Algebra -2

Algebra Products and factors - Binomial Products, Binomial products with negative multiplier
,Binomial Products (nonmonic) ,Squaring a Binomial (monic) ,Squaring a Binomial (nonmonic)
,Expansions Leading to the Difference of Two Squares ,Products in Simplification of Algebraic
Expressions ,Larger Expansions ,Highest Common Factor ,Factors by Grouping ,Difference of Two
Squares ,Common factor and the difference of two squares ,Quadratic Trinomials (monic): Case
1,Quadratic Trinomials (monic): Case 2,Quadratic Trinomials (monic): Case 3, Quadratic Trinomials
(monic): Case 4, Factorization of nonmonic quadratic trinomials, Factorization of nonmonic quadratic
trinomials: Moon method,
Sum and Difference of Two Cubes,
Simplifying algebraic fractions.
Logic - Inductive and Deductive Reasoning ,Disproof of Counter Example ,Proof by Disproof of a
Contradictory Statement , Mathematical induction ,Conditional statements (converse, inverse and
contrapositive).
Quadratic equations - Introduction to Quadratic Equations , Solving Quadratic Equations with
Factorization , Solving Quadratic Equations by Completing the Square, The Quadratic Formula
,Problem solving with quadratic equations ,Solving Simultaneous Quadratic Equations Graphically,
Probability- The Binomial Theorem and Binomial Coefficients ,Simple events ,Rolling a pair of dice
,Experimental probability, Experimental probability ,Tree diagrams: depending on previous outcomes
,The Complementary Result,
P[A or B] When A and B are NOT mutually exclusive ,Binomial
probabilities using the Binomial Theorem ,Counting techniques and ordered selections ,Unordered
selections combinations,
Matrices -Matrices: basic concepts ,Addition and Subtraction of Matrices ,Scalar matrix:
multiplication ,Multiplication of one matrix by another matrix , Translation in the number plane
,Translation by matrix multiplication ,Special Transformations: Reflections ,Rotations and
Enlargements ,Vectors , Linear systems Number of Solutions ,Vector Addition in 2 and 3D ,Optimal
Solutions ,Linear Systems with Matrices ,Row Echelon Form ,Gauss Jordan Elimination,
Graphs -Graphing complex polynomials: quadratics with no real roots ,General equation of a circle:
determine and graph the equation ,Graphing cubic curves ,Absolute Value Equations ,The Rectangular
Hyperbola ,The Exponential Function ,Logarithmic Functions .
Function -Functions and Relations: domain and range ,Function Notation ,Selecting Appropriate Domain
and Range ,Domain and Range from Graphical Representations ,Evaluating and Graphing Piecewise
Functions ,Combining Functions ,Simplifying Composite Functions ,Inverse Functions ,Graphing
Rational Functions ,Parametric Equations ,Polynomial Addition: in Combining and Simplifying
Functions, Parametric Functions,
Logarithms -Powers of 2,Equations of type log x to the base 3 = 4,Equations of type log 32 to the base x
= 5,Laws of Logarithms, Using the Log Laws to Expand Logarithmic Expressions ,Using the Log Laws
to Simplify Expressions Involving Logarithms , Using the Log Laws to Find the Logarithms of

Numbers ,Equations Involving Logarithms , Using Logarithms to Solve Equations ,Change of Base
Formula,The Graph of the Logarithmic Curve ,The Graph of the Logarithmic Curve,
Complex numbers -Complex Numbers: Adding and Subtracting , Complex Numbers: Multiplying and
Dividing ,Adding and Subtracting Complex Numbers using Vectors ,The Absolute Value of a Complex
Number ,Trigonometric Form of a Complex Number ,Multiplication and Division of Complex Numbers
in Trigonometric Form ,DeMoivres theorem ,The nth Root of Real and Complex Numbers ,Fundamental
Theorem of Algebra.
Polynomials-Introduction to polynomials ,The Sum, Difference and Product of Two Polynomials
,Polynomials and Long Division ,The Remainder Theorem ,More on Remainder Theorem,
The
factor theorem ,More on the factor theorem ,Complete factorizations using the factor theorem
,Polynomial equations ,Graphs of polynomials ,The Sum and Product of the Roots of Quadratic Equations
,The Sum and Product of the Roots of Cubic and Quartic Equations ,Methods of Approximating Roots
,Newtons Method of Approximation.,
Series and sequences-General Sequences ,Finding Tn Given Sn ,The Arithmetic Progression ,Finding the
position of a term in an A.P. ,Given two terms of A.P. find the sequence ,Arithmetic Means ,The sum to n
terms of an A.P. ,The Geometric Progression ,Finding the position of a term in a G.P., Given two terms of
G.P. find the sequence, Geometric Means, The sum to n terms of a G.P., Sigma notation, Limiting Sum
or Sum to Infinity,
Recurring Decimals and the Infinite G.P., Compound Interest ,Superannuation,
Time Payments.
Discrete Math
Propositions and Truth values Connectives, their truth values Tautology and contradiction Logical
Equivalence Standard Theorems Problems on Negation Converse, Inverse and Contrapositive of
Propositions open sentences Quantifiers Logical implications involving quantifiers Rules of
inferences.
SETS, RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS: Sets: Axiom of extension sub sets and empty set Venn
diagrams Unordered pairs and Singletons Intersections Unions complements power sets Union
and intersection of subsets Ordered pairs Cartesian product of sets. Relations: - Properties of special
binary relations - equivalence relations - ordering relations - Hasse Diagram. Functions: - Types of
functions composition of functions invertible functions . inverse of compositions ( Standard
theorems and related problems ).
MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION AND RECURCIVE RELATION :Mathematical induction
induction principle - related examples Recursive Definitions Fibonacci Sequence Eulerian numbers
Other recursive definitions Union and intersection of n sets conjunction and disjunction of nproposition well formed formulae.
MATRIX THEORY :Recapitulation of fundamentals of matrix algebra Symmetric and skewsymmetric Hermitian and skew Hermitian matrices Idempotent, Nilpotent, Orthogonal, Unitary
matrices and their properties Rank of a matrix Normal form Finding the inverse of a matrix by
elementary transformation System of linear equations and consistency - Characteristic equations
Eigen values, Eigen vectors and properties Cayley Hamilton theorem and its use in finding inverse and
powers of a matrix.
Calculus
SUCCESSIVE AND PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATIONS: Successive differentiation nth derivatives of
functions Leibnitz theorem and its applications Partial differentiation First and higher order

derivatives Differentiation of homogeneous functions Eulers theorem Total derivative and

differential Differentiation of implicit functions and composite functions-Jacobians.
DERIVATIVES OF ARCS : Polar coordinates Angle between the radius vector and the tangent
Angle of intersection of curves (polar form) Polar sub tangent and polar subnormal Perpendicular
from pole on the tangent Pedal equations Derivative of an arc in Cartesian, parameter and polar forms
Equation of a conic in polar form Convexity, concavity and curvature of plane curves Formula for
radius of curvature in Cartesian, parametric, polar and pedal forms Centre of curvature Evolutes and
involutes Envelopes Asymptotes Singular points Cusp, node and conjugate points. Tracing of
standard Cartesian and polar curves.
LIMITS, CONTINUITY AND MEAN VALUE THEOREMS: Definition of the limit of a function ( ) form Continuity Types of discontinuities Properties of continuous functions on a closed interval
Differentiability Differentiability implies continuity Converse not true Rolles theorem Lagranges
and Cauchys First Mean Value Theorems Taylors theorem (Lagranges form) Maclaurins theorem
and expansions Evaluation of limits by LHospitals rule.
INTEGRAL CALCULUS : Integral Calculus: Recapitulation of methods of integration and Definite
Integral Reduction Formulae Application of Integral Calculus Length of arcs Surface areas and
Volumes of solids of revolutions for standard curves in Cartesian and Polar forms, Improper Integrals
beta and gamma functions properties relation between beta and gamma functions.
1st ORDER Diff.Eqns:Solution of ordinary differential equations of 1storder and1st degree Variable
separable and reducible to variable separable forms Homogeneous and reducible to homogeneous forms
Linear equations and Bernoulli equations Exact equations, equations reducible to exact form with
standard integrating factors Clairauts equation singular solution for Clairauts equation. Orthogonal
trajectories.
HIGHER ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS: Second and higher order ordinary linear
differential equations with constant coefficients- Cauchy- Euler differential equations ( two variables)
with constant coefficients. Second order linear differential equations with constant coefficients. Second
order linear differential equations with variable coefficients by the following methods : (i) when a part of
complementary function is given (ii) Reducing to normal form (iii) variation of parameters and (iv)
method of undetermined co-efficient (v) by finding the first integral ( exact equation) .
INFINITE SERIES :Infinite Series: Definition of convergence, divergence and oscillation of series
properties of convergent series a series of positive terms either convergences or diverges Cauchys
criterion Statement only Geometric series. Tests of convergence of series - p series comparison
tests DAlemberts test, Raabes test, Cauchys root test Absolute and conditional convergence,
Leibnitz test for alternating series. Summation of Binomial, Exponential and Logarithmic series.
Advanced Calculus
ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY(3D) - (Lines and Planes) Direction cosines of a line Direction ratios of
the join of two points - Projection on a line Angle between the lines Area of a triangle and volume of a
tetrahedron with given vertices - Equation of line in different forms Perpendicular from a point onto a
line - Equation of a plane in different forms Perpendicular from a point onto a plane - Angle between
two planes Line of intersection of two planes Plane co-axial with given planes Planes bisecting the
angle between two planes Angle between a line and a Plane Co-Planarity of two lines Shortest
distance between two lines.
ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY(3D) - (Spheres, Cylinders & Cone) : Equation of the sphere in its
general form Determination of the centre and radius of a sphere with the given ends of a diameter
section of sphere by a plane tangent plane - orthogonal spheres - Equations of Right circular cones and
right circular cylinders Problems.
VECTOR DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS, LINE AND MULTIPLE INTEGRALS:Vector
Differentiation Gradient Divergence Curl and Laplacian Operators Vector identities - Line integral
and basic properties examples on evaluation of the integrals Definition of a double integral its

conversion to iterated integrals evaluation of double integral by change of order of integration and by
change of variables surface areas as double integrals Definition of a triple integral and evaluation
change of variables volume as a triple integral Line, surface and volume integrals of vector functions
INTEGRAL THEOREMS: Greens theorem in the plane (statement and proof) Direct consequences
of the theorem The Divergence theorem (statement only) Direct consequences of the theorem The
Stokes theorem (statement only) Direct consequences of the theorem.
Pre-Calculus
Graphs :Graphing complex polynomials: quadratics with no real roots, General equation of a circle:
determine and graph the equation,
Graphing cubic curves, Trigonometric Ratios of 30, 45 and 60
Degrees: Exact Ratios, Absolute Value Equations,
The Rectangular Hyperbola,
The
Exponential Function , Logarithmic Functions,
Function :Functions and Relations: domain and range, Function Notation, Selecting Appropriate
Domain and Range, Domain and Range from Graphical Representations, Evaluating and Graphing
Piecewise Functions, Combining Functions, Simplifying Composite Functions, Inverse Functions
,Graphing Rational Functions ,Parametric Equations ,Polynomial Addition: in Combining and
Simplifying Functions, Parametric Functions,
Polynomials-Polynomials and Long Division ,The Remainder Theorem ,More on Remainder Theorem
,The factor theorem,
More on the factor theorem ,Complete factorizations using the factor theorem,
Polynomial equations, Graphs of polynomials,
Logarithms -Powers of 2,Equations of type log x to the base 3 = 4,Equations of type log 32 to the base x
= 5,Laws of Logarithms, Using the Log Laws to Expand Logarithmic Expressions ,Using the Log Laws
to Simplify Expressions Involving Logarithms , Using the Log Laws to Find the Logarithms of
Numbers ,Equations Involving Logarithms , Using Logarithms to Solve Equations ,Change of Base
Formula,
The Graph of the Logarithmic Curve ,The Graph of the Logarithmic Curve,
Trigonometry -The Cosine Rule to find an unknown side [Case 1 SAS], The Sine Rule to find an
unknown side: Case 1, The Sine Rule: Finding a Side, The Sine Rule: Finding an Angle ,The Sine Area
Formula for a Triangle, Reciprocal Ratios ,Complementary Angle Results ,Trigonometric Identities
,Angles of Any Magnitude ,Trigonometric ratios of 0, 90, 180, 270 and 360, Graphing the
Trigonometric Ratios I: Sine Curve ,Graphing the Trigonometric Ratios II: Cosine Curve, Graphing the
Trigonometric Ratios III: Tangent Curve,
Graphing the Trigonometric Ratios IV: Reciprocal
Ratios ,Trigonometric Sum and Difference Identities ,Double Angle Identities, Half-angle Identities,
t Formulas.
Polar coordinates-Polar Coordinates Plotting and Converting, Converting Rectangular Coordinates to
Polar Form ,Graphing Polar Functions.