International Journal of Non-Linear Mechanics 55 (2013) 1018

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International Journal of Non-Linear Mechanics

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/nlm

Non-linear vibration of bimaterial magneto-elastic cantilever beam

with thermal loading
Guan-Yuan Wu n
Department of Fire Science, Central Police University, 56 Shu-jen Rd., Ta-kang, Kwei-san, Tao-yuan, 333 Taiwan, ROC

art ic l e i nf o

a b s t r a c t

Article history:
Received 3 June 2011
Received in revised form
15 April 2013
Accepted 15 April 2013
Available online 19 April 2013

Formulas and numerical results are studied for the transient vibration and dynamic instability of a
bimaterial magneto-elastic cantilever beam which is subjected to alternating magnetic eld and thermal
loading. Materials are assumed isotropic, and the physical properties are assumed to have unique values
in each layer. The governing equation of motion is derived by the extended Hamilton's principle, in which
the damping factor, the electromagnetic force, the electromagnetic torque, and the thermal load are
considered. The solution of thermal effect is obtained by superposing certain fundamental linear elastic
stress states which are compatible with the EulerBernoulli beam theory. The axial stresses results are
found to be in good agreement with some known numerical solutions. Using Galerkin's method,
the equation of motion is reduced to a time-dependent Mathieu equation. The numerical results of the
regions of dynamic instability are determined by the incremental harmonic balance (IHB) method, and
the transient vibratory behaviors are presented by the fourth-order RungeKutta method. The results
show that the responses of the transient vibration and dynamic instability of the system are inuenced
by the magnetic eld, the thickness ratio, the excitation frequency, but not by the temperature increase
in this study.
& 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords:
Vibration
Dynamic instability
Magneto-elastic
Bimaterial cantilever beam
Incremental harmonic balance (IHB)
method
Thermal load

1. Introduction
The eld of magneto-elastic has already been developed in the
past decades. The mechanical and dynamic behaviors of ferromagnetic structures have been discussed by several studies. One of
the complicated problems of magneto-solids mechanics is the
treatment of the conduction current and the magnetization with
deformable structures. Moon and Pao [1,2] proposed the mathematical model based on the quasi-static solution for the magnetization in the deformed plate and investigated experimentally the
dynamic instability of a ferromagnetic cantilever beam-plate.
Afterwards, much effort has been directed to develop mathematical models for studying the effect of magneto-elastic interactions
upon static and dynamic behaviors of the magneto-elastic structures by taking into account the linear/non-linear effects of
deections.
It is well known that a time variation in the magnetic eld may
cause unstable parametric excitation, because the magnetic eld
induces the electromagnetic force and torque during the transverse vibration of the structure. In engineering applications,
beams can be considered as one of the most commonly used
structural elements and thus experience an extensive variety of

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static and dynamic loads. Many studies have presented the effect
of magneto-elastic interactions for these types of structures. Miya
et al. [3] applied nite element methods to study magneto-elastic
buckling of a cantilever beam-plate. Lu et al. [4], Shih et al. [5], and
Liu and Chang [6] studied the dynamics of a simply supported
beam with pulsating axial load subjected to an alternating transverse magnetic eld. Kojima and Nagama [7] investigated the
parametric non-linear force vibrations of a beam with a mass
subjected to alternating eletromagnetic forces, where the electromagnetic force acts on the tip mass, not on the beam. Wu et al. [8]
derived the equation of motion by the Hamilton's principle and
studied the dynamic stability of a cantilever beam with a magnetic
eld and axial force using the incremental harmonic balance (IHB)
method. For a small deection, the results of instability carried out
by Wu et al. [8] have been identied to be in good agreement with
the results of Moon and Pao [2]. Based on the assumed-modes
method, Chen and Yah [9] investigated experimentally and analytically the parametric instability regions of a beam under electromagnetic excitation. Annigeri et al. [10] studied the free vibration
studies of multiphase and layered magneto-electro-elastic beam
for three different boundary conditions. For this study, magnetoelectro-elastic material BaTiO3CoFe2O4 composite is considered.
Pratiher and Dwivedy [11,12] investigated the non-linear behavior
and the instability region of a beam with a tip-mass subjected to
alternating magnetic eld, which contains geometric and inertial
types of linearity/non-linearities. Pratiher and Dwivedy [13,14]

G.-Y. Wu / International Journal of Non-Linear Mechanics 55 (2013) 1018

also studied the non-linear response of a magneto-elastic translating beam with prismatic joint. Each of these studies addressed
the magneto-solids mechanics and the dynamic responses in the
structures arisen from a non-linear interaction between the linear/
non-linear magnetization of structures and the applied magnetic
eld. In addition, the non-linear free vibration analyses of continuous systems with different boundary conditions have been
studied [1518].
In reality, thermal problems occur in many branches of engineering design and research. Especially, the structures constructed
by bonding two or more materials and then subjecting to temperature change will be in a state of thermal stress [19,20].
Moreover, the temperature and resistivity of the ferromagnetic
material are dependent. The temperature variation can cause the
value of conductivity of magneto-elastic material to change. From
the above literature review, most of the research on modeling
systems for the linear/non-linear magnetization of structures, i.e.
the work with the effect of thermal load or consisting bimaterial, is
limited. The mean of estimation of thermal effect in the oscillating
magnetic eld with linear/non-linear thermoelastic relations has
been developed by Wu [21].
Based on Hamilton's principle, the beam theory and superposition principle, this paper presents formulas for the equation of
motion of the system and the stress states in a bimaterial beam
with the thermal load and an oscillating magnetic eld. Using
Galerkin's method, the governing equation is reduced to a timedependent Mathieu equation. It may be noted that though the
parametric excitation system considered in this study is similar to
that considered in earlier studies, the numerical results obtained
in the present work are entirely different from those obtained in
[22]. The incremental harmonic balance (IHB) method is adopted
to determine the region of dynamic instability of the system. On
the other hand, the transient vibrations are presented by applying
the fourth-order RungeKutta method. The axial stresses derived
by this study agree very well with some known numerical
solutions after making a comparison. The effects of thickness ratio,
excitation frequency, damping and temperature increase of the
beam on the dynamic instability and vibration are presented and
discussed.

2. The governing equation of motion

2.1. Statement of the problem
Consider a bimaterial cantilever beam with an applied
alternating
,
uniform transverse magnetic eld B0 Bm cos 1  t j , and a uniform temperature increase T, as shown in Fig. 1 where 1 is the
frequency of the magnetic eld. The beam made of two different
materials securely bonded to each other to act as a single beam. The
length of the beam is L, the width is d and the thicknesses of the layers
are hu and hl , while the total thickness of the beam is h. A Cartesian
coordinate is chosen such that the xz plane is dened as the neutral
surface of the beam, and the origin point is located at the left-hand

x, u
Fig. 2. The beam model.

end of the beam (see Fig. 2). Here u and v are the longitudinal and
transversal displacements, respectively.
The two material have different Young's moduli, thicknesses,
densities, conductivities, and coefcients of thermal expansion. It
is well noted that changes in temperature in an unconned beam
made of two-layer materials with different coefcients of thermal
expansion (CTE) for each of the layers cause differential strains
which give rise to internal thermal stresses and deformation.

2.2. Hamilton's principle

The mathematical model of the elastic bimaterial system
subjected to the temperature increase has been obtained by Wu
[22] through the application of the extended Hamilton's principle,
which can be given by
m

Z x
 
2 v cb

v
4 v
v
Eu I u El I l 4 cd

pd
2
x
t
x x
x
t
0




u u T v
u l T v

E A
f

g0
Eu Au f
x x
Eu
x l l x x
El
x

u u T
u l T

constant T
x
Eu
x
El

h
z

hl
Lower

Fig. 1. Geometry and dimension of the bimaterial beam.

where T is equal to the average strain of the system. Thus, the

following conditions must be enforced:
T

1
L



Z L
Z 
u u T
1 L u l T

dx
dx
x
Eu
L 0 x
El
0

xx

Neutral

hu

where m is the mass of the beam per unit length, cb is the body
couple of the beam per unit length, p is the body force of the beam
per unit length, cd is the damping ratio, E is Young's modulus, I is
the moment of inertia of the cross-section, A is the cross-section
area, and T is the stresstemperature coefcient. The subscripts u and l refer to values calculated for the upper and lower
layers of the beam, respectively.
For this system, the total strain of the two layers at the right
end is the same. The equilibrium equation will be satised
assuming

Eu Au

Upper layer

B0(t)
v(x,t)

and

11

u T
T
xx l
;
Eu
El





u u T
u l T

El Al
0
x x
Eu
x x
El

Therefore, the equation of motion of the system can be derived

as

x
m

2 v
v
4 v c

cd Eu I u El I l 4 b
t
x x
x
t 2


fAu u TEu xx

Z

x
0

 
v
pd
x


 2 v
Al l TEl xx g 2 0
x

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G.-Y. Wu / International Journal of Non-Linear Mechanics 55 (2013) 1018

3. Analytical procedure

3.1. Electromagnetic force F and torque c

For the cantilever beam, the transversal displacement function
can be written as
vx; t

wn t n x; 0xL

; 6

n 1;2;:::

where w(t) is the time modulation and x is the eigenfunction

obtained from the free vibration of a cantilever beam. At the builtin end, v dv=dx0. At the free end, the bending moment and
shear are zero. The eigenfunction n x and frequency equation
can be obtained as follows:
n x sinn xsinhn x coshn xcosn x;

where

The frequency equation is

coshn Lcosn L 1 0:

For a body moving with velocity r_ in a magnetic eld B0 there

induced a conduction current J Je Jm sEe r_  B0 , where s
is the conductivity and Ee is the induced electric eld with
 B0 =t. Here, J consists of two parts, Je due to variation
of magnetic eld and Jm due to the body motion in the magnetic
eld. For a uniform external magnetic eld B0 , the effect of
conduction current on the electromagnetic force F is omitted.
For the exural vibration of the beam in a transverse magnetic
eld, the electromagnetic force on a volume element V of the
beam with unit length and unit width in the external magnetic
eld can be reduced as
Z
F fm
sr_  B0  B0 dV:
9
In addition, considering that J  B0 is parallel to the xz plane
and is symmetric with respect to the mid-surface, the electromagnetic torque can be reduced as
Z
c
M  B0 dV
10
where M 0 r 1 B0 is the magnetization in the body0 , is the
permeability of the vacuum, r is the relative permeability, and
1r is the susceptibility.
In this study, an inextensible beam is assumed therefore
Z x
1 v2 ; t1=2 d s;
11
0

where s is the length of the part of the beam from 0 to x. This

equation is similar to that of Lu et al. [4]. Differentiating Eq. (11)
with respect to t becomes
#
Z x"
_
vv
12
d 1 v2 1=2 x_ 0
1 v2 1=2
0
For a small deection, the velocity in x-direction can be
obtained:
Z x
Z x
_
vv_ d ww
x2 dx
13
x_ r_ x; w
0

The electromagnetic force F and torque c arising from an

alternating uniform transverse magnetic eld which acts on a
symmetric cross-section beam of thickness hb , width d, and length
L can be derived as follows:
!
Fp i

n 1;2;:::

n 1;2;:::

!
n dn x1 cos 2 1 twn k

15

where n 2 B2m sinhn hb =2=0 r n n , and n r sinhn hb =2

coshn hb =2. The similar derivations have been presented by
Moon and Pao [2], Shih et al. [5], and Wu [21].
3.2. Temperature effects
3.2.1. The conductivity
The conductivity s of a material is simply the reciprocal of its
resistivity, so s 1=, where is the resistivity of the material. In
addition, the temperature and resistivity of material are dependent, since they are related by the relation:
0 0 r T

16

where 0 is the resistivity at room temperature and r is the

temperature coefcient of resistivity.

cosn L coshn L
:
sinn L sinhn L

M  B0 dV

s
_n
hb dBm 2 1 cos 2 1 t wn w
2

Z
0

!
n x2 dx i

14

3.2.2. The neutral surface and moment of inertia

Since each layer has unique CTE, the resulting axial displaceth
ments uth
u x and ul x at a distance x are
th
uth
u x u Tx and ul x l Tx

17

where is the coefcient of thermal expansion. In this study, the

deformations of the two layers must be compatible ultimately. An
addition set of elastic displacements, ueu xand uel x, must be
imposed such that
e
th
e
uth
u uu ul ul

18

One considers that the CTE of the lower layer is greater than
the upper layer of the beam (l 4 u ). The axial forces existing in
the upper layer and lower layer in the original assembly must be
such that they stretch the upper layer and shorten the lower layer
until the nal elongations of the two layers are the same i.e. the
axial force P f acts in tension on the upper beam and in compression on the lower beam. Therefore, the axial elastic displacement
of the beam in each layer can be shown as
ueu x

Pf x
Pf x
; and uel
Eu Au
El Al

19

Substituting Eqs. (17) and (19) into Eq. (18), the magnitude of
the axial force P f can be determined:
Pf

l u TdEl hl Eu hu
El hl Eu hu

20

In order to maintain consistency with the beam theory, the

axial force P f is equal to the bending moments M u and M l acting
on the ends of the bimaterial beam as shown in Fig. 3. Thus the
following condition can be obtained:
Mu Ml

P f hu hl
0
2

21

where M u and M l are the upper and the lower layer bending
moments at the ends of the beam respectively. Based on the
linearly elastic and the zero net axial force at the free end of the
beam, the moment of inertia I, the curvature k and the distance
from the top of the lower layer to the neutral surface hs can be
derived [22] and shown as

2

2
3
3
dhu
hu
dhl
h
dhu
hs ; I l
dhl l hs
Iu
22
12
2
12
2
k

Mu
M
l
Eu I u
El I l

23

G.-Y. Wu / International Journal of Non-Linear Mechanics 55 (2013) 1018

13

By simplifying Eq. (30), a time-dependent differential equation

is derived as follows.

 dw
d w
2L cos 2tw 0
2 k0 1 cos 2tw2
dt
dt 2
2

31

where u and l are the densities of the upper and lower layers,
respectively,
2 0

cd
shb Bm 2 1 2
Eu I u El I l 4
; 2
; 2
;
2u hu l hl 3 0 u hu l hl d3
u hu l hl d

Fig. 3. Forces and moments on the bimaterial beam element.

hs

2L 20 1

2
2
Eu hu El hl

24

2Eu hu El hl

It can be seen from Eqs. (2223) that these structural properties

of this system are not affected by the temperature increase.

Pf L
Pf L
u uu ul
u TL
l TL
Eu Au
El Al

Pf h
1
k

2Eu I u El I l

26

By applying Hooke's law for uniaxial stress ( E Ey), the

corresponding bending stresses of upper layer and lower layer can
be obtained, i.e.
su;b

P f hEu y
P f hEl y
and sl;b
2Eu I u El I l
2Eu I u El I l

27

Combining Eqs. (25) and (27), the total stresstemperature

coefcients for this system in each layer are


1
hEu y
28a

u T u Eu T P f
Au 2Eu I u El I l

l T l El TP f

1
hEl y

Al 2Eu I u El I l


28b

Substituting Eqs. (6), (14), (15) and (28) into Eq. (5) leads to a
linear operator

_ n n n dn wn 1 cos 2t
n n cd w
w
mw
n 1;2:::

Eu I u El I l n 4 wn

Z
 n

n 2 dn

_ n 1 cos 2t
hb dBm 2 wn 2 w


n 2 dd g 0

29

; Br 2

Bm 2
1 5

;
2
u hu l hl 3

and
1
Z
2

L
0
L
0

Z
3

25

Substituting Eq. (23) into Eq. (21) yields the expression for
curvature:

Bc

Eu I u El I l 0 r 4
1
;
;s
Bc 2
0 0 r T
2 2 dsinhhb =25
Z

3.2.3. The stresstemperature coefcients

In this study, if the beam is subjected to an amount of
temperature change T without axial restraint, the elongation
will simply be an expansion in length of u. The displacement can
be derived by Eq. (18), and shown as

Br 2

L
0

Z
4

L
0

2 ddx;
Z
0

2 dddx;

2 dx;
4 dx; 5

dx

The new parameters are dened as =L , t,

k1 0 =L , k2 =L , and 2 =2L . Eq. (31) is simplied to the
well-known Mathieu equation.
2

2

 dw
d w
12cos 2w 0
2 k1 k2 1 cos 2w2
d
d2

3.4. The IHB formulation

In recent decades, the IHB method has been successfully
applied to various types of non-linear dynamics problems. The
procedure of the IHB method used to solve Eq. (32) is mainly
divided into two steps. The rst step is a NewtonRaphson
procedure. The second step is to nd an approximate solution by
assuming a periodic solution and applying Galerkin's method.
The current state of vibration corresponding to a point
0 ; 0 on instability boundary is denoted by w0 . A neighboring
state is reached through a parameter incrementation:
0 ; 0 ; w w0 w

In this study, the rst mode (n 1) is considered, hence the

smallest root of the frequency Eq. (8) is 1 L 1:8751. Taking x
as the base function, Galerkin's equation leads to
Z

L
0

wx dx 0

30

33

Substituting Eq. (33) into Eq. (32) and neglecting the non-linear
terms of , , w, a linearized incremental equation is
obtained:
20 k1 k2 1 cos 2w20 w
_ 120 cos 2w
20 w
_ R 2w0 cos 220 w
0
40 k2 1 cos 2w0 ww
_0
2k1 k2 1 cos 2w20 w

3.3. Galerkin's method

32

34a

where


0 20 k1 k2 1 cos 2w20 w
_ 0 120 cos 2w0
R 20 w
34b
The detailed procedures used to solve Eq. (34) and to determine the parameters and show the dynamic instability regions
have been discussed by Lau and Cheung [23,24] and Lau et al. [25].

14

G.-Y. Wu / International Journal of Non-Linear Mechanics 55 (2013) 1018

4. Numerical results and discussions

4.2. Transient vibration and dynamic instability responses

4.1. Comparison of the thermal stress results with the other results

In all simulations, a bimaterial beam with length L 0:15 m,

thickness h 2  103 m, width d 1  102 m is considered.
Based on the practical structure, the bimaterial beam is composed
of a lower layer beam made from magneto-elastic steel and an
upper layer beam made from silicon. The material application
implies that when the beam is in impulsion magnetic eld, the
electromagnetic force and torque is arisen in the lower layer only.
In addition, the fourth-order RungeKutta method is applied to
solve Eq. (31) by the step size of 2:0  105 . The initial conditions
are chosen as dw=dt 0, w/h 1.0. The physical parameters of this
system as referred in Moon and Pao [2], and Miya et al. [3] are
given as

A bimaterial strip consisting of two different materials subjected to a uniform temperature change had been investigated by
Kfouri and Wong [20]. It consists of a rectangular bimaterial beam
of length L 80 mm and height h, composed of two geometrically
identical half-beams boned together at the horizontal center. The
materials in both the layers are homogeneous, isotropic and they
have identical mechanical properties, i.e., the values of the
modulus of elasticity E (207 GPa), Poisson's ratio ( 0.3) and
thickness are the same in both the layers, but the coefcients of
thermal expansion are different where the volumetric thermal
strains are given by u T ( 0.001) in the upper layer and l T
( 0.00125) in the lower layer.
In this study, it should be clear that the same axial forces P f
have been applied to both the upper and lower layers, the only
difference being that P f acts on the opposite directions. The axial
force P f applied at the end of the upper layer results in a tensile
axial stress. Therefore, the axial stresses su;P and sl;P in the upper
and lower layers created by P f are
su;P

Pf
Pf
;s :
Au l;P
Al

35

Superimposing the axial stresses and bending stresses due to

elongation, the axial stress across the section in the upper and
lower layers is then obtained by adding Eqs. (2735):

suxx P f

1
hEu y

Au 2Eu I u El I l


36a


slxx P f


1
hEl y
:

Al 2Eu I u El I l

36b

Using Eqs. (36a) and (36b), the results of the axial stresses
across the thickness for different values of h in this investigation
have been compared in Table 1 with the results obtained from the
theoretical solutions and nite element analyses by Kfouri and
Wong at x 0.25 mm using basic mesh 2 [20]. It should be noted
that the results of the axial stresses in Eqs. (36) are independent
from x. From these results, the sectional stresses obtained in the
present work and the results by Kfouri and Wong have nearly no
difference. It must be noted that the stresses are only approximate
because the solution is accurate with the beam theory, but do not
satisfy the elasticity theory exactly in the region near the ends of
the beam.

El 1:94  1011 Pa; l 7930 kg=m3 ; l 11  106 1C1 ;

r 3:0  103 ;
0 1:26  106 Hm1 ; r 6:5  103 1C1 ;
0 9:68  108 m ohmmeter
Eu 1:72  1011 Pa; u 2330 kg=m3 ; u 2:5  106 1C1 :
Considering that the beam thickness and deection are small
compared to its length, the rst region of instability for a
cantilever beam-plate in an alternating magnetic eld without
damping had been derived by Moon and Pao [2] and discussed on
the =0 2 versus Br =Bc 2 plane. For comparison purpose, the
parameter transformation is used to build the region of instability
on the =0 2 versus Br =Bc 2 plane by replacing the derivative
parameters and of the IHB method and the single magnetoelastic material is used. Fig. 4 shows Pao's data and the numerical
results of the IHB method. These results are found to be in good
agreement. Similar results are also presented earlier by Wu et al.
[8]. Therefore, the analytical method considered in this study is
reasonable. The points A and B marked in Fig. 4 are (0.125, 0.898)
and (0.200, 0.942) on the =0 2 versus Br =Bc 2 plane, respectively. In addition, points A and B represented individually the case
within the region of instability and outside the region of instability. The accuracy of the instability region can be veried by solving
temporal Eq. (31) and plotting the time response for two different
points A and B.
Figs. 5 and 6 show that diagrams of the amplitude versus time
and velocity versus amplitude are unstable, and Figs. 7 and 8 show
that the responses of the amplitude versus time and velocity
versus amplitude are stable, which are in agreement with the
result shown in Fig. 4. In order to gain further insight into various
thermal loads of the bimaterial beam and to show the effects of
the magnetic elds on the dynamic responses of the excited beam,

Table 1
Comparisons of the nite element stresses and present stresses, sxx , across the thickness at x 0.25 mm for two different values of height.
Position

h 4.0 mm (hu hl 2:0 mm)

Ordinate

Upper edge

Interface (+)
Interface ()

Lower edge

h 8.0 mm (hu hl 4:0 mm)

Kfouri and Wong [20]

Y
(mm)

F.E.
sxx (Mpa)

Theoretical

2.000
1.625
0.625
0.000+
0.000
0.875
1.875
2.000

12.69
5.46
13.82
25.87
25.87
9.00
10.28
12.69

12.937
5.66
13.746
25.875
25.875
8.895
10.512
12.938

PresentStress

12.94
5.66
13.75
25.87
25.87
8.89
10.51
12.94

Ordinate

Kfouri and Wong[20]

Y
(mm)

F.E.
sxx (Mpa)

Theoretical

4.00
3.25
1.25
0.00+
0.00
1.75
2.75
4.00

12.86
5.60
13.77
25.87
25.87
8.93
10.44
12.86

12.937
5.66
13.746
25.875
25.875
8.895
10.512
12.938

PresentStress

12.94
5.61
13.80
25.87
2587
8.89
0.81
12.94

G.-Y. Wu / International Journal of Non-Linear Mechanics 55 (2013) 1018

15

1.0
l

l
l

t = 1.0 sec

0.0

Velocity (m/s )

0.5

-0.5

-1.0
-4.0

-2.0

0.0

2.0

4.0

Amplitude w / h

Fig. 4. The rst region of instability for a cantilever beam in an oscillating

magnetic eld.

Fig. 6. The relationship of velocity versus amplitude for point A as marked in Fig. 4.

1.5

4.0

1.0

0.5

Amplitude w / h

Amplitude w / h

2.0

0.0

0.0

-0.5

-2.0

-1.0

-1.5
0.00

-4.0
0.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

Time (sec)

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

Time (sec)
Fig. 7. The relationship of amplitude versus time for point B as marked in Fig. 4.

Fig. 5. The relationship of amplitude versus time for point A as marked in Fig. 4.

numerical results of the solution were performed for a wide

variety of parameters.
Now when one considers damping parameter k1 0 and
T 0, the effect of different thickness ratios on the principal
region is shown in Fig. 9. Points A, B, and C are 288.0, 260.0, and
230.0 rad/s, respectively. While hu =hl 1.0, k1 0, and Bm 0.1 T
are considered, the fundamental frequency of the system becomes
260.9 rad/s. The point B ( 260.0 rad/s) is close to the natural
frequency of the system and locates in the primary instability
region, but the points A (288.0 rad/s) and C ( 230.0 rad/s) are
far from the natural frequency of the system and the primary
instability region. Time responses are plotted and shown in Fig. 10
for these three points A, B and C. As can be seen from these
waveforms, the resonance phenomenon occurs for point B, and the

stable responses occur for points A and C. It is well known that

when the ratio of the excitation frequency with respect to the
natural frequency of the system is close to 1.0, the primary region
of the dynamic instability occurs. Therefore, the resonance phenomenon and stable case of this system agree with the theory
predicted. It should be noted that the equation of motion Eq. (31)
is derived from the small deection assumption in which parameters and are divided by the natural frequencies L and L 2 ,
respectively. If the results of the dynamic instability are presented
by the non-dimensional counterpart in the plane, the difference between various dynamic instabilities will be very small.
Therefore, using the present results to show the various parameter
effects is well suited to this study.
While Bm 0.1 T and 80.0 rad/s are applied, the result of
amplitude versus time associated with different thickness ratios is

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G.-Y. Wu / International Journal of Non-Linear Mechanics 55 (2013) 1018

0.3

8.0
= 288.0 rad/s
= 260.0 rad/s
= 230.0 rad/s

6.0

4.0

Amplitude w / h

Velocity (m/s )

0.2

0.0

-0.2

2.0

0.0

-2.0

-4.0

-6.0

-0.3

-8.0
-1.2

-0.6

0.0

0.6

1.2

0.00

0.20

Amplitude w / h

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

Time (sec)

Fig. 8. The relationship of velocity versus amplitude for point B as marked in Fig. 4.

Fig. 10. The relationship of amplitude versus time for points A ( 288.0 rad/s), B
( 260.0), and C ( 230.0 rad/s) as marked in Fig. 9.

400.0
1.5

350.0

A
B

250.0

Amplitude w / h

Natural Frequency (rad/s)

1.0

300.0

C
200.0

0.5

0.0

150.0
-0.5

100.0
-1.0

50.0
0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

Excitation Magnetic Field Bm (T)

Fig. 9. The effect of varying thickness ratios on the principal instability region.

shown in Fig. 11. These results clearly show that the decrease in
the thickness ratio hu =hl of the bimaterial beam has the benecial
effect of decreasing the value of natural frequency. It may be noted
that if the beam is considered with uniform thickness and material
is assumed to be isotropic, the natural frequency of the beam
made from the upper layer material silicon is higher than that of
the lower layer material low-carbon steel. It is in accordance with
Fig. 9 so that the higher thickness ratio has the higher fundamental natural frequency of this system.
When one considers k1 0, hu =hl 1.0 and 80.0 rad/s, the
results of amplitude versus time associated with different magnetic elds (Bm 0.1 T (tesla), 0.15 T, 0.2 T) are shown in Fig. 12. In
this study, the fundamental frequency L of this system can be
obtained by Eq. (31) which is varied with the magnetic eld only.
It displays that, just as the theory predicted, a higher magnetic

0.00

0.04

0.08

0.12

0.16

0.20

Time t (sec)
Fig. 11. The relationship of amplitude versus time for Bm 0.1 T and 80.0 rad/s
with different values of the thickness ratio.

eld decreases the natural frequency for this system. We now

considerer damping parameter k1 0 and thickness ratio
hu =hl 1.0, then a temperature increase T 50 1C is applied.
Fig. 13 shows the effect of temperature increase on the principal
instability region. It can be seen from the regions presented that
the dynamic instability region of this system is not inuenced by
the increasing temperature. As mentioned previously, because
the beam is free at the end, the total axial force caused by the
temperature change T at the free end is zero. Furthermore, the
change of the physical properties of materials such as conductivity
and Young's modulus is very small when temperature increase
T 50 1C is applied. Therefore, if the temperature increase only

G.-Y. Wu / International Journal of Non-Linear Mechanics 55 (2013) 1018

1.5

350.0

1.0

300.0

Natural Frequency (rad/s)

Amplitude w / h

17

0.5

0.0

-0.5

250.0

200.0

150.0

-1.0
100.0
0.00

0.00

0.04

0.08

0.12

0.16

0.20

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

Excitation Magnetic Field Bm (T)

Time t (sec)
Fig. 12. The relationship of amplitude versus time for hu =hl 1.0 and 80.0 rad/s
with different values of magnetic eld.

0.05

Fig. 14. The regions of dynamic instability for hu =hl 1.0 and T 0 with different
damping coefcients k1 .

3.0

350.0

2.0

300.0

Amplitude w / h

Natural Frequency (rad/s)

1.0

250.0

200.0

0.0

-1.0

-2.0

150.0

-3.0

100.0
0.00

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

Excitation Magnetic Field Bm (T)

Fig. 13. The effect of temperature increase on the principal instability regions.

causes a minute change of the material properties for this system,

the change of the dynamic instability region can be neglected.
Fig. 14 shows the regions of dynamic instability for hu =hl 1.0
and T 0 with different damping coefcients k1 . It shows that an
increase in damping coefcient results in a reduction of the region
of instability. It can be considered that when the viscous damping
is included, a least magnitude of the magnetic eld is required to
make the dynamic instability of the system. Now one considers
hu =hl 1.0, and Bm 0.1 T, the fundamental frequency of the
system becomes 260.9 rad/s. If the excitation frequency
260.0 rad/s is used as a constant, the damping parameter k1
is increased and replaced by 0.05 and 0.1, individually, then the
results are shown in Fig. 15. The results show that the stable case is
obtained for damping parameter k1 0.1, and the resonance case is

1.00

2.00

3.00

Time (sec)
Fig. 15. The transient vibration of the system (hu =hl 1.0, Bm 0.1 T, and
260.0 rad/s) corresponding to different values of damping coefcients.

obtained for k1 0.05. Here, it should be noted that the effect of

non-linear damping on the region of instability is insignicant,
because small deection is assumed [21].

5. Conclusions
In this study, the dynamic instability of a bimaterial cantilever
beam subjected to the thermal loads in an alternating transversal
magnetic eld has been investigated. Based on Hamilton's principle, the assumed mode, the beam theory, and the Galerkin's
method, the mechanical model of the magneto-elastic bimaterial
beam is derived. The inuences of oscillating magnetic eld
Bm , the thickness ratio hu =hl , the excitation frequency , the

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G.-Y. Wu / International Journal of Non-Linear Mechanics 55 (2013) 1018

dimensionless damping ratio k, and the increase temperature T

have been discussed. In this study, increasing the magnetic eld
leads to decreasing the value of natural frequency of the system if
the magnetic eld ratio Br 2 =Bc 2 o1. Furthermore, because of the
double-layered bimaterial beam with different coefcients of
Young's modulus in this study, the effect of thickness ratio on
the dynamic instability region and transient vibration characteristic is obvious, and the results show that increasing thickness
ratio shifts the region of dynamic instability to a higher value and
produces a large variety of responses. It may be noted that due to
one end free for the cantilever beam, application of thermal loads
does not cause any restraint axial force at the end; hence this
result is much different from the pinned condition [22]. Also, if the
temperature increase only causes a very small change of the
material properties for the bimaterial cantilever beam, the change
of the dynamic instability region can be neglected.
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