Bdgo 4103 Introductory Organisation Behaviour

BDGO 4103 ASSIGNMENT JANUARY 2016
BDGO 4103 INTRODUCTORY

ORGANISATION BEHAVIOUR
NAME: TEE JIA BAO
MATRIC NUMBER: 950422016213001
NRIC: 950422016213
TELEPHONE NUMBER: 01110610608
E-MAIL ADDERESS:
James.teeabc@outlook.com
LEARNING CENTRE: JOHOR LEARNING
CENTRE
PREPARED BY TEE JIA BAO 950422016213

Content
1.0- Description of Learning Theory with relevant
example3-7
2.0- Discuss the concept of Operant Conditioning in details and provide

example of application8-10
3.0- Explain how Operant Conditioning being used to change human
behavior and give example11-14
4.0-Summary........
...15
5.0-Reference........
...16
1.0-
Description of Learning Theory with relevant example.
Learning theories are conceptual frameworks describing how information is absorbed,

processed, and retained during learning. Cognitive, emotional, and environmental
influences, as well as prior experience, all play a part in how understanding, or a world
view, is acquired or changed and knowledge and skills retained.
The three main theories of learning are shown in Figure
Figures: The major theories of learning

A) Classical Conditioning
B) Classical Conditioning
Classical conditioning learning theory, learning need to place or happened in the
relationship between the individual identify the unconditioned stimulus with the
conditioned stimulus.
The unconditioned stimulus is one that unconditionally, naturally, and automatically

triggers a response. For example, when you smell one of your favorite foods, you may
immediately feel very hungry.
This response requires no learning, it simply happens automatically.

Some more examples of the unconditioned stimulus include:
A feather tickling your nose causes you to sneeze. The feather tickling your nose
is the unconditioned stimulus.
Pollen from grass and flowers causes you to sneeze. The pollen from the grass and
flowers is the unconditioned stimulus.
The conditioned stimulus is a previously neutral stimulus that, after becoming

associated with the unconditioned stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned
response. It consists of any environment that does not produce any reaction or response.
Example: When a hungry dog hears the sound of the bell (conditioned stimulus), it means
that food (as the unconditioned stimulus) had been prepared for it. The dog is now
accustomed to this method. As such, the dog will salivate when it hears the sound of the
bell even when no food had been prepared for it. This reaction is known as a conditioned
response or reaction.
C) Operant Conditioning
Operant conditioning can be described as a process that attempts to modify behavior
through the use of positive and negative reinforcement. Through operant conditioning, an
individual makes an association between a particular behavior and a consequence.
For examples, the parents rewarding a childs excellent grades with candy or some other
prize.
Types
Desirable organization behavior
i)
Description
Positive Reinforcement is giving positive
consequences to employees who produce such
behavior. It also favorable events or outcomes that are
given to the individual after the desired behavior. This
may come in the form of praise, rewards, etc

ii)
Negative Reinforcement is removing negative

consequences from employees who produce such
behavior. It is characterized by the removal of an
undesired or unpleasant outcome after the desired
behavior. A response is strengthened as something
Undesirable organizational behavior
(i)
considered negative is removed.

Elimination is removing anything that is reinforcing
(ii)
the behavior.
Punishment is giving negative consequences to
employees who produce such behavior and
characterized by when a favorable event or outcome is
removed father an undesired behavior occurs.

Types of Operant Conditioning
D) Social Learning Theory

Social Learning Theory considers the factors that involve cognition and feelings that
influence learning. Social learning theory recognizes the importance of individuals in the
process of learning by taking into account the cognitive process. The cognitive processes
is the thinking processes of an individual in finding the reasons for their own behavior.
i)
Vicarious Learning
Vicarious Learning is learning that is derived from indirect sources such as hearing or
observation, rather than direct, hands-on, instruction. While growing up we went to
school where we received direct instruction in many subjects. However we also had a life
outside of school where we learned a lot by observing our parents and siblings, friends,
neighbors, and acquaintances - we watched them do everyday tasks and pursue hobbies,
interests, and physical skills that we also learned from even if we weren't actively trying
to.
ii)
Self- Control
Self-control is a form of self-discipline that allows an individual to learn for the purpose
of performing a particular behavior even when he or she does not receive any external
pressure.
There are four conditions that show an individual is exercising self-control:
-
The individual must be involved in low probability behavior, that is, behavior that
is not normally exhibited by the individual in question;

Self-reinforcement must be readily available to the individual. Self-reinforcement
is the consequence or reward given to the individual;

The individual must set goals that determine when self reinforcement will take
place;

-
And the individual must direct the reinforcement when the goals have been
achieved. The individual will pursue other matters only when he or she had
successfully attained these goals.
iii)
Self-efficacy/Self-confidence
Self-efficiency/self-confidence is an individuals beliefs of his or her ability to perform

behavior successfully. Self-efficacy/self-confidence affects three aspects of learning:
-
It affects the activities and goals chosen by the individual. An employee may
choose a simple activity if his or her level of self-efficacy/self-confidence is low;

It affects learning by influencing the individuals determination towards work.
Employees who possess high self-efficacy/self-confidence will work harder to
learn a new behavior, if they are confident that their efforts will be successful; and
It affects the perseverance of an individual who tries to master/overcome a new or

difficult task. Employees with high efficacy/confidence believe that they can learn to
perform tasks and usually

2.0-
Discuss the concept of Operant Conditioning in details and provide example

of the application.
Operant conditioning can be applied in teaching in the form of programmed instruction,

as long as the information is provided in small chunks so that responses can be
reinforced. Behavior modification as a therapy method is intensively used in the case of
students with learning difficulties. However, in regular students it can shape their skill
performance, while it also helps with student management. As mentioned above, one way
of providing positive reinforcement is by complimenting, encouraging and applauding
students in order to alter their behavior in a desired manner.
Operant Conditioning Theory Examples
A professor has a policy of exempting students from the final exam if they
maintain perfect attendance. His students attendance increases dramatically. The
exemption from the final exam is a negative reinforcement, because something is
taken away that increases the behavior (attendance).
When a professor first starts teaching about a concept, he will praise any answer
close to the right one. This is the process of shaping an operant behavior through the
use of positive reinforcement (praise).
In a weight loss class, participants earn points for every healthy meal they
consume and every exercise session they complete. Later these points result in
refunds of their class fees. Point awarding is a positive reinforcement and the refund
of fees is a negative reinforcement.
A child hits a sibling and its parents make it stand in a corner. In the future it hits
its siblings much less. In a negative condition, punishment is considered successful
when the behavior is weakened.

Operant conditioning is a type of learning where behavior is controlled by consequences.
Key concepts in operant conditioning are positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement,
positive punishment and negative punishment.
2.1-
Positive Reinforcement
Positive reinforcement is giving something pleasant after a behavior. This increases the
probability that the behavior will continue. Examples are:
Having a job and going to work every day to receive a paycheck.
Receiving praise after a musical performance would increase the amount that you
perform.
A teacher complimenting students when they answer correctly will increase that
behavior.
At a gym, customers receive a discount if they work out a certain number of times
and eat healthy.
In the Skinner box experiment, a rat got food as a reward for acceptable behavior,
such as pressing a lever.
2.2-
Negative Reinforcement
Negative reinforcement is taking away something unpleasant as a result of the behavior

that is acceptable. This is also meant to increase the behavior. Examples are:
It is very noisy outside so you turn on the television to mask the noise. Turning on
the radio decreased the unpleasant noise.
A teacher exempts student from the final test if they have perfect attendance. So,
the teacher is taking away something unpleasant to increase behavior.
At a store, a child throws a tantrum because he did not get a candy bar. Dad
finally gets him one. He stopped the tantrum so he took away something unpleasant
and Dads behavior of getting candy bars will increase.
In the Skinner box experiment, a loud noise continuously sounded inside the cage
until the rat did what Skinner wanted him to do. When he did, the noise stopped, so
the unpleasant noise was taken away.
In a biology class, students who made an "A" on the test did not have to dissect a
frog.
2.3-
Positive Punishment
Positive punishment is used to decrease a behavior and is presenting something

unpleasant after the behavior. Examples are:
An employee exhibits bad behavior at work and the boss criticizes him. The
behavior will decrease because of the bosss criticism.
When a student misbehaves in class, she receives a time out.
A child gets a spanking when he puts his hand in the cookie jar.
When a child does not out his clothes in the hamper, he has to do ten extra
minutes of chores.
In an experiment, the subject received a slight electric shock when they got an
answer wrong.
2.4-
Negative Punishment
Negative punishment is also used to decrease a behavior and is removing something

pleasant after the behavior. Examples are:
An employee is habitually late for work so begins losing the privilege of listening
to music while working. The behavior will decrease because of losing a privilege.
A child doesnt put his bike away so the parents lock it up for a certain time. The
parents took away something pleasant to decrease behavior.
Ted gets a $500 fine and suspension of his driving license for driving under the
influence. Money and his license were removed to decrease behavior.
A family has a "swear jar." Every time someone swears, they have to put a dollar
in the jar. This is taking away money, which is something pleasant, and decreases the
behavior of swearing.
Kevin trashes his sisters room and Mom told him he could not go camping with
his friends.
3.0-
Explain how Operant Conditioning being used to change human behavior

and give examples.
3.1- Operant conditioning
Operant conditioning forms an association between a behavior and consequences.
This process has a wider application than the classical conditioning approach as it
provides shaping of behavior in particular patterns. The basic assumption of operant
conditioning is that behavior is influenced by its consequences
One of the distinctive aspects of Skinner's theory is that it attempted to provide
behavioral explanations for a broad range of cognitive phenomena. For example, Skinner
explained drive (motivation) in terms of deprivation and reinforcement schedules.
Operant Conditioning is another type of learning process that uses
reinforcement or punishment to shape desired behavior. If the targeted behavior occurs, a
reward is introduced (=positive reinforcement) or something undesirable is taken away
(=negative reinforcement). If the targeted behavior does not occur, a consequence can be
introduced in the form of a positive punishment (=a negative stimulus) or negative
punishment (=the removal of something desirable). One big difference here compared
to classical conditioning is that operant conditioning focuses on voluntary, rather than
reflexive, behavior.
So, if youre trying to make a change, make sure you reward yourself after doing
something positive. Sounds simple, but it is a powerful means of reinforcing something
good.

Im not a big fan of punishment per se, but having consequences for ones
actions (or lack thereof) can often prove helpful. When making changes, relapse
(reverting to old habits) is likely to happen at some point. The key here is to anticipate
and learn from the relapse, rather than dwell on it.
You can also turn a relapse into a positive. Lets take the analogy of the
carbon offset programs, whereby one offsets their carbon emissions by reducing them
elsewhere. For example, say youre trying to quit smoking and youre successful for 1
week, then you slip and have a cigarette. Instead of beating yourself up about this,
acknowledge the disappointment and offset the hit to your lungs, by doing something
beneficial to your overall health. You could make yourself eat healthier that day or take a
10-minute walk. Doing these alternative activities arent designed to enable the behavior
youre trying to change, but are there to help you keep you moving forward. A sense
of momentum can do wonders with regards to motivation.

3.2-
PRINCIPLES OF OPERANT CONDITIONING
Some of the important principles of operant conditioning that can aid the manager to
influence behavior:3.2.1- POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT
Managers often use positive reinforce to influence behavior. A positive reinforce is a
stimulus which, when added to the situation, strengthens the probability of a behavioral
response. It can be used to improve employee's performance.
Positive reinforcement is highly effective and used for two reasons. Firstly, it is used for
the direction or motivation of the actions of other people and secondly it uses versatile
concept of reinforcement as an explanation of behavior. Many organizations uses positive
reinforcements to increase productivity, decrease absenteeism and workplace accidents.
For Egg. An insurance company offered incentives at end of each month if the agent
succeed to reach their target. Another example, chemical bank has set up programs to
positively reinforce employee actions that lead to better customer service.
Positive reinforcement can be monetary rewards as well as non-financial rewards such as
recognition, merchandise incentives etc.
When positive reinforcements are used, the desired outcome is that the behavior is
reinforced.
3.2.2- NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT
Negative reinforcement increases the frequency of a response following removal of a
negative reinforce immediately after the response. It strengthens the response as response
removes some painful stimulus and enables the organization to avoid it.
For example, exerting high degrees of efforts to complete a job may be negatively
reinforced by not listening to boss.
3.2.3- PUNISHMENT
It relates to unpleasant reward for particular behaviors. It is defined as presenting an
uncomfortable consequence for a particular behavioral response. It is increasingly used

managerial strategy. This forms of reinforcements decreases the occurrence of the
behavior in question.
Organizations typically use several types of unpleasant events to punish individuals.
Interpersonal punisher are used extensively including frowns, grunts, personal grudges
and aggressive body language of an employee.
Punishments can also be materialistic i.e., cut in pay, demotion, final punishment can be
firing of an employee, transfer to another job
For example, punishing a worker who slows down the work may be an economically
necessary step to alter behavior, another example can be "loss of pay."
There can be negative effects of punishment, it can cause undesirable emotional reaction,
and another problem is control of undesirable behavior becomes restricted to manager's
presence only.
3.2.4- Elimination
Elimination can be described as the reduction of undesirable behavior by removing the
resources of reinforcement. An example would be a teacher who pretends not to see a
student raise his or her hand out of spite. Sooner or later, the action of hand raising will
be stopped/eliminated due to the reinforcement carried out by the teacher.

4.0-
Summary
Learning begins with a cognitive activity about a certain knowledge that subsequently
leads to a change in behavior. One basic learning theory is Operant Conditioning.
Learning is a relatively permanent change in terms of knowledge or behavior, which
happens as a result of training or even the experience of an individual.
Another that, this assignment has explain the concept of operant conditioning. Operant
conditioning can be applied in teaching in the form of programmed instruction, as long as
the information is provided in small chunks so that responses can be reinforced.
Behavior modification as a therapy method is intensively used in the case of students
with learning difficulties. However, in regular students it can shape their skill
performance, while it also helps with student management. As mentioned above, one way
of providing positive reinforcement is by complimenting, encouraging and applauding
students in order to alter their behavior in a desired manner.
Then, this assignment also explain the operant conditioning being used to change the
human behavior. The first method is Reinforcement that increases the probability of
desirable behavior through positive consequences and results towards employees who act
in such a manner. The negative reinforcement that increases the proximity of desirable
behavior by removing the negative consequences and results when a person behaves in
such a way. Elimination can be described as the reduction of undesirable behavior by
removing the resources of reinforcement. Punishment is the administration of negative
consequences and results when undesirable behavior takes place.
Reference
1- McLeod, S. Simply Psychology. Skinner - Operant Conditioning (2007).
Retrieved September 26, 2013, from. Availed:
http://www.simplypsychology.org/operant-conditioning.html
2- Availed: http://www.utexas.edu/courses/svinicki/ald320/CCOC.html
3- Availed: http://examples.yourdictionary.com/operant-conditioningexamples.html
4- Availed:
http://www.ar.cc.mn.us/biederman/courses/p1110/conditioning2.htm
5- Ovum Printer Module. Ovum Business School. Wong Voong Yee.
6- Availed: http://healthypsych.com/how-to-change-behavior-a-theoreticaloverview/
7- Skinner, B. F. (1963). Operant behavior. American Psychologist, 18, 503
515.
8- Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ:
Prentice Hall.

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BDGO 4103 ASSIGNMENT JANUARY 2016