Force 2.10-2.12 Student

2.10 2.
11
2.10 2.11
Form 4 COPYRIGHT BY
PREPARED BY JJ MRLEON
Page 1
COPYRIGHT BY SUPER EDUCATION GROUP (JOHOR JAYA)
SUPER EDUCATION GROUP (JOH
2.10 2.11
2.10,2.11 UNDERSTANDING WORK, ENERGY AND EFFICIENCY
A Work
1.
Work is the product of applied force and displacement in the direction of the applied force.
2.
When the work is done energy is transferred from one object to another.
3.
The work done is equal to the amount of energy transferred.
4.
The SI unit for work is joule.
The formulae of work;
W : work in Joule/J
WORK = FORCE X DISPLACEMENT
F : force in Newton/N
W =Fxs
s
: displacement in
meter/m
Work done
Force and displacement in the same Force and displacement in different directions
direction
FY
FY
F
F
W = F. s
W = Work
F = Force
s = displacement
Fx
Fx
W=FX s
W = F s cos
W = work
F = force
s = displacement
= angle between force
and displacement
No work is done when:

1) The object is stationary
2) The direction of motion of the object is perpendicular to that of the applied force
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2.10 2.11
Diagram (a)
Diagram (b)
Diagrams (a) and (b) shows a boy pushing a load and a weightlifter lifting a
load of 60 kg
a) Calculate the work done
i. by the boy
W = F.s
= 20 x 2
= 40 Nm or 40 J
ii. by the weightlifter
W = F.s
= mgh
= 60 x 10 x 2
= 1200 Nm or 1200 J
2.
Azman is pulling a box with a force of 50 N at an angle of 60o from the horizontal.
Calculate the work done to move the box to a distance of 3 m.
Displacement = 3 m
Work
=
Component of force
(In the direction of displacement)
=
50 cos 60o x 3
=
25 x 3
=
75 J
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displacement
2.10 2.11
Example 1;
Force, F
Example 2;
80 N
600
s= 5m
Example 3;
Example 4;
F = 600 N
S = 0.8 m
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2.10 2.11
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2.10 2.11
Energy
1.
Energy is the potential to do work.
2.
Energy cannot be created nor be destroyed.
3.
Exist in various forms such as potential energy, kinetic energy, electrical energy, sound energy,
nuclear energy, heat and chemical energy

Energy is defined as the capacity to do work.
Work is done when energy is converted from one form to another.
The unit of work is Nm or Joule(J)
A.Work done and the change in kinetic energy

Force, F
1.
Kinetic energy is energy of an object due to its motion.
2.
Refer to the figure above,
Work = Fs
Through, v2 = u2 +2as
u=0
= mas
and, as = v2
= m ( v2)
The formulae of Kinetic energy, Ek = mv2
3.
Example
Solution :
A small car of mass 100 kg is moving along a flat road. The

resultant force on the car is 200 N.
a) What is its kinetic energy of the car after moving through 10 m?
b) What is its velocity after moving through 10 m?
Given : m = 100 kg , F = 200 N

a. Kinetic energy,
Ek = Fs
= 200 x 10= 2000 J
b. Velocity, v mv2 = 2000

v = 6.32 m s-1
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2.10 2.11
B. Work done and gravitational potential energy
h = 1.5 m
1.
Gravitational potential energy is energy of an object due to its position. (possessed by an object due
to its position in a gravitational field)

2.
Refer to the figure above

W = F s = mg h
where, F = mg
So, Gravitational energy, Ep = mgh
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2.10 2.11
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2.10 2.11
Principle of conservation of energy
the principle of conservation of energy.
1.
Energy cannot be created or destroyed but can be changed from one form to another form.
2.
Example : a thrown ball upwards will achieve a maximum height before changing its direction and falls
Maximum Potential energy
Kinetic energy decrease
potential energy decrease
and potential energy
and kinetic energy
Increase
increase
Maximum
kinetic energy
3.
Example in calculation : A coconut falls from a tree from a height of 20 m. What is the velocity of
coconut just before hitting the earth?
Given : h = 20 m, u = 0 , g = 9.8 ms -2 , v = ?
Ep = Ek
mgh = mv2
m(9.8)(20) = mv2
v2 = 392,
v = 19.8 m s-1
Power
1.
Power is the rate of doing work.
rate of energy transformation.

workdone
timetaken
Therefore,
power, P =
W
t
, so,
P=
Where, P : power in watt/W

W : work in joule/J
t : time to do work in seconds/s
2. Unit: Joule per second (J s-1) or Watt (W)

3.
A weightlifter lifts 180 kg of weights from the floor to a height of 2 m above his head in a time of 0.8 s.
What is the power generated by the weightlifter during this time?
g = 9.8 ms-2)
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2.10 2.11
Efficiency
1.
Defined as the percentage of the energy input that is transformed into useful energy.
2.
Formulae of efficiency :
Efficiency
3.
Useful energy output

100%
Energy input
Analogy of efficiency;
unwanted energy
Energy input, Einput
Energy transformation
4.
Useful energy, Eoutput
Example; An electric motor in a toy crane can lift a 0.12 kg weight through a height of 0.4 m in 5 s.
During this time, the batteries supply 0.8 J of energy to the motor. Calculate
(a) The useful of output of the motor.
(b) The efficiency of the motor
Principle of conservation of energy

Page 10
2.10 2.11
Samy releases a 2 kg metal ball from a building 40 m high (Take acceleration

Page 11
2.10 2.11
due to gravity as 10 ms-2)
Metal ball
40 meter
a) At the height of 40 m, the metal ball has (gravitational potential energy/kinetic energy)
b) Just before the metal ball hits the ground, the maximum energy that it has is (gravitational
potential energy/kinetic energy).
c) Calculate
i)
The energy of the metal ball at the height of40 m.
Egravitational = mgh
= (2) (10) (40)
= 800 J
ii)
the kinetic energy of the metal before it hits the ground.

Ekinetic
= Egravitational
= 800 J
d) What is the principle used in c ii)?

The principle of conservation of energy
5. A motor lifting a weight 1 kg to a height of 4.0 m in 4 s. The input energy supply to the motor in one
second is 20 J. Calculate
a) power of the motor
Power
=
P
work done
time taken
=
mgh
t
=
(1) (10)(4.0)
4
=
10 watt
b) the efficiency of the motor

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2.10 2.11
Efficiency
=
=
=
Useful energy output

Energy input
10 x 100%
20
50 %
x 100%
2.10
APPRECIATING THE IMPORTANCE OF MAXIMISING THE EFFICIENCY OF DEVICES
1.
During the process of transformation the input energy to the useful output energy,
some of energy transformed into unwanted forms of energy.
..
2.
The efficiency of energy converters is always less than 100%.

...
3.
The unwanted energy produced in the device goes to waste

Example of wasting the energy;
Kinetic energy
..
Input enegy
from the petrol
output
energy
Energy loss due to
Energy loss
Energy loss
Energy loss due to friction at
. .
friction in
....
as heat ..
as sound
other parts in the
..
.
....
moving parts
. . .
engine
Page 13
2.10 2.11
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2.10 2.

SUPER EDUCATION GROUP (JOH

The work done is equal to the amount of energy transferred.

The SI unit for work is joule.

The formulae of work;

WORK = FORCE X DISPLACEMENT

No work is done when:

Energy is the potential to do work.

Energy cannot be created nor be destroyed.

nuclear energy, heat and chemical energy

A.Work done and the change in kinetic energy

Kinetic energy is energy of an object due to its motion.

Refer to the figure above,

A small car of mass 100 kg is moving along a flat road. The

Given : m = 100 kg , F = 200 N

b. Velocity, v mv2 = 2000

B. Work done and gravitational potential energy

to its position in a gravitational field)

Refer to the figure above

Kinetic energy decrease

potential energy decrease

and potential energy

and kinetic energy

Power is the rate of doing work.

rate of energy transformation.

Where, P : power in watt/W

2. Unit: Joule per second (J s-1) or Watt (W)

Useful energy output

Energy input, Einput

Useful energy, Eoutput

Principle of conservation of energy

Samy releases a 2 kg metal ball from a building 40 m high (Take acceleration

the kinetic energy of the metal before it hits the ground.

d) What is the principle used in c ii)?

b) the efficiency of the motor

Useful energy output

APPRECIATING THE IMPORTANCE OF MAXIMISING THE EFFICIENCY OF DEVICES

The efficiency of energy converters is always less than 100%.

The unwanted energy produced in the device goes to waste

Energy loss due to

Energy loss due to friction at

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