GSM Based Hospital

GSM Based Hospital/Security System
GSM BASED HOSPITAL/HOME SECURITY

SYSTEM
CONTENTS
PAGE NO
Abstract
1. Chapter: Introduction
1.1 Block Diagram
1.2 Block Description
2. Chapter: Hardware
13
2.1 Microcontroller Ardunio
13
2.2 GSM Modem
20
2.2.1 GSM
21
2.3 PIR sensor
31
2.3.1 Temperature sensor(LM35)
32
3. Software
40
3.1 Program
40
3.2 Application
49
4. Results & Conclusion
50
Reference
ABSTRACT
Today we are living in 21st century where crime become increasing and
everyone wants to secure they asset at their home. In that situation user must have
system with advance technology so person do not worry when getting away from his
home. It is therefore the purpose of this design to provide home security device,
which send fast information to user GSM (Global System for Mobile) mobile device
using SMS (Short Messaging System) and also activate - deactivate system by SMS.
The Modular design of this Home Security System makes expandable their capability
by add more sensors on that system. Hardware of this system has been designed using
microcontroller AT Mega 328, PIR (Passive Infra Red) motion sensor as the primary
sensor for motion detection, camera for capturing images, GSM module for sending
and receiving SMS and buzzer for alarm. For software this system is using Arduino
IDE for Arduino and Putty for testing connection programming in GSM module. This
Home Security System can monitor home area that surrounding by PIR sensor and
sending SMS, save images capture by camera, and make people panic by turn on the
buzzer when trespassing surrounding area that detected by PIR sensor. The Modular
Home Security System has been tested and succeed detect human movement
Chapter.1
INTRODUCTION
As the goal of this project, we see a device that can detect ailments in a patient
and inform them to the concerned medical personnel, without the intervention of even
the patient himself. This process is done with the help of GSM technology. The GSM
technology is used for reading and sending SMS to the concerned person.
Global system for mobile communication (GSM) is a globally accepted
standard for digital cellular communication. GSM is the name of a standardization
group established in 1982 to create a common European mobile telephone standard
that would formulate specifications for a pan-European mobile cellular radio system
operating at 900 MHz. It is estimated that many countries outside of Europe will join
the GSM partnership. Security is one thing that is very influential in today life,
everyone needs security guarantees when they work. Like health, security is an
important aspect in life. Hence, various kinds of development in the technology field
is designed to provide ROBOLABS# 14-281, BigC Street , Kamala Nagar,Besides,
Ananthapuramu. Phone: 08554 222026 www.myrobolabs.com 2 security at all times
to protect they assets and privacy. In addition to the course with the application of
security system, it can reduce the crime rate in the society especially the crime of theft
at home. Due to the increasingly rapid movement of people, making them requires a
security technology that has the characteristics of mobile technology in terms of
getting information easily and quickly. This Paper mainly focuses on providing
security when the user is away from home. SMS (Short Message Service) is a GSM
mobile technology that can perform remote communication wherever they are.
Through this facility messages can send quickly, accurately and at a low cost. Mobile
phone with SMS facility will be very useful when applied to integrated security
systems, where the information send by a security
1.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM:
1
.1 Fig Block Diagram
1.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION:

Block diagram comprises of Microcontroller, heart beat sensor, temperature
sensor, regulated power supply, LCD display, ADC (analog to digital converter) The
heart beat and temperature sensor are interfaced to microcontroller via port pins .
Heart beat rate is produced from the LM358 op-amp temperature rate produced by
LM35 is fed to microcontroller via ADC(analog to digital converter). An LCD is used
to display the sensed data.
Most digital logic circuits and processors need a 5 volt power supply. To use these
parts we need to build a regulated 5 volt source. Usually you start with an unregulated
power To make a 5 volt power supply, we use a LM7805 voltage regulator IC
(Integrated Circuit).
5
The heart beat circuitry consists of a Quad Op-amp IC and three electrodes.
These electrodes are placed to the patient who is suffering with high B.P as well as
heart problems. The output of this circuitry is considered into logic levels and this
output is given to one of the pin of the micro controller.
The GSM Modem is used for sending and receiving messages from the patient to a
doctor and vice versa. Whenever the heart beat rate or the B.P. exceeds the threshold
value. The micro controller will automatically send the signals to the GSM Modem.
Through the GSM Modem, the message will gives to the concerned person or a
doctor.
The LCD display is used to display the status of the GSM modem and as well as the
heart beat rate continuously. For the circuitry operation, it requires the +5V DC power
supply.
1.3.CIRCUIT SCHEMATICS
The circuit schematic is divided into four modules
3.1 LM35 sensor interfaced with AT89C52
3.2 Heart rate sensor interfaced with AT89C52
3.3 GSM interfaced with AT89C52.
3.4 LCD interfaced with AT89C52.
1.3.1 GSM INTERFACED WITH AT89C52:
1.3.1 FIGURE:GSM MODEM INTERFACEING CIRCUIT
In order to interface the GSM to the microcontroller we are using the UART device.
One pin of UART is connected to GSM . DTE and DCE
7

The terms DTE and DCE are very common in the data communications market. DTE
is short for Data Terminal Equipment and DCE stands for Data Communications
Equipment. As the full DTE name indicates this is a piece of device that ends a
communication line, whereas the DCE provides a path for communication.
For example, the PC is a Data Terminal (DTE). The two modems (yours and that one
of your provider) are DCEs, they make the communication between you and your
provider possible.
RS-232
In telecommunications, RS-232 is a standard for serial binary data signals connecting

between a DTE (Data terminal equipment) and a DCE (Data Circuit-terminating
Equipment). It is commonly used in computer serial ports. In RS-232, data is sent as a
time-series of bits. Both synchronous and asynchronous transmissions are supported
by the standard. In addition to the data circuits, the standard defines a number of
control circuits used to manage the connection between the DTE and DCE. Each data
or control circuit only operates in one direction that is, signaling from a DTE to the
attached DCE or the reverse. Since transmit data and receive data are separate
circuits, the interface can operate in a full duplex manner, supporting concurrent data
flow in both directions. The standard does not define character framing within the
data stream, or character encoding.
FIG: FEMALE 9 PIN PLUG
Functions
Signals
PIN
DTE
DCE
Data
TxD
Output
Input
RxD
Input
Output
RTS
Output
Input
CTS
Input
Output
DSR
Input
Output
DCD
Input
Output
STR
Output
Input
Common
Com
--
--
Other
RI
Output
Input
Handshake
TABLE1:RS-232 SIGNALS
RS-232 Signals
1. Transmitted Data (TxD)
Data sent from DTE to DCE.
2. Received Data (RxD)
Data sent from DCE to DTE.
3. Request To Send (RTS)
Asserted (set to 0) by DTE to prepare DCE to receive data. This may require action
on
the part of the DCE, e.g. transmitting a carrier or reversing the direction of a half-duplex
line.
4. Clear To Send (CTS)
9
Asserted by DCE to acknowledge RTS and allow DTE to transmit.

5. Data Terminal Ready (DTR)
Asserted by DTE to indicate that it is ready to be connected. If the DCE is a modem,
it should go "off hook" when it receives this signal. If this signal is de-asserted, the modem
should respond by immediately hanging up.
6. Data Set Ready (DSR)
Asserted by DCE to indicate an active connection. If DCE is not a modem (e.g. a
null-modem cable or other equipment), this signal should be permanently asserted (set to 0),
possibly by a jumper to another signal.
7. Carrier Detect (CD)
Asserted by DCE when a connection has been established with remote equipment.
8. Ring Indicator (RI)
Asserted by DCE when it detects a ring signal from the telephone line.
RTS/CTS Handshaking
The standard RS-232 use of the RTS and CTS lines is asymmetrical. The DTE asserts RTS to
indicate a desire to transmit and the DCE asserts CTS in response to grant permission. This
allows for half-duplex modems that disable their transmitters when not required and must
transmit a synchronization preamble to the receiver when they are re-enabled. There is no
way for the DTE to indicate that it is unable to accept data from the DCE. A non-standard
symmetrical alternative is widely used: CTS indicates permission from the DCE for the DTE
to transmit, and RTS indicates permission from the DTE for the DCE to transmit. The
"request to transmit" is implicit and continuous. The standard defines RTS/CTS as the
signaling protocol for flow control for data transmitted from DTE to DCE. The standard has
no provision for flow control in the other direction. In practice, most hardware seems to have
10
repurposed the RTS signal for this function. A minimal 3-wire RS-232 connection
consisting only of transmits data, receives data and
Ground, and is commonly used when the full facilities of RS-232 are not required. When only
flow control is required, the RTS and CTS lines are added in a 5-wire version. In our case it
was imperative that we connected the RTS line of the microcontroller (DTE) to ground to
enable receipt of bit streams from the modem.
Specifying Baud Rate, Parity & Stop bits
Serial communication using RS-232 requires that you specify four parameters: the baud rate
of the transmission, the number of data bits encoding a character, the sense of the optional
parity bit, and the number of stop bits. Each transmitted character is packaged in a character
frame that consists of a single start bit followed by the data bits, the optional parity bit, and
the stop bit or bits. A typical character frame encoding the letter "m" is shown here.
FIGURE6: CHARACTER FRAME ENCODING M
We specified the parameters as baud rate 2400 bps, 8 data bits, no parity, and 1 stop bit
(2400-8-N-1). This was set in pre-operational phase while setting up the modem through the
hyper terminal, as per the serial transmission standards in 8052 microcontroller
11
CHAPTER.2
HARDWARE
12
2.1 Micro Controller Arduino:
Overview
The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328 (datasheet). It
has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog
inputs, a 16 MHz ceramic resonator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header,
and a reset button. It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller;
simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC
adapter or battery to get started.
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The Uno differs from all preceding boards in that it does not use the FTDI USB-toserial driver chip. Instead, it features the Atmega16U2 (Atmega8U2 up to version R2)
programmed as a USB-to-serial converter.
1.0 pinout: added SDA and SCL pins that are near to the AREF pin and two other
new pins placed near to the RESET pin, the IOREF that allow the shields to adapt to the
voltage provided from the board. In future, shields will be compatible with both the board that
uses the AVR, which operates with 5V and with the Arduino Due that operates with 3.3V. The
second one is a not connected pin, that is reserved for future purposes.
Stronger RESET circuit.
Atmega 16U2 replace the 8U2.
"Uno" means one in Italian and is named to mark the upcoming release of Arduino
1.0. The Uno and version 1.0 will be the reference versions of Arduino, moving
forward. The Uno is the latest in a series of USB Arduino boards, and the reference
model for the Arduino platform; for a comparison with previous versions, see
the index of Arduino boards.
Summary
Microcontroller
ATmega328
Operating Voltage
5V
InputVoltage
(recommended)
7-12V
Input Voltage (limits)
6-20V
Digital I/O Pins
14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
Analog Input Pins
DC Current per I/O Pin
40 mA
DC Current for 3.3V Pin
50 mA
Flash Memory
32 KB (ATmega328) of which 0.5 KB used by

bootloader
SRAM
2 KB (ATmega328)
EEPROM
1 KB (ATmega328)
14

Clock Speed
16 MHz
Length
68.6 mm
Width
53.4 mm
Weight
25 g
Schematic & Reference Design

EAGLE files: arduino-uno-Rev3-reference-design.zip (NOTE: works with Eagle 6.0
and newer)
Schematic: arduino-uno-Rev3-schematic.pdf
Note: The Arduino reference design can use an Atmega8, 168, or 328, Current models
use an ATmega328, but an Atmega8 is shown in the schematic for reference. The pin
configuration is identical on all three processors.
Power
The Arduino Uno can be powered via the USB connection or with an external power
supply. The power source is selected automatically.
External (non-USB) power can come either from an AC-to-DC adapter (wall-wart) or
battery. The adapter can be connected by plugging a 2.1mm center-positive plug into
the board's power jack. Leads from a battery can be inserted in the Gnd and Vin pin
headers of the POWER connector.
The board can operate on an external supply of 6 to 20 volts. If supplied with less than
7V, however, the 5V pin may supply less than five volts and the board may be
unstable. If using more than 12V, the voltage regulator may overheat and damage the
board. The recommended range is 7 to 12 volts.
The power pins are as follows:
VIN. The input voltage to the Arduino board when it's using an external power source
(as opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or other regulated power source). You can
supply voltage through this pin, or, if supplying voltage via the power jack, access it through
this pin.
15
5V.This pin outputs a regulated 5V from the regulator on the board. The board can be
supplied with power either from the DC power jack (7 - 12V), the USB connector (5V), or the
VIN pin of the board (7-12V). Supplying voltage via the 5V or 3.3V pins bypasses the
regulator, and can damage your board. We don't advise it.
3V3. A 3.3 volt supply generated by the on-board regulator. Maximum current draw
is 50 mA.
GND. Ground pins.
IOREF. This pin on the Arduino board provides the voltage reference with which the
microcontroller operates. A properly configured shield can read the IOREF pin voltage and
select the appropriate power source or enable voltage translators on the outputs for working
with the 5V or 3.3V.
Memory
The ATmega328 has 32 KB (with 0.5 KB used for the bootloader). It also has 2 KB of
SRAM and 1 KB of EEPROM (which can be read and written with the EEPROM
library).
Input and Output
Each of the 14 digital pins on the Uno can be used as an input or output,
using pinMode(), digitalWrite(), anddigitalRead() functions. They operate at 5 volts.
Each pin can provide or receive a maximum of 40 mA and has an internal pull-up
resistor (disconnected by default) of 20-50 kOhms. In addition, some pins have
specialized functions:
Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial data.
These pins are connected to the corresponding pins of the ATmega8U2 USB-to-TTL Serial
chip.
External Interrupts: 2 and 3. These pins can be configured to trigger an interrupt on

a low value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value. See the attachInterrupt() function
for details.
PWM:
3,
5,
the analogWrite() function.

16
6,
9,
10,
and
11. Provide
8-bit
PWM
output
with
SPI: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK). These pins support SPI

communication using the SPI library.
LED: 13. There is a built-in LED connected to digital pin 13. When the pin is HIGH
value, the LED is on, when the pin is LOW, it's off.
The Uno has 6 analog inputs, labeled A0 through A5, each of which provide 10 bits of
resolution (i.e. 1024 different values). By default they measure from ground to 5
volts, though is it possible to change the upper end of their range using the AREF pin
and the analogReference() function. Additionally, some pins have specialized
functionality:
TWI: A4 or SDA pin and A5 or SCL pin. Support TWI communication using
the Wire library.
There are a couple of other pins on the board:
AREF. Reference voltage for the analog inputs. Used with analogReference().
Reset. Bring this line LOW to reset the microcontroller. Typically used to add a reset
button to shields which block the one on the board.
See also the mapping between Arduino pins and ATmega328 ports. The mapping for
the Atmega8, 168, and 328 is identical.
Communication
The Arduino Uno has a number of facilities for communicating with a computer,
another Arduino, or other microcontrollers. The ATmega328 provides UART TTL
(5V) serial communication, which is available on digital pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX).
An ATmega16U2 on the board channels this serial communication over USB and
appears as a virtual com port to software on the computer. The '16U2 firmware uses
the standard USB COM drivers, and no external driver is needed. However, on
Windows, a .inf file is required. The Arduino software includes a serial monitor which
allows simple textual data to be sent to and from the Arduino board. The RX and
TX LEDs on the board will flash when data is being transmitted via the USB-to-serial
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chip and USB connection to the computer (but not for serial communication on pins 0
and 1).
A SoftwareSerial library allows for serial communication on any of the Uno's digital
pins.
The ATmega328 also supports I2C (TWI) and SPI communication. The Arduino
software
includes
Wire
library
to
simplify
use
of
the I2C bus;
see
the documentation for details. For SPI communication, use the SPI library.
Programming
The Arduino Uno can be programmed with the Arduino software (download). Select
"Arduino Uno from the Tools > Board menu (according to the microcontroller on
your board). For details, see the reference and tutorials.
The ATmega328 on the Arduino Uno comes preburned with a bootloader that allows
you to upload new code to it without the use of an external hardware programmer. It
communicates using the original STK500 protocol (reference, C header files).
You can also bypass the bootloader and program the microcontroller through the ICSP
(In-Circuit Serial Programming) header using Arduino ISP or similar; see these
instructions for details.
The ATmega16U2 (or 8U2 in the rev1 and rev2 boards) firmware source code is
available . The ATmega16U2/8U2 is loaded with a DFU bootloader, which can be
activated by:
On Rev1 boards: connecting the solder jumper on the back of the board (near the map
of Italy) and then resetting the 8U2.
On Rev2 or later boards: there is a resistor that pulling the 8U2/16U2 HWB line to
ground, making it easier to put into DFU mode.
You can then use Atmel's FLIP software (Windows) or the DFU programmer (Mac
OS X and Linux) to load a new firmware. Or you can use the ISP header with an
18

external programmer (overwriting the DFU bootloader). See this user-contributed
tutorial for more information.
Automatic (Software) Reset
Rather than requiring a physical press of the reset button before an upload, the
Arduino Uno is designed in a way that allows it to be reset by software running on a
connected computer. One of the hardware flow control lines (DTR) of
theATmega8U2/16U2 is connected to the reset line of the ATmega328 via a 100
nanofarad capacitor. When this line is asserted (taken low), the reset line drops long
enough to reset the chip. The Arduino software uses this capability to allow you to
upload code by simply pressing the upload button in the Arduino environment. This
means that the boot loader can have a shorter timeout, as the lowering of DTR can be
well-coordinated with the start of the upload.
This setup has other implications. When the Uno is connected to either a computer
running Mac OS X or Linux, it resets each time a connection is made to it from
software (via USB). For the following half-second or so, the boot loader is running on
the Uno. While it is programmed to ignore malformed data (i.e. anything besides an
upload of new code), it will intercept the first few bytes of data sent to the board after
a connection is opened. If a sketch running on the board receives one-time
configuration or other data when it first starts, make sure that the software with which
it communicates waits a second after opening the connection and before sending this
data.
The Uno contains a trace that can be cut to disable the auto-reset. The pads on either
side of the trace can be soldered together to re-enable it. It's labeled "RESET-EN".
You may also be able to disable the auto-reset by connecting a 110 ohm resistor from
5V to the reset line; see this forum thread for details.
USB Over current Protection
The Arduino Uno has a resettable poly fuse that protects your computer's USB ports
from shorts and over current. Although most computers provide their own internal
protection, the fuse provides an extra layer of protection. If more than 500 mA is
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applied to the USB port, the fuse will automatically break the connection until the
short or overload is removed.
Physical Characteristics
The maximum length and width of the Uno PCB are 2.7 and 2.1 inches respectively,
with the USB connector and power jack extending beyond the former dimension.
Four screw holes allow the board to be attached to a surface or case. Note that the
distance between digital pins 7 and 8 is 160 mil (0.16"), not an even multiple of the
100 mil spacing of the other pins.
2.2 GSM MODEM:

2.2.1 GSM Technology:
Definition of GSM:
GSM (Global System for Mobile communications) is an open, digital cellular
technology used for transmitting mobile voice and data services.
GSM (Global System for Mobile communication) is a digital mobile telephone
system that is widely used in Europe and other parts of the world. GSM uses a
variation of Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) and is the most widely used of
the three digital wireless telephone technologies (TDMA, GSM, and CDMA). GSM
digitizes and compresses data, then sends it down a channel with two other streams of
user data, each in its own time slot. It operates at either the 900 MHz or 1,800 MHz
frequency band. It supports voice calls and data transfer speeds of up to 9.6 kbit/s,
together with the transmission of SMS (Short Message Service).
History
In 1982, the European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations
(CEPT) created the Group Special Mobile (GSM) to develop a standard for a mobile
telephone system that could be used across Europe. In 1987, a memorandum of
understanding was signed by 13 countries to develop a common cellular telephone
system across Europe. Finally the system created by SINTEF lead by Torleiv Maseng
was selected.
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In 1989, GSM responsibility was transferred to the European Telecommunications
Standards Institute (ETSI) and phase I of the GSM specifications were published in
1990. The first GSM network was launched in 1991 by Radiolinja in Finland with
joint technical infrastructure maintenance from Ericsson.
By the end of 1993, over a million subscribers were using GSM phone networks
being operated by 70 carriers across 48 countries. As of the end of 1997, GSM service
was available in more than 100 countries and has become the de facto standard in
Europe and Asia.
GSM Frequencies
GSM networks operate in a number of different frequency ranges (separated into
GSM frequency ranges for 2G and UMTS frequency bands for 3G). Most 2G GSM
networks operate in the 900 MHz or 1800 MHz bands. Some countries in the
Americas (including Canada and the United States) use the 850 MHz and 1900 MHz
bands because the 900 and 1800 MHz frequency bands were already allocated. Most
3G GSM networks in Europe operate in the 2100 MHz frequency band. The rarer 400
and 450 MHz frequency bands are assigned in some countries where these
frequencies were previously used for first-generation systems.
GSM-900 uses 890915 MHz to send information from the mobile station to the base
station (uplink) and 935960 MHz for the other direction (downlink), providing 124
RF channels (channel numbers 1 to 124) spaced at 200 kHz. Duplex spacing of 45
MHz is used. In some countries the GSM-900 band has been extended to cover a
larger frequency range. This 'extended GSM', E-GSM, uses 880915 MHz (uplink)
and 925960 MHz (downlink), adding 50 channels (channel numbers 975 to 1023 and
0) to the original GSM-900 band.
Time division multiplexing is used to allow eight full-rate or sixteen half-rate speech
channels per radio frequency channel. There are eight radio timeslots (giving eight
burst periods) grouped into what is called a TDMA frame. Half rate channels use
alternate frames in the same timeslot. The channel data rate for all 8 channels is
270.833 Kbit/s, and the frame duration is 4.615 ms.
The transmission power in the handset is limited to a maximum of 2 watts in
GSM850/900 and 1 watt in GSM1800/1900. GSM operates in the 900MHz and
1.8GHz bands in Europe and the 1.9GHz and 850MHz bands in the US. The 850MHz
band is also used for GSM and 3G in Australia, Canada and many South American
21

countries. By having harmonized spectrum across most of the globe, GSMs
international roaming capability allows users to access the same services when
travelling abroad as at home. This gives consumers seamless and same number
connectivity in more than 218 countries.
Terrestrial GSM networks now cover more than 80% of the worlds population. GSM
satellite roaming has also extended service access to areas where terrestrial coverage
is not available.
Mobile Telephony Standards
TABLE10: MOBILE TELEPHONY STANDARDS

1G
The first generation of mobile telephony (written 1G) operated using analogue
communications and portable devices that were relatively large. It used primarily the
following standards:
AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System), which appeared in 1976 in the

United States, was the first cellular network standard. It was used primarily in
the Americas, Russia and Asia. This first-generation analogue network had
weak security mechanisms which allowed hacking of telephones lines.
TACS (Total Access Communication System) is the European version of the

AMPS model. Using the 900 MHz frequency band, this system was largely
used in England and then in Asia (Hong-Kong and Japan).
ETACS (Extended Total Access Communication System) is an improved

version of the TACS standard developed in the United Kingdom that uses a
larger number of communication channels.
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The first-generation cellular networks were made obsolete by the appearance of an
entirely digital second generation.
Second Generation of Mobile Networks (2G)
The second generation of mobile networks marked a break with the first generation of
cellular telephones by switching from analogue to digital. The main 2G mobile
telephony standards are:
GSM (Global System for Mobile communications) is the most commonly used
standard in Europe at the end of the 20th century and supported in the United
States. This standard uses the 900 MHz and 1800 MHz frequency bands in
Europe. In the United States, however, the frequency band used is the 1900
MHz band. Portable telephones that are able to operate in Europe and the
United States are therefore called tri-band.
CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) uses a spread spectrum technique

that allows a radio signal to be broadcast over a large frequency range.
TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) uses a technique of time division of

communication channels to increase the volume of data transmitted
simultaneously. TDMA technology is primarily used on the American
continent, in New Zealand and in the Asia-Pacific region.
With the 2G networks, it is possible to transmit voice and low volume digital data, for
example text messages (SMS, for Short Message Service) or multimedia messages
(MMS, for Multimedia Message Service). The GSM standard allows a maximum data
rate of 9.6 kbps.
Extensions have been made to the GSM standard to improve throughput. One of these
is the GPRS (General Packet Radio System) service which allows theoretical data
rates on the order of 114 Kbit/s but with throughput closer to 40 Kbit/s in practice. As
this technology does not fit within the "3G" category, it is often referred to as 2.5G
The EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution) standard, billed as 2.75G,
quadruples the throughput improvements of GPRS with its theoretical data rate of 384
Kbps, thereby allowing the access for multimedia applications. In reality, the EDGE
standard allows maximum theoretical data rates of 473 Kbit/s, but it has been limited
23

in order to comply with the IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications2000) specifications from the ITU (International Telecommunications Union).
3G
The IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications for the year 2000)
specifications from the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) defined the
characteristics of 3G (third generation of mobile telephony). The most important of
these characteristics are:
1. High transmission data rate.
2. 144 Kbps with total coverage for mobile use.
3. 384 Kbps with medium coverage for pedestrian use.
4. 2 Mbps with reduced coverage area for stationary use.
5. World compatibility.
6. Compatibility of 3rd generation mobile services with second generation
networks.
3G offers data rates of more than 144 Kbit/s, thereby allowing the access to
multimedia uses such as video transmission, video-conferencing or high-speed
internet access. 3G networks use different frequency bands than the previous
networks: 1885-2025 MHz and 2110-2200 MHz.
The main 3G standard used in Europe is called UMTS (Universal Mobile
Telecommunications System) and uses WCDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple
Access) encoding. UMTS technology uses 5 MHz bands for transferring voice and
data, with data rates that can range from 384 Kbps to 2 Mbps. HSDPA (High Speed
Downlink Packet Access) is a third generation mobile telephony protocol, (considered
as "3.5G"), which is able to reach data rates on the order of 8 to 10 Mbps. HSDPA
technology uses the 5 GHz frequency band and uses WCDMA encoding.
Introduction to the GSM Standard
The GSM (Global System for Mobile communications) network is at the start of the
21st century, the most commonly used mobile telephony standard in Europe. It is
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called as Second Generation (2G) standard because communications occur in an
entirely digital mode, unlike the first generation of portable telephones.
When it was first standardized in 1982, it was called as Group Special Mobile and
later, it became an international standard called "Global System for Mobile
communications" in 1991.
In Europe, the GSM standard uses the 900 MHz and 1800 MHz frequency bands. In
the United States, however, the frequency band used is the 1900 MHz band. For this
reason, portable telephones that are able to operate in both Europe and the United
States are called tri-band while those that operate only in Europe are called bi-band.
The GSM standard allows a maximum throughput of 9.6 kbps which allows
transmission of voice and low-volume digital data like text messages (SMS, for Short
Message Service) or multimedia messages (MMS, for Multimedia Message Service).
GSM Standards:
GSM uses narrowband TDMA, which allows eight simultaneous calls on the same
radio frequency.
There are three basic principles in multiple access, FDMA (Frequency Division
Multiple Access), TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access), and CDMA (Code
Division Multiple Access). All three principles allow multiple users to share the same
physical channel. But the two competing technologies differ in the way user sharing
the common resource.
TDMA allows the users to share the same frequency channel by dividing the signal
into different time slots. Each user takes turn in a round robin fashion for transmitting
and receiving over the channel. Here, users can only transmit in their respective time
slot.
CDMA uses a spread spectrum technology that is it spreads the information contained
in a particular signal of interest over a much greater bandwidth than the original
signal. Unlike TDMA, in CDMA several users can transmit over the channel at the
same time.
25

In late1980s, as a search to convert the existing analog network to digital
as a means to improve capacity, the cellular telecommunications industry
association chose TDMA over FDMA.
TDMA in brief:
Time Division Multiplex Access is a type of multiplexing where two or more channels
of information are transmitted over the same link by allocating a different time
interval for the transmission of each channel. The most complex implementation
using TDMA principle is of GSMs (Global System for Mobile communication). To
reduce the effect of co-channel interference, fading and multipath, the GSM
technology can use frequency hoping, where a call jumps from one channel to another
channel in a short interval.
TDMA systems still rely on switch to determine when to perform a handoff. Handoff
occurs when a call is switched from one cell site to another while travelling. The
TDMA handset constantly monitors the signals coming from other sites and reports it
to the switch without callers awareness. The switch then uses this information for
making better choices for handoff at appropriate times. TDMA handset performs hard
handoff, i.e., whenever the user moves from one site to another, it breaks the
connection and then provides a new connection with the new site.
26
2.2.2 SIM900
GSM/GPRS Module
The SIM900 is a complete Quad-band GSM/GPRS solution in a SMT module which

can be embedded in the customer applications. Featuring an industry-standard
interface, the SIM900 delivers GSM/GPRS 850/900/1800/1900MHz performance for
voice, SMS, Data, and Fax in a small form factor and with low power consumption.
With a tiny configuration of 24mm x 24mm x 3 mm, SIM900 can fit almost all the
space requirements in your M2M application, especially for slim and compact
demand of design.
SIM900 is designed with a very powerful single-chip processor integrating
AMR926EJ-S core
Quad - band GSM/GPRS module with a size of 24mmx24mmx3mm
SMT type suit for customer application
An embedded Powerful TCP/IP protocol stack
Based upon mature and field-proven platform, backed up by our support
service, from definition to design and production
27

SIM900
The GSM/GPRS Module for M2M applications
General featrues
Quad-Band 850/ 900/ 1800/ 1900 MHz
GPRS multi-slot class 10/8
GPRS mobile station class B
Compliant to GSM phase 2/2+
Class 4 (2 W @850/ 900 MHz)
Class 1 (1 W @ 1800/1900MHz)
Dimensions: 24* 24 * 3 mm
Weight: 3.4g
Control via AT commands (GSM
07.07 ,07.05 and SIMCOM enhanced AT
Commands)
SIM application toolkit
Supply voltage range 3.4 ... 4.5 V
Low power consumption
Operation temperature:
-30 C to +80 C
Specifications for fax
Group 3, class 1
Specifications for data
GPRS class 10: max. 85.6 kbps
28

(downlink)
PBCCH support
Coding schemes CS 1, 2, 3, 4
CSD up to 14.4 kbps
USSD
Non transparent mode
PPP-stack
Specifications for SMS via GSM
/ GPRS
Point-to-point MO and MT
SMS cell broadcast
Text and PDU mode
Drivers
MUX Driver
Specifications for voice
More about SIM900 module,
Tricodec
Half rate (HR)
Full rate (FR)
Enhanced Full rate (EFR)
Hands-free operation
Echo suppression
AMR
29

Half Rate(HR)
Full Rate(FR)
Interfaces
Interface to external SIM 3V/ 1.8V
analog audio interface
RTC backup
SPI interface
Serial interface
Antenna pad
I2C
GPIO
PWM
ADC
Compatibility
AT cellular command interface
Approvals in planning
CE
FCC
ROHS
PTCRB
GCF
AT&T
IC
30

TA
Pin Assignment
2.3 PIR SENSORS

2.3.1 TEMPERATURE SENSOR(LM35):
LM35 converts temperature value into electrical signals. LM35 series sensors are
precision integrated-circuit temperature sensors whose output voltage is linearly
proportional to the Celsius temperature. The LM35 requires no external calibration
since it is internally calibrated. . The LM35 does not require any external calibration
or trimming to provide typical accuracies of 14C at room temperature and 34C
over a full 55 to +150C temperature range.
The LM35s low output impedance, linear output, and precise inherent calibration
make interfacing to readout or control circuitry especially easy. It can be used with
single power supplies, or with plus and minus supplies. As it draws only 60 A from
its supply, it has very low self-heating, less than 0.1C in still air.
Features
Calibrated directly in Celsius (Centigrade)
Linear + 10.0 mV/C scale factor
0.5C accuracy guaranteed (at +25C)
Rated for full 55 to +150C range
Suitable for remote applications
Low cost due to wafer-level trimming
Operates from 4 to 30 volts
Less than 60 A current drain
Low self-heating, 0.08C in still air
Nonlinearity only 14C typical
Low impedance output, 0.1 W for 1 mA load
31
The characteristic of this LM35 sensor is:

For each degree of centigrade temperature it outputs 10milli volts
CHAPTER.3
SOFTWARE
32

3.1 PROGRAM:
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);
pinMode(12, OUTPUT);
}
void loop()
{
int sensorValue = analogRead(A0);
if(sensorValue > 500){

GSMSMSON();
delay(30000);
}
}
//---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
33

1
void GSMSMSON(){
Serial.begin(2400); //Baud rate of the GSM/GPRS Module
Serial.print("\r");
delay(1000);
Serial.print("AT+CMGF=1\r");
delay(1000);
Serial.print("AT+CMGS=\"+918099656583\"\r");
//Number to which you want to
send the sms

delay(1000);
Serial.print("Motion detector in your Home or Hospital \r");
//The text of the
message to be sent
delay(1000);
Serial.write(0x1A);
delay(1000);
}
3.2Arduino IDE
Arduino is an open-source electronics prototyping platform based on flexible, easy-touse hardware and software. It's intended for artists, designers, hobbyists, and anyone
1
34

interested in creating interactive objects or
environments.
Arduino can sense the environment by
receiving input from a variety of sensors
and can affect its surroundings by
controlling lights, motors, and other
actuators. The microcontroller on the
board is programmed using the Arduino
programming language (based on Wiring)
and
the
environment
Arduino
(based
development
on Processing).
Arduino projects can be stand-alone or

they can communicate with software
running on a computer
Fig 4.12 Arduino IDE
Arduino Development Environment

The Arduino development environment contains a text editor for writing code, a
message area, a text console, a toolbar with buttons for common functions, and a
series of menus. It connects to the Arduino hardware to upload programs and
communicate with them.Software written using Arduino are called sketches. These
sketches are written in the text editor. Sketches are saved with the file extension .ino.
It has features for cutting/pasting and for searching/replacing text. The message area
gives feedback while saving and exporting and also displays errors. The console
displays text output by the Arduino environment including complete error messages
and other information. The bottom righthand corner of the window displays the
current board and serial port. The toolbar buttons allow you to verify and upload
programs, create, open, and save sketches, and open the serial monitor:
Verify
Checks your code for errors.
Upload
Compiles your code and uploads it to the Arduino I/O board.
See uploading below for details.
35

Note: If you are using an external programmer, you can hold
down the "shift" key on your computer when using this icon. The
text will change to "Upload using Programmer"
New
Creates a new sketch.
Open
Presents a menu of all the sketches in your sketchbook. Clicking
one will open it within the current window.
Note: due to a bug in Java, this menu doesn't scroll; if you need to
open a sketch late in the list, use the File | Sketchbook menu
instead.
Save
Saves your sketch.
Serial
Monitor
Opens the serial monitor.

Table 4.12 Arduino development environment content
Additional
commands
are
found
within
the
five
menus: File, Edit, Sketch, Tools, Help. The menus are context sensitive which means
only those items relevant to the work currently being carried out are available
Language Reference
Arduino programs can be divided in three main parts: structure, values (variables and
constants), andfunctions.
36
Structure
setup()
Functions
Variables
Digital I/O
Constants
loop()
Control
pinMode()
HIGH | LOW
digitalWrite()
INPUT | OUTPUT | INP

UT_PULLUP
Structures
digitalRead()
if
LED_BUILTIN
true | false
integer constants
floating point constants
Analog I/O
if...else
analogReference()
for
analogRead()
switch
analogWrite()
case
- PWM
Data Types
while
Due only
void
do...
analogReadResolu
while
boolean
tion()
break
char
analogWriteResol
continue
ution()
unsigned char
return
Advanced I/O
byte
tone()
int
Further Syntax
noTone()
unsigned int
; (semic
shiftOut()
word
goto
olon)
37
shiftIn()
{} (curly
long
unsigned long
millis()
short
micros()
float
delay()
double
pulseIn()
braces)
Time
// (single
line comment)
/*
*/ (multi-line
comment)
delayMicrosecond
#define
string - char array
s()
#include
String - object
array
Math
Arithmetic
Operators
= (assign
ment operator)
+ (addit
ion)
- (subtra
ction)
min()
Conversion
max()
char()
byte()
int()
word()
long()
float()
abs()
constrain()
map()
pow()
* (multi
sqrt()
plication)
/ (divisio
n)
Trigonometry
Variable Scope & Qualifiers
sin()
% (mod
ulo)
38
variable scope
static
cos()
Comparison
tan()
volatile
const
Operators
Random Numbers
== (equa
randomSeed()
l to)
!= (not
equal to)
< (less
than)
> (greate
r than)
random()
Bits and Bytes
lowByte()
highByte()
bitRead()
<= (less
than or equal to)
>= (grea
ter than or equal
bitWrite()
bitSet()
bitClear()
to)
Boolean
Operators
&& (and
bit()
External Interrupts
attachInterrupt()
)
detachInterrupt()
|| (or)
Interrupts
! (not)
interrupts()
Pointer Access
Operators
39
noInterrupts()
Utilities
sizeof()
PROGMEM
Communication
dereference
Serial
operator
Stream
&
reference
operator
Bitwise
Operators
& (bitwi
se and)
| (bitwis
e or)
^ (bitwis
e xor)
~ (bitwis
e not)
<< (bitsh
ift left)
>> (bitsh
ift right)
Compound
Operators
++ (incr
ement)
40
USB (Leonardo and Due

only)
Keyboard
Mouse
-- (decre
ment)
+= (com
pound addition)
-= (com
pound
subtraction)
*= (com
pound
multiplication)
/= (comp
ound division)
&= (com
pound
bitwise
and)
|= (comp
ound bitwise or)
3.1 Advantages of TDMA:

There are lots of advantages of TDMA in cellular technologies.
1. It can easily adapt to transmission of data as well as voice communication.
2. It has an ability to carry 64 kbps to 120 Mbps of data rates. This allows the
operator to do services like fax, voice band data and SMS as well as
bandwidth intensive application such as multimedia and video conferencing.
3. Since TDMA technology separates users according to time, it ensures that
there will be no interference from simultaneous transmissions.
41

4. It provides users with an extended battery life, since it transmits only portion
of the time during conversations. Since the cell size grows smaller, it proves to
save base station equipment, space and maintenance.
TDMA is the most cost effective technology to convert an analog system to digital.
3.2 Disadvantages of TDMA:

One major disadvantage using TDMA technology is that the users has a predefined
time slot. When moving from one cell site to other, if all the time slots in this cell are
full the user might be disconnected. Likewise, if all the time slots in the cell in which
the user is currently in are already occupied, the user will not receive a dial tone.
The second problem in TDMA is that it is subjected to multipath distortion. To
overcome this distortion, a time limit can be used on the system. Once the time limit
is expired, the signal is ignored.
The concept of cellular network
Mobile telephone networks are based on the concept of cells, circular zones that
overlap to cover a geographical area.
Cellular networks are based on the use of a central transmitter-receiver in each

cell, called a "base station" (or Base Transceiver Station, written BTS). The smaller
the radius of a cell, the higher is the available bandwidth. So, in highly populated
42

urban areas, there are cells with a radius of a few hundred meters, while huge cells of
up to 30 kilometers provide coverage in rural areas.
In a cellular network, each cell is surrounded by 6 neighbouring cells (thus a cell is
generally drawn as a hexagon). To avoid interference, adjacent cells cannot use the
same frequency. In practice, two cells using the same frequency range must be
separated by Architecture of the GSM Network
In a GSM network, the user terminal is called a mobile station. A mobile station is
made up of a SIM (Subscriber Identity Module) card allowing the user to be uniquely
identified and a mobile terminal.
The terminals (devices) are identified by a unique 15-digit identification number
called IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity). Each SIM card also has a
unique (and secret) identification number called IMSI (International Mobile
Subscriber Identity). This code can be protected using a 4-digit key called a PIN code.
The SIM card therefore allows each user to be identified independently of the
terminal used during communication with a base station. Communications occur
through a radio link (air interface) between a mobile station and a base station.
43

All the base stations of a cellular network are connected to a base station
controller (BSC) which is responsible for managing distribution of the resources. The
system consisting of the base station controller and its connected base stations is
called the Base Station Subsystem (BSS).
Finally, the base station controllers are themselves physically connected to the Mobile
Switching Centre (MSC), managed by the telephone network operator, which
connects them to the public telephone network and the Internet. The MSC belongs to
a Network Station Subsystem (NSS), which is responsible for managing user
identities, their location and establishment of communications with other subscribers.
The MSC is generally connected to databases that provide additional functions:
1. The Home Location Register (HLR) is a database containing information

(geographic position, administrative information etc.) of the subscribers
registered in the area of the switch (MSC).
2. The Visitor Location Register (VLR) is a database containing information of
users other than the local subscribers. The VLR retrieves the data of a new
user from the HLR of the user's subscriber zone. The data is maintained as
long as the user is in the zone and is deleted when the user leaves or after a
long period of inactivity (terminal off).
3. The Equipment Identify Register (EIR) is a database listing the mobile
terminals.
4. The Authentication Centre (AUC) is responsible for verifying user identities.
5. The cellular network formed in this way is designed to support mobility via
management of handovers (movements from one cell to another).
Finally, GSM networks support the concept of roaming i.e., movement from one
operator network to another.
Introduction to Modem:
44
Modem stands for modulator-demodulator.

A modem is a device or program that enables a computer to transmit data over
telephone or cable lines. Computer information is stored digitally, whereas
information transmitted over telephone lines is transmitted in the form of analog
waves. A modem converts between these two forms.
Fortunately, there is one standard interface for connecting external modems to

computers called RS-232. Consequently, any external modem can be attached to any
computer that has an RS-232 port, which almost all personal computers have. There
are also modems that come as an expansion board that can be inserted into a vacant
expansion slot. These are sometimes called onboard or internal modems.
While the modem interfaces are standardized, a number of different protocols for
formatting data to be transmitted over telephone lines exist. Some, like CCITT V.34
are official standards, while others have been developed by private companies. Most
modems have built-in support for the more common protocols at slow data
transmission speeds at least, most modems can communicate with each other. At high
transmission speeds, however, the protocols are less standardized.
Apart from the transmission protocols that they support, the following characteristics
distinguish one modem from another:
Bps: How fast the modem can transmit and receive data. At slow rates,
modems are measured in terms of baud rates. The slowest rate is 300 baud
(about 25 cps). At higher speeds, modems are measured in terms of bits per
second (bps). The fastest modems run at 57,600 bps, although they can
45

achieve even higher data transfer rates by compressing the data. Obviously,
the faster the transmission rate, the faster the data can be sent and received. It
should be noted that the data cannot be received at a faster rate than it is being
sent.
Voice/data: Many modems support a switch to change between voice and data
modes. In data mode, the modem acts like a regular modem. In voice mode,
the modem acts like a regular telephone. Modems that support a voice/data
switch have a built-in loudspeaker and microphone for voice communication.
Auto-answer: An auto-answer modem enables the computer to receive calls
in the absence of the operator.
Data compression: Some modems perform data compression, which enables
them to send data at faster rates. However, the modem at the receiving end
must be able to decompress the data using the same compression technique.
Flash memory: Some modems come with flash memory rather than
conventional ROM which means that the communications protocols can be
easily updated if necessary.
Fax capability: Most modern modems are fax modems, which mean that they
can send and receive faxes.
GSM Modem:
A GSM modem is a wireless modem that works with a GSM wireless network. A
wireless modem behaves like a dial-up modem. The main difference between them is
that a dial-up modem sends and receives data through a fixed telephone line while a
wireless modem sends and receives data through radio waves.
3.3FIG:GSM SIM300 MODEM
46

A GSM modem can be an external device or a PC Card / PCMCIA Card. Typically, an
external GSM modem is connected to a computer through a serial cable or a USB
cable. A GSM modem in the form of a PC Card / PCMCIA Card is designed for use
with a laptop computer. It should be inserted into one of the PC Card / PCMCIA Card
slots of a laptop computer. Like a GSM mobile phone, a GSM modem requires a SIM
card from a wireless carrier in order to operate.
A SIM card contains the following information:
Subscriber telephone number (MSISDN)
International subscriber number (IMSI, International Mobile Subscriber

Identity)
State of the SIM card
Service code (operator)
Authentication key
PIN (Personal Identification Code)
PUK (Personal Unlock Code)
Computers use AT commands to control modems. Both GSM modems and dial-up
modems support a common set of standard AT commands. In addition to the standard
AT commands, GSM modems support an extended set of AT commands. These
extended AT commands are defined in the GSM standards. With the extended AT
commands, the following operations can be performed:
Reading, writing and deleting SMS messages.
Sending SMS messages.
Monitoring the signal strength.
Monitoring the charging status and charge level of the battery.
Reading, writing and searching phone book entries.
47
The number of SMS messages that can be processed by a GSM modem per minute is
very low i.e., about 6 to 10 SMS messages per minute.
Introduction to AT Commands
AT commands are instructions used to control a modem. AT is the abbreviation of
ATtention. Every command line starts with "AT" or "at". That's the reason, modem
commands are called AT commands. Many of the commands that are used to control
wired dial-up modems, such as ATD (Dial), ATA (Answer), ATH (Hook control) and
ATO (Return to online data state) are also supported by GSM modems and mobile
phones.
Besides this common AT command set, GSM modems and mobile phones support an
AT command set that is specific to the GSM technology, which includes SMS-related
commands like AT+CMGS (Send SMS message), AT+CMSS (Send SMS message
from storage), AT+CMGL (List SMS messages) and AT+CMGR (Read SMS
messages).
It should be noted that the starting "AT" is the prefix that informs the modem about
the start of a command line. It is not part of the AT command name. For example, D is
48

the actual AT command name in ATD and +CMGS is the actual AT command name in
AT+CMGS.
Some of the tasks that can be done using AT commands with a GSM modem or
mobile phone are listed below:
Get basic information about the mobile phone or GSM modem. For example,
name of manufacturer (AT+CGMI), model number (AT+CGMM), IMEI
number (International Mobile Equipment Identity) (AT+CGSN) and software
version (AT+CGMR).
Get basic information about the subscriber. For example, MSISDN
(AT+CNUM) and IMSI number (International Mobile Subscriber Identity)
(AT+CIMI).
Get the current status of the mobile phone or GSM/GPRS modem. For
example, mobile phone activity status (AT+CPAS), mobile network
registration status (AT+CREG), radio signal strength (AT+CSQ), battery
charge level and battery charging status (AT+CBC).
Establish a data connection or voice connection to a remote modem (ATD,
ATA, etc).
Send and receive fax (ATD, ATA, AT+F*).
Send (AT+CMGS, AT+CMSS), read (AT+CMGR, AT+CMGL), write
(AT+CMGW) or delete (AT+CMGD) SMS messages and obtain notifications
of newly received SMS messages (AT+CNMI).
Read (AT+CPBR), write (AT+CPBW) or search (AT+CPBF) phonebook
entries.
Perform security-related tasks, such as opening or closing facility locks
(AT+CLCK), checking whether a facility is locked (AT+CLCK) and changing
passwords(AT+CPWD).
(Facility lock examples: SIM lock [a password must be given to the SIM card
every time the mobile phone is switched on] and PH-SIM lock [a certain SIM
49

card is associated with the mobile phone. To use other SIM cards with the
mobile phone, a password must be entered.])
Control the presentation of result codes / error messages of AT commands. For
example, the user can control whether to enable certain error messages
(AT+CMEE) and whether error messages should be displayed in numeric
format or verbose format (AT+CMEE=1 or AT+CMEE=2).
Get or change the configurations of the mobile phone or GSM/GPRS modem.
For example, change the GSM network (AT+COPS), bearer service type
(AT+CBST), radio link protocol parameters (AT+CRLP), SMS center address
(AT+CSCA) and storage of SMS messages (AT+CPMS).
Save and restore configurations of the mobile phone or GSM/GPRS modem.
For example, save (AT+CSAS) and restore (AT+CRES) settings related to
SMS messaging such as the SMS center address.
It should be noted that the mobile phone manufacturers usually do not implement all
AT commands, command parameters and parameter values in their mobile phones.
Also, the behavior of the implemented AT commands may be different from that
defined in the standard. In general, GSM modems, designed for wireless applications,
have better support of AT commands than ordinary mobile phones. a distance of two
to three times the diameter of the cell.
3.2APPLICATIONS:
1.Heart rate monitor can be used in hospitals for the diagnostic purposes.
2.Since the instrument is not expensive, it can even be used at home.
3.The instrument also has the flexibility which helps us to affix it to vehicles,etc..
4.The other part of the instrument ,which measures the temperature can also be used
in hospitals for diagnostic purpose.
50

5.The instrument can also be integrated with higher level equipment and used in
various applications.
6.The instrument can also be used in watches,etc.
7. By using this Old age people Heart Rate remote monitoring continuously.
8.Central diagnostic system implementation in hospitals
CHAPTER.4
RESULTS&CONCLUSION
51
CONCLUSION
From this project we can conclude that this can be one of the best methods
for bio medical application where the doctors can analyze the subject condition from
the place where they are sitting and hence proper and timely Medicare to the patient
can be given so that percentage of death can be reduced to larger extent.
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