Water and Waste Regulatory Office, 2008
4)
Running out of Water Facing the Freshwater Crisis- Scientific American: Article, page 28, 2008
5)
Gjendjia e Mbeturinave ne Kosove Report, 2008
6)
Report on the performance from Water and Waste Regulatory Office, 2009
7)
Feasibility Study for Development of New Water Source, Prishtina Regional Water Supply Project,
2009
8)
Assessment of Water Demand and Supply, and the Feasibility of the South IbrLepenc Scheme,
2009
9)
Anketa e Buxhetit te Ekonomive Familijare, Ministry of Economy and Finance 2009
10)
Rezultatet e Anketes se Fuqise Punetore, Ministry of Economy and Finance 2009
11)
Environmental Flows in Water Resources Policies, Plans and Projects, World Bank Document -, 2009
12)
The Changing Face of Rural Space Agriculture and Rural Development in the Western Balkans
Book, World Bank Document 2009
13)
Reports, manuals and maps of the EU funded Project:Institutional Support to the Ministry of
Environment and Spatial Planning and River Basin Authorities IS-MESP-RBA (Drini River Basin
Project) GFA-OIEau BRLingenieurie 2008- 2010
14)
Kosovo Unlocking Growth Potential: Strategies, Policies, Actions, World Bank document, 2010
15)
Geological and Hydrogeological Maps of Kosovo from the Independent Commission for Mines and
Minerals (ICMM)
16)
Data collected by interviews in:
17)
Ibr-Lepenc Company (Mr. Arberor Prekazi, Mr. Gazmend Tuli, Mr. Deme Abazi from Ibr-Lepenc
Prishtina and Mr. Rushdi from Ibr-Lepenc Shkabaj)
18)
Ministry of Environment and Spatial Planning Water Department
19)
Regional Water Supply Company of Prishtina
20)
Regional Water Supply Company of Mitrovica
21)
Kosovo Environment Protection Agency (KEPA)
22)
Data and pictures collected from the Survey of Ibr-Lepenc Channel
23)
Quantification and Measurements of a Minimum Set of Indicators of the Performance of Irrigation

Systems, Reference document, 1995
24)
Groundwater pollution in Mitrovica and surroundings KEPA- Balwois conference in Ohrid Macedonia
- May 2008
25)
Technical Background paper Energy Sector 7 July 2008- Experts funded by the E. C and World
BANK in consultation with donors and Kosovo authorities
page 209/211

26)
Kosovo agriculture opportunities strategy February 2010 Booz/Allen?Hamilton USAID- Kosovo
27)
Kosovo Municipalities profiles (OSCE 2007-2009)
28)
New water source for Prishtina and construction of the Shkabaj treatment plant Report; KOKS
Ingenieure, December 2010
29)
Strategic Environment and Social Assessment Kosovo 2008
30)
Energy strategy and policy of Kosovo
page 210/211

II. ANNEX 2 -- WEAP ACTIVITIES REPORT
III. ANNEX 3 DETAIL OF COSTS OF BENEFITS FOR THE 4

PROJECT/MEASURES
page 211/211

Water Security Central Kosovo

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Water Security for Central Kosovo

Water resources, water demands,

DOCUMENT LEAD SHEET

Client Project Number: 7156058

Ministry of Environment and

WATER SECURITY FOR CENTRAL KOSOVO

A- Context and Objectives

B- Integrated River Basin Planning and Water Balance

C- Bulk Water Supply Vulnerability and Water Security in Central Kosovo

D- Priority Measures and Investments

PART I CONTEXT, CONCEPT 1 TOOLS

REPORT SCOPE & PROJECT AREA

II. COMMON UNDERSTANDING: MOVING TOWARDS WATER SECURITY IN CENTRAL

Concept of Water security for this study

Preliminary objectives for Water Security

III. INFLUENCE ON WATERS SECURITY OF THE CHANGING SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONTEXT IN

Issues regarding the Ibr Lepenc Canal

Energy and water

IV. CONCEPTUAL REPRESENTATION OF THE ISSUES

Schematic representation of the issues

Use of WEAP: A River Basin Management Modeling Tool

WEAP model main features

V. SOURCES OF INFORMATION AND DATA LIMITATION

IBR RIVER BASIN IN KOSOVO & TRANSBOUNDARIES WATERS

I.1. Geographical area - international waters

I.2. Ibr transboundary waters and Danube river basin

WATER SECURITY FOR CENTRAL KOSOVO

PART III WATER BODIES AND ENVIRONMENTAL OBJECTIVES ACHIEVEMENT

I.1. Brief overview of European Water Directives

I.2. Delineation and characterisation of Water Bodies

Eco regions and surface water body type

Impact on flow regime of abstraction or regulation

Quantity and quality of data available

I.3. Pressure & Impact On Water Bodies

I.4. Resulting Ecological and chemical status of surface water bodies

PART IV TOWARD WATER SECURITY IN CENTRAL KOSOVO 2010-2035

Scope of the Analysis Water Security Objectives

I.2. Period considered and planned actions

I.3. Supply Side: Hydrology, Climate & Water Resources

Hydro- meteorological information

The 2010 Water supply Infrastructure

Demand of urban Water needs and communities Water supply

Baseline Scenario - Bulk Water Balance & Security Vulnerabilities

I.4. Water supply infrastructure

I.5. DEMAND OF THE KEY WATER USES

I.6. BASELINE SCENARIO

I.7. BUILDING SCENARIOS FOR THE FUTURE

AJustification of range of values for the various parameters used in scenario

I.8. RESULTS OF THE SCENARIOS BULK WATER BALANCE UNDER FUTURE

WATER SECURITY FOR CENTRAL KOSOVO

Impact of selected parameters on the water demand

DRAFT PROGRAM OF MEASURES TOWARDS WATER SECURITY

I.1. Terms of reference

I.2. Schematic presentation of ToR

PROCESS OF MEASURE IDENTIFICATION AND ASSESSMENT

Steps for measureS identification and assessment

methods for measure assessment and visualization

Criteria for the assessment of measures

Cost Benefit Analysis

III. PROJECTS AND MEASURES IDENTIFIED