06-10-02 13.28.15
50
51
51
51
52
52
52
53
59
61
62
68
70
71
71
73
73
74
75
76
76
77
77
Calculation examples................................................................................................
78
82
82
82
82
83
83
84
84
85
49
6000_EN_00_03_Selection_of_beari49 49
06-10-02 13.28.15
System approach
and bearing reliability
In the SKF life rating equation the stress result
ing from the external loads is considered together with stresses originated by the surface
topography, lubrication and kinematics of the
rolling contact surfaces. The influence on bear
ing life of this combined stress system provides
a better prediction of the actual performance of
the bearing in a particular application.
Due to its complexity, a detailed description of
the theory is beyond the scope of this catalogue.
Therefore, a simplified catalogue approach is
presented under the heading SKF rating life.
This enables users to fully exploit bearing life
Fig. 1
Bearing system life
50
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6000_EN_00_03_Selection_of_beari51 51
06-10-02 13.28.16
q C wp
L10 =
< P z
q C wp
Lnm = a1 aSKF L10 = a1 aSKF
< P z
106
L =
L10
10h
60 n
where
L10 = basic rating life (at 90 % reliability),
millions of revolutions
L10h = basic rating life (at 90 % reliability),
operating hours
C = basic dynamic load rating, kN
P = equivalent dynamic bearing load, kN
n = rotational speed, r/min
p = exponent of the life equation
= 3 for ball bearings
= 10/3 for roller bearings
106
L
nmh = Lnm
60 n
where
Lnm = SKF rating life (at 100 n1) % reliability),
millions of revolutions
Lnmh = SKF rating life (at 100 n1) % reliability),
operating hours
L10 = basic rating life (at 90 % reliability),
millions of revolutions
a1 = life adjustment factor for reliability
( table 1)
aSKF = SKF life modification factor
( diagrams 1 to 4)
C = basic dynamic load rating, kN
P = equivalent dynamic bearing load, kN
n = rotational speed, r/min
p = exponent of the life equation
= 3 for ball bearings
= 10/3 for roller bearings
52
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06-10-02 13.28.17
Failure
Rating life Factor
a1
probability
Lnm
n
%
90
95
96
97
98
99
10
L10m
5
L5m
4
L4m
3
L3m
2
L2m
1
L1m
1
0,62
0,53
0,44
0,33
0,21
53
6000_EN_00_03_Selection_of_beari53 53
06-10-02 13.28.17
B4,'
L
B
1
ID V
1
Other
SKF standard
bearings
SKF Explorer
bearings
1
ID V
1
54
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06-10-02 13.28.17
Diagram 2
Factor aSKF for radial roller bearings
B4,'
L
B
1
ID V
1
Other
SKF standard
bearings
SKF Explorer
bearings
1
ID V
1
55
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06-10-02 13.28.18
B4,'
L
B
SKF standard
bearings
1V
ID
1
56
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06-10-02 13.28.18
Diagram 4
Factor aSKF for thrust roller bearings
B4,'
L
B
1
ID V
1
Other
SKF standard
bearings
SKF Explorer
bearings
1
ID V
1
57
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06-10-02 13.28.18
Table 2
Units conversion factors for bearing life
H
Basic units
Conversion factor
Millions of
Operating
revolutions
hours
1 million revolutions
1
106
60 n
Millions of
kilometres
travelled
Millions of
oscillation cycles1)
p D
103
180
2g
60 n p D
109
180 60 n
2 g 106
1 operating hour
60 n
1
106
1 million kilometres
103
p D
109
1
60 n p D
180 103
2gpD
1 million
oscillation
cycles1)
2 g
180
2 g 106
180 60 n
2gpD
180 103
58
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Lubrication conditions
the viscosity ratio k
The effectiveness of the lubricant is primarily
determined by the degree of surface separation
between the rolling contact surfaces. If an adequate lubricant film is to be formed, the lubri
cant must have a given minimum viscosity when
the application has reached its normal operating
temperature. The condition of the lubricant is
described by the viscosity ratio k as the ratio of
the actual viscosity n to the rated viscosity n1 for
adequate lubrication, both values being consid
ered when the lubricant is at normal operating
temperature ( section Selection of lubricat
ing oil, starting on page 252).
n
k =
n1
where
k = viscosity ratio
n = actual operating viscosity of the lubricant,
mm2/s
n1 = rated viscosity depending on the bearing
mean diameter and rotational speed,
mm2/s
In order to form an adequate lubricant film
between the rolling contact surfaces, the lubri
cant must retain a certain minimum viscosity
when the lubricant is at operating temperature.
The rated viscosity n1, required for adequate
lubrication, can be determined from diagram 5,
page 60, using the bearing mean diameter dm =
0,5 (d + D), mm, and the rotational speed of the
bearing n, r/min. This diagram has been revised
taking the latest findings of tribology in rolling
bearings into account.
When the operating temperature is known
from experience or can otherwise be deter
mined, the corresponding viscosity at the inter
nationally standardized reference temperature
of 40 C can be obtained from diagram 6,
page 61, or can be calculated. The diagram is
compiled for a viscosity index of 95. Table 3 lists
the viscosity grades according to ISO 3448:1992
showing the range of viscosity for each class at
40 C. Certain bearing types, e.g. spherical roller
bearings, taper roller bearings and spherical
roller thrust bearings, normally have a higher
operating temperature than other bearing
types, e.g. deep groove ball bearings and cylin
Table 3
Viscosity classification to ISO 3448
Viscosity
grade
mm2/s
ISO VG 2
2,2
1,98
ISO VG 3
3,2
2,88
ISO VG 5
4,6
4,14
ISO VG 7
6,8
6,12
ISO VG 10
10
9,00
ISO VG 15
15
13,5
ISO VG 22
22
19,8
ISO VG 32
32
28,8
ISO VG 46
46
41,4
ISO VG 68
68
61,2
ISO VG 100
100
90,0
ISO VG 150
150
135
ISO VG 220
220
198
ISO VG 320
320
288
ISO VG 460
460
414
ISO VG 680
680
612
ISO VG 1 000
1 000
900
ISO VG 1 500
1 500
1 350
2,42
3,52
5,06
7,48
11,0
16,5
24,2
35,2
50,6
74,8
110
165
242
352
506
748
1 100
1 650
59
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06-10-02 13.28.19
Diagram 5
Estimation of the minimum kinematic viscosity n1 at operating temperature
n
Required
NN
T viscosity n1 at operating temperature, mm2/s
O
r /mi
n
E%
NN
EN
60
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06-10-02 13.28.20
Consideration of EP additives
Diagram 6
Conversion to kinematic viscosity n at reference temperature (ISO VG classification)
O
NNT viscosity n1 at operating temperature, mm2/s
Required
*4
0
7(
Operating temperature, C
$
61
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06-10-02 13.28.20
Table 4
Guideline values for factor hc for different levels of contamination
Condition
Factor hc1)
for bearings with diameter
dm 100 mm
dm < 100 mm
Extreme cleanliness
1
Particle size of the order of the lubricant film thickness
Laboratory conditions
High cleanliness
0,8 0,6
Oil filtered through an extremely fine filter
Conditions typical of bearings greased for life and sealed
0,9 0,8
Normal cleanliness
0,6 0,5
Oil filtered through a fine filter
Conditions typical of bearings greased for life and shielded
0,8 0,6
Slight contamination
0,5 0,3
Slight contamination of the lubricant
0,6 0,4
Typical contamination
0,3 0,1
Conditions typical of bearings without integral seals,
coarse filtering, wear particles and ingress from surroundings
0,4 0,2
Severe contamination
0,1 0
Bearing environment heavily contaminated and
bearing arrangement with inadequate sealing.
0,1 0
1) The scale for h refers only to typical solid contaminants. Contamination by water or other fluids detrimental to bearing life
c
is not included. In case of very heavy contamination (hc = 0), failure will be caused by wear, the useful life of the bearing can
62
6000_EN_00_03_Selection_of_beari62 62
06-10-02 13.28.21
Scale
number
2 500 000
1 300 000
2 500 000
640 000
1 300 000
320 000
640 000
160 000
320 000
80 000
160 000
40 000
80 000
20 000
40 000
10 000
20 000
5 000
10 000
2 500
5 000
1 300
2 500
640
1 300
320
640
160
320
80
160
40
80
20
40
10
20
5
10
2,5
5
1,3
2,5
0,64
1,3
0,32
0,64
0,16
0,32
0,08
0,16
0,04
0,08
0,02
0,04
0,01
0,02
0,00
0,01
> 28
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
63
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64
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Diagram 7
ISO classification and examples for particle counting
"
Scale number
Scale number
"
#
Particle size, mm
65
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06-10-02 13.28.22
ID
EN
NN
Diagram 9
Contamination factor hc for
circulating oil lubrication
solid contamination level /17/14 to ISO 4406:1999
filter rating b25 = 75
ID
EN
NN
66
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06-10-02 13.28.22
Diagram 10
Contamination factor hc for grease lubrication, extreme cleanliness
ID
EN
NN
Diagram 11
Contamination factor hc for grease lubrication, normal cleanliness
ID
EN
NN
67
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06-10-02 13.28.23
Table 6
Contamination-load ratio [hc (Pu/P)]23
Bearing
type
Radial bearings
Ball bearings
0,05
Roller bearings
0,32
Thrust bearings
Ball bearings
0,16
Roller bearings
0,79
0,04
0,23
0,56
68
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69
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where
L10m
Diagram 12
1
1
duty interval
1
1
1
7
7
7
7
7
6
6
6
6
70
6000_EN_00_03_Selection_of_beari70 70
06-10-02 13.28.24
Table 7
Dimensional stability
Stabilization class
Stabilization up to
SN
120 C
S0
150 C
S1
200 C
S2
250 C
S3
300 C
S4
350 C
71
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06-10-02 13.28.25
Specification life
Operating hours
Household machines, agricultural machines, instruments, technical equipment for medical use
Machines used for short periods or intermittently: electric hand tools, lifting tackle in workshops,
construction equipment and machines
Machines used for short periods or intermittently where high operational reliability is required:
lifts (elevators), cranes for packaged goods or slings of drums etc.
Machines for use 8 hours a day, but not always fully utilized: gear drives for general purposes,
electric motors for industrial use, rotary crushers
Machines for use 8 hours a day and fully utilized: machine tools, woodworking machines,
machines for the engineering industry, cranes for bulk materials, ventilator fans, conveyor belts,
printing equipment, separators and centrifuges
Machines for continuous 24 hour use: rolling mill gear units, medium-sized electrical
machinery, compressors, mine hoists, pumps, textile machinery
Wind energy machinery, this includes main shaft, yaw, pitching gearbox, generator bearings
Water works machinery, rotary furnaces, cable stranding machines, propulsion machinery
for ocean-going vessels
Large electric machines, power generation plant, mine pumps, mine ventilator fans, tunnel
shaft bearings for ocean-going vessels
300 3 000
3 000 8 000
8 000 12 000
10 000 25 000
20 000 30 000
40 000 50 000
30 000 100 000
60 000 100 000
> 100 000
Table 9
Guideline values of specification life for axlebox bearings and units for railway vehicles
Type of vehicle
Specification life
Millions of km
Freight wagons to UIC specification based on continuously acting maximum axle load
0,8
Mass transit vehicles: suburban trains, underground carriages, light rail and tramway vehicles
Main line passenger coaches
1,5
34
35
72
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06-10-02 13.28.25
Gear trains
With gear trains, the theoretical tooth forces
can be calculated from the power transmitted
and the design characteristics of the gear teeth.
However, there are additional dynamic forces,
produced either in the gear itself or by the input
drive or power take-off. Additional dynamic
forces in gears result from form errors of the
teeth and from unbalanced rotating compon
ents. Because of the requirements for quiet
running, gears are made to high standards of
accuracy and these forces are generally so small
that they can be neglected when making bear
ing calculations.
73
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06-10-02 13.28.25
'B
'S
74
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06-10-02 13.28.26
Diagram 13
Load averaging
'
'N
'NBY
'NJO
Diagram 14
Rotating load
'
'
Diagram 15
GN
'
' '
75
6000_EN_00_03_Selection_of_beari75 75
06-10-02 13.28.26
high reliability
quiet running (e.g. for electric motors)
vibration-free operation (e.g. for machine
tools)
constant bearing frictional moment (e.g. for
measuring apparatus and test equipment)
low starting friction under load (e.g. for
cranes).
Fig. 3
'B
'S
1
76
6000_EN_00_03_Selection_of_beari76 76
06-10-02 13.28.27
Note
When calculating P0, the maximum load that
can occur should be used and its radial and
axial components ( fig. 3) inserted in the
equation above. If a static load acts in different
directions on a bearing, the magnitude of these
components will change. In these cases, the
components of the load giving the largest value
of the equivalent static bearing load P0 should
be used.
Information and data necessary for the calcu
lation of the equivalent static bearing load can
be found in the introductory text to each product
section and in the tables.
s0 = C0/P0
C0 = s0 P0
where
C0 = basic static load rating, kN
P0 = equivalent static bearing load, kN
s0 = static safety factor
Table 10
Guideline values for the static safety factor s0
Type of operation
Rotating bearing
Non-rotating
Requirements regarding quiet running
bearing
unimportant
normal
high
Ball
Roller
Ball
Roller
Ball
Roller
Ball
Roller
bearings bearings bearings bearings bearings bearings bearings bearings
Smooth, vibration-free
0,5
1,5
0,4
0,8
Normal
0,5
1,5
3,5
0,5
1,5
2,5
1,5
77
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06-10-02 13.28.27
Calculation examples
Example 1
L10m = 1 8 169
= 1 352 millions of revolutions
q C w3
L10 =
< P z
106
L10mh = L10m
60 n
L10 = (55,3/10)3
Example 2
The SKF Explorer 6309 deep groove ball bear
ing in example 1 belongs to an existing applica
tion that was calculated some years ago using
the adjustment factor a23. This application fully
satisfied the requirements. It is requested to
recalculate the life of this bearing in terms of the
adjustment factor a23 and also of the factor aSKF
(based on the field experience of this applica
tion), i.e. aSKF = a23. Finally it is requested to
obtain the factor hc for the contamination level
in the application under the condition aSKF = a23.
With k = 2,45, using the a23 scale superimposed on the k curves for the SKF life mod
ification factor aSKF of diagram 1 on page 54,
factor a23 1,8 which can be read on the aSKF
axis. Taking into account that this application
fully satisfied the requirement, it can be safely
assumed that aSKF = a23, thus
L10mh = a23 L10h = aSKF L10h
and
L10mh = 1,8 940 = 1 690 operating hours
78
6000_EN_00_03_Selection_of_beari78 78
06-10-02 13.28.28
Example 3
An existing application has to be reviewed. An
SKF Explorer 6309-2RS1 deep groove ball
bearing with integral seals and grease filling, is
working under the same conditions as described
in example 2 (k = 2,45). The contamination con
ditions of this application have to be checked,
to determine if it is possible to reduce the costs
for a minimum requisite life of 3 000 hours of
operation.
Considering grease lubrication and integral
seals the level of contamination can be char
acterized as high cleanliness and from table 4
on page 62, hc = 0,8. With Pu/P = 0,134,
hc (Pu/P) = 0,107, using the SKF Explorer
scale in diagram 1 on page 54 and k = 2,45,
aSKF = 8.
L10mh = 8 940 = 7 520 operating hours
For a lower cost version if possible of the
same bearing arrangement an SKF Explorer
6309-2Z bearing with shields is selected.
The contamination level can be character
ized as normal cleanliness, then from table 4
on page 62, hc = 0,5. With Pu/P = 0,134,
hc (Pu/P) = 0,067, using the SKF Explorer
scale in diagram 1 on page 54 and k = 2,45,
aSKF 3,5.
L10mh = 3,5 940 = 3 290 operating hours
Conclusion: If possible, this application would be
able to take advantage of a more cost effective
solution by replacing the sealed bearing with
a shielded one.
Note that the use of the rating life based on
the a23 adjustment factor would not enable this
design evaluation. Furthermore it would not be
possible to reach the requisite life ( example
2, calculated life with the a23 adjustment factor
would only give 1 690 operating hours).
Example 4
The SKF Explorer 6309 deep groove ball bear
ing used in example 1 belongs to an existing
application that was calculated some years ago
using the adjustment factor a23. From the field,
there have been complaints of bearing failures.
It is required to evaluate the design of this bear
ing application to determine suitable steps to
increase its reliability.
First the life is determined based on the a23
factor. With k = 2,45, using the a23 scale
superimposed on the k curves for the SKF
life modification factor aSKF in diagram 1 on
page 54, a23 1,8 which can be read on the
aSKF axis.
L10mh = a23 L10h = 1,8 940
6000_EN_00_03_Selection_of_beari79 79
06-10-02 13.28.29
Example 5
The duty cycle of a sealed SKF Explorer spherical roller bearing 24026-2CS2/VT143 used in
heavy transportation equipment of a steel plant
has the operating conditions listed in the table
below.
The static load of this application is deter
mined reasonably accurately, taking into
account the inertia of the load during the load
ing operation and the occurrence of shock loads
for accidental load dropping.
It is required to verify the dynamic and static
load conditions of this application, assuming a
required L10mh operating life of 60 000 hours
and a minimum static safety factor of 1,5.
Example 5/1
Operating conditions
Duty
interval
Equivalent
dynamic load
Time
Speed
fraction
Tempera-
ture
Equivalent
static load
kN
r/min
kN
200
0,05
50
50
500
125
0,40
300
65
500
75
0,45
400
65
500
50
0,10
200
60
500
80
6000_EN_00_03_Selection_of_beari80 80
06-10-02 13.28.29
Example 5/2
Calculation values
Duty Equivalent Rated
inter- dynamic viscosity
n1
val
load
~
kN
mm2/s
Operating k1)
hc
viscosity
n
~
~
~
Basic
aSKF
rating
life
L10h
SKF
Time
rating
fraction
life
U
L10mh
Resulting
SKF
rating life
L10mh
mm2/s
1
200
120
120
1
0,8
9 136
1,2
11 050
0,05
2
125
25
60
2,3
0,8
7 295
7,8
57 260
0,40
3
75
20
60
3
0,8
30 030
43
1 318 000
0,45
4
50
36
75
2
0,8
232 040 50
11 600 000 0,10
r
s
s
f
s
s
c
84 300
81
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06-10-02 13.28.30
Orpheus
The numerical tool Orpheus enables studying
and optimizing the dynamic behaviour of noise
and vibration critical bearing applications (e.g.
electric motors, gearboxes). It can be used to
solve the complete non-linear equations of
motion of a set of bearings and their surround
ing components, including gears, shafts and
housings.
It can provide profound understanding of and
advice on the dynamic behaviour of an applica
tion, including the bearings, accounting for
form deviations (waviness) and mounting errors
(misalignment). This enables SKF engineers to
determine the most suitable bearing type and
size as well as the corresponding mounting and
preload conditions for a given application.
82
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Beast
Beast is a simulation program that enables
SKF engineers to simulate the detailed dynam
ics inside a bearing. It can be seen as a virtual
test rig performing detailed studies of forces,
moments etc. inside a bearing under virtually
any load condition. This enables the testing of
new concepts and designs in a shorter time and
with more information gained compared with
traditional physical testing.
Other programs
In addition to the above-mentioned programs,
SKF has developed dedicated computer pro
grams that enable SKF scientists to provide
customers with bearings having an optimized
bearing surface finish to extend bearing life
under severe operating conditions. These pro
grams can calculate the lubricant film thickness
in elasto-hydrodynamically lubricated contacts.
In addition, the local film thickness resulting
from the deformation of the three dimensional
surface topography inside such contacts is cal
culated in detail and the consequent reduction
of bearing fatigue life.
In order to complete the necessary capabil
ities for their tasks, SKF engineers use commer
cial packages to perform e.g. finite element or
generic system dynamics analyses. These tools
are integrated with the SKF proprietary systems
enabling a faster and more robust connection
with customer data and models.
83
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SKF Engineering
Consultancy Services
The basic information required to calculate and
design a bearing arrangement can be found in
this catalogue. But there are applications where
it is desirable to predict the expected bearing life
as accurately as possible, either because suf
ficient experience with similar bearing arrange
ments is lacking, or because economy and/or
operational reliability are of extreme import
ance. In such cases, for example, it is advisable
to consult the SKF Engineering Consultancy
Services. They provide calculations and simula
tions utilizing high-tech computer programs,
in combination with an almost one hundred
year global experience in the field of rotating
machine components.
They can provide support with the complete
SKF application know-how. The SKF application
specialists can
analyse the technical problems
suggest the appropriate system solution
select the appropriate lubrication and an opti
mized maintenance practice.
SKF Engineering Consultancy Services pro
vides a new approach to services concerning
machines and installations for OEM and endusers. Some of these service benefits are:
Faster development processes and reduced
time to market.
Reduced implementation costs by virtual
testing before production start.
Improved bearing arrangement by lowering
noise and vibration levels.
Higher power density by upgrading.
Longer service life by improving lubrication or
sealing.
84
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85
6000_EN_00_03_Selection_of_beari85 85
06-10-02 13.28.33