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4551/2 PEPERIKSAAN PERCUBAAN 2009

SULIT

F1 : Concentration of glucose / amino acid / urea /


sodium ions in the blood plasma and glomerular
filtrate are the same.

E1 : All glucose / amino acid / urea / sodium ions


enter the Bowmans capsule / nephron / are in the
glomerular filtrate

E2 : through ultrafiltration.

E3 : Able to pass through the wall of blood capillaries /


Bowmans capsule.

F2: No glucose / amino acid in the urine.

E4 : All glucose / and amino acid are reabsorbed from


the proximal convoluted tubule / nephron
E5 : by facilitated diffusion / active transport into the
(peritubular) capillaries // blood capillaries

F3 : Less sodium ions in the urine than in the blood


plasma / glomerular filtrate.

E6 : Some sodium ion have been reabsorbed from the


Nephron (by active transport into the
peritubular capillaries // blood capillaries)

F4 : No protein in the glomerular filtrate / urine.

E7 : They are large molecules.

E8 : Unable to pass through the wall of blood


capillaries / Bowmans capsule.

F5 : Very high content of urea in the urine.

E9 : Secretion of urea into the nephron at the distal


convoluted tubules

Max
10

(b) (ii)

Any ten points


Able to explain changes that might occur to the
content of the adults urine.
Sample answer:
E1 : excess glucose is found in his urine

13
E2 : glucose cannot be converted into glycogen

E3 : Excess glucose will not be reabsorbed from the


nephron // proximal convoluted tubules

4551/2 PEPERIKSAAN PERCUBAAN 2009

Biodiversi
ty is
important
for several
reasons:
F- it
provides
humans
with
necessities
of life
1
P- is a
resource
for food
/timber to
build
shelter / as
a
fuel/fi
bers
for
clothi
ng
1
F- many

SULIT

plant species are original sources of


pharmaceutical drugs/medicines.
P- New commodities, for example, new crop plants or
medicinal materials could be developed using the gene
pool from wild species in the forests.
F-Allow for biological control to maintain stable
population
P- Regulate climatic conditions, biogeochemical cycles,
prevent flooding
F- Natural ecosystems and species in the wild are
beautiful
P- there is much pleasure to be derived from unspoilt
natural environment.
F- Ecotourism
P-could provide income for some countries
Any 2F and 2P

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
4

Waste materials from households


- rich in organic matters,bacteria and microorganism
- (in oxidation pond) the sewage is decomposed by
(millions0 of aerobic bacteria (in the presence of
oxygen)
- Decomposed sewage /sludge settled to the bottom
of the pond
- Fermentation takes place at (sedimentation tanks)
- Using anaerobic bacteria
- Produce methane/carbon dioxide/minerals
- Digested sludge used as fertilisers
Any 6

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
6

8(b)

The first coloniser are the plankton and algae. These


species are usually brought in by muddy feet of birds and
other animals that visit the pond.

The phytoplankton and algae photosynthesise and provide


food for the zooplankton. When these organisms die and
decompose, there is more organic matter in the pond.
These organic matter provides nutrients for growth of
submerged plants.

Submerged plants such as Hydrilla and Elodea are now


found in the pond. They can photosynthesise and spread
rapidly by vegetative propagation.

When the submerged plants die, they sink to the bottom.


They are decomposed and the humus layer becomes
thicker. Soil is also eroded into the pond and the pond
becomes shallower.

1
1

The conditions become unsuitable for submerged plants


but more favourable for floating plants. The seeds are
usually brought in by birds and animals that use pond.
The floating plants such as Lemna, Eichornia and
Nymphaea now grow in the pond.
The floating plants cover a large area of the surface water
and reduce the amount of sunlight to submerged plants.
The submerged plants die, decompose and more humus is
formed.
As the pond becomes more shallow and fertile, the floating
plants are gradually replaced by emergent plants. Sedges,
for example, Cyperus and Fimbristylis are found on the
edge of the pond.
As more plants die and decompose, the pond becomes even
more shallow. The floating plants die and sedges and other
emergent plants spread from the edge to the middle of the
pond.
Eventually the pond is filled with soil and becomes drier.

Terrestrial herbaceous plant such as Euphorbia hirta,


Ageratum conyziodes and other grasses grow in the area.
The land becomes drier and more fertile.

The herbaceous plants are gradually replaced by shrubs


and small trees.

Eventually a terrestrial forest is formed.


1
10
TOTAL

20

QUESTION
QUESTION9 9
No

Marking Criteria

(a)

Similarities

Marks

plants and humans are exposed to stimuli from the


external environment, such as light, water,
chemical, etc.

these external stimuli stimulates automatic or


involuntary responses in plant and reflex actions in
humans,

1
2

Differences
F-rate of response
P-is slow in plants, is fast in humans

1
1

F-Duration of response
P-for plants response lasts longer if the stimulus stays
the same; it involve either a rapid response for
humans.

F-Location of response
P-for plants, a response takes place at the region just
below the shoot tip or above the root tip; for humans
response takes place in one or more specific
effectors in different parts of the body.

1
1

F-Nature of message
P- for plants it is chemical; for human it is both
chemical (hormone) and electrical

F-Type of response
P- for plants it is a growth movement caused by cell
division and cell elongation; for humans it involves
muscular contraction or secretions from glands

Any 2Fs and 2Ps


8
10

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