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Adaptation to Physical Exercise

Content
1. Emergency and long-term adaptation.
2. Adaptation mechanism.
3. Changes at the cellular level, hormonal changes.
4. The concept of resistance.

1. Emergency and long-term adaptation.

Emergency and long-term adaptation. Dramatic change in environmental

conditions that threaten the body starts its complex adaptive response. The
main regulatory system of the latter is the hypothalamic gipofizarnoadrenalovaya system, whose activities, in the end, and rebuilding
activity vegetativ GOVERNMENTAL systems of the body so that the shift of
homeostasis Ustra gether or in advance stops. This adaptive re construction
is actively involved and nervous system, especially the hypothalamic
department. In the central nervous system originate from the application of
cellular metabolism, in particular, increases the metabolism of important
biological macromolecules - RNA and proteins. After the elimination of
homeostasis, the metabolism of macromolecules in the neural structures
involved in the process of adaptation, there is still etsya changed. This is the
mechanism of adaptation: if the threat of damage homeostasis persists, it will
take place against the background of already altered, adapted to the emotional
stress metabolism of cellular structures.
Since the repeated effect of stress factors leads to adaptation, namely, based on
this exercise, the changes in the metabolism of RNA and proteins biologically
purposeful conformable and contribute to more effective development of
physiological cal adaptation. In the process of formation of adaptation to
natural Environment factor in the leading role played by the reaction of the
adrenal cortex, excited secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone. Any intense
effects on the body leads to changes in the body, it is best defined as the
adrenal glands - their weight and chemical composition or selection of content in
the blood and tissues of corticosteroid hormones and catecholamines. This
concerns mainly the formation of individual adaptations, reactions of the
organism to environmental factors.
Unusual environmental factors (in this case - the physical load) have an adverse
pleasant effect on the general state of well-being, health and human
efficiency, called extreme factor mi. For the duration of exposure to the
organism, these factors may be short-lived, the impact which the body offset
zero tolerance at the expense of existing reserves, and long, which require
adaptive adjustment of the functional systems of the person, and sometimes
even unhealthy.
When short-term effects of extreme factors on the human body to run all the
backup possibilities sion to self-preservation, and only after the liberation of
Denia body from extreme exposure occurs reconstruct ruling of
homeostasis (Fig. 1)..

Fig.1. Peculiarities of adaptation processes in short-term (A) and long (B)

extreme conditions. 1 - work on self-preservation ( "external") 2 - the rebuilding
of used structures, 3 - extreme factor.
Prolonged inadequate WHO action of extreme factors on the human functional
adjustment determined
The early introduction of recovery processes homeostasis of their strength and
prodolzhitelnos Tew.
Most of the adaptation reactions of the human body are carried out in two
stages: the initial phase of emergency, but not always perfect, adaptation, and
the subsequent phase of perfect, dol govremennoy adaptation.
Urgent stage adaptation occurs immediately after the start la the stimulus on
the body and can only be realized on the basis of previously-established
physiological mechanisms atoms. Examples of manifestations of urgent
adaptation are: the passive increase in heat production in response to cold,
increase teploot giving in response to heat, the increase in pulmonary
ventilation and minute volume of circulation in response to a lack of oxygen. At
this stage adaptation of the functioning of organs and systems occurs at the
limit of physiological functions, with almost half Noah mobilize all the
reserves, but not providing the most opti mal adaptive effect. Thus,
inexperienced person is running at close to maximum values of cardiac output
and pulmonary ventilation, with maximum mobilization of reserve glyukogena in
the liver. Biochemical processes of the organism, their speed, as this would limit
the motor response, it can be neither fast enough nor sufficiently long.
Long-term adaptation to long-term exposure to stressors occurs gradually,
resulting in long, continuous or repetitive actions on the body of environmental
factors. The main terms of long-term adaptation are after sequence and

continuity of exposure extreme factor. In essence, it develops on the basis of

multiple urgent implementation of adaptation and is characterized by the fact
that as a result of constant yannogo quantitative accumulation of changes in
the organism acquired melts new quality - from unadapted transformed into
an adaptive ort. Such adaptation to previously unattainable intensive physical
work (training), development of resistance to significant tion of high-altitude
hypoxia, which had previously been incompatible with life, the development of
resistance to cold, heat, large doses of poisons. This is the same mechanism and
qualitatively more difficult to adapt to the surrounding reality.
The action on the body weak, threshold stimuli (response training) in the central
nervous system develops WHO excitation, rapidly alternating with protective
inhibition, which reduces its excitability, reactivity vis -vis the weak stimulus.
Under the action of stimuli of moderate strength is the development of
"activation reaction" - the activation of Szczytno body systems, which,
however, is not of a nature pa tologicheskoy hyperfunction. The level of
energy exchange in this reaction less economical than the reaction of training,
but, in contrast to stress, does not lead to exhaustion. Thus, adaptation to low
and medium in strength occurs without damage to the elements and debilitating
body energy expenditure. It is mentioned in the first case (the reaction training)
- a gradual, and the second (activation reaction) - a rapid increase in resistance
of the organism.
2. Adaptation mechanism.
There are three coping mechanisms:
1.passivny way adaptation - the type of tolerance, endurance;
2.adaptivny course of action at the cellular and tissue level;
3.rezistentny way - remains relatively constant internal environment
Specific adaptive mechanisms peculiar to man, give him the opportunity to carry
a certain extent of deviation from the optimal values of factors without affecting
normal body functions. Zone quantify physical activity, deviating from the
optimum, but does not disrupt vital functions, defined as the zone rules. They
are two: the deviation in the direction of lack of exercise dosage and the side of
excess. A further shift may reduce the effectiveness of adaptive mechanisms
and even disrupt the livelihoods of the organism. At the extreme lack of stress or
an excess of isolated zones pessimum. Adapting to any factor associated with
energy. In the area of the optimum active mechanisms are not needed and
energy is spent on basic life processes, the body is in equilibrium with the
environment. When increasing the load and its output beyond the optimum
include adequate mechanisms.
Mechanisms to ensure that the adaptive nature of the overall stability of
individual functional systems (ie, increased consumption of oxygen, increasing
the intensity of metabolic processes. This is happening on the organ level:
increases the speed of blood flow, increased blood pressure, increased breathing
capacity of lungs, breathing becomes more frequent, breathing becomes more
deep) and the organism as a whole. General adaptive reactions are nonspecific,
ie, the body reacts in a similar response to the actions of different quality and
strength of stimuli (physical exercise).
3. Changes at the cellular level, hormonal changes.
Adaptive reaction of the organism and its resistance to the muscular activity.

The body retains the necessities of life relative di namic constant internal
environment, although the effect of multi gochislennyh changing external and
internal factors corre chaet reaction. That reaction - the main way of
adaptation, the adaptation of living. Each of the existing factors inherent in the
quality and quantity. The quality of the stimulus distinguishes this from many
other stimulus, determines the specificity of its action. Number of stimulus, a
measure of its biological ac ciency - the total, that is peculiar to any stimulus
and determines the direction of its nonspecific action on the organism.
Muscle load is no exception. When muscle load, as in the action of any stimulus,
the body is a series of specific changes and develops ficheskaya nonspecific
reactions associated with a quantitative measure of the load. Of course, the
notion of number, action, power, dose the carrying on of the
organism is very relative. The degree of biological activity acting tion factor is
determined not only the absolute value of this factor, but also sensitivity to his
body.
In relation to the muscular load is of particular value tion, as with exercise can
control the sensitivity sion and resistance to it. A well-trained athlete can
make such a muscle strain, which would be unbearable for the untrained.
Despite this, everyone will react differently to stress depending on changes in its
magnitude, ie, remain quantitatively-quality venous principle: the dependence
of the response of the organism from the load.
Nonspecific nature of the adaptive response of a op body naturally first
showed H. Selye, any quality, but strong stimuli evoked in the development of
an organism identical Vg symptom. Specific, special effects irritated
residents remained, but the action of any irritated telya after 6 h observed
decrease in the thymus, increase chenie adrenal glands, the presence of
ulcers and hemorrhages in the mucous membrane of the alimentary canal. In
the blood leukocytosis, lymphopenia, aneozinofiliya. Selye described the general
non specific ical adaptive response to strong stimulus - Stresa catfish
(stress reaction), and its first stage - reaction TPE vogi. In the anxiety reaction,
there are elements of damage, inhibiting ments that are one-sided abrupt
stimulation of the axis of ACTH - glucocorticoid hormones. In response to the
strong influence to mobilize rapid hb energy resources of the organism. This
Origin of comes under stress, but extremely uneconomic and destructive to
the organism through. After the anxiety reaction, a second phase of stress - the
stage of resistance. At this stage of nonspecific ficheskaya resistance of the
organism increases. If the stressor was too strong or the effect of long-term, is it
Vaeth stage of exhaustion stress. Stage of exhaustion may be at lead to
death.
For years, stress was considered the only adaptive reac tion and, together
with its negative traits, researchers are increasingly interested in the positive increasing resistance. Increasing resistance of the organism, and even nonspecific - no one disturbing factor, load and different - this is necessary in sports.
However, the increasing resistance during stress, according to Selye, at the cost
of damage and high energy expenditure.
Is there another, more benign way of increasing non specific tion resistance of
the organism?
NV Lazarev believes that such a path exists. With the help of a number of
substances called adaptogens, it is the state of nonspecifically increased

resistance (CNPC), in which the resistance of the organism grown without the
elements of damage. This other way - quality: some substances (adantogeny)
cause CNPC. Found that adaptogens and depending on the dose can cause and
CNPC, and other systems change, and large doses of adaptogens - yes same
stress. One could assume that if the evolution time wound general nonspecific adaptation reaction to strong HYDRATED stimulus, it should be the
reaction and the weaker, physiological stimuli. Our research has shown that in
addition to stress there are two general nonspecific adaptation reactions of the
organism: the weak stimuli - a response, calling the practice, on average
(intermediate between strong and weak) - a reaction called the re action
activation.
Thus, was found quantitative and qualitative pattern of general nonspecific
adaptive response: Depending on the strength, dosage and biological activity of
active factors, internal and external environment in the body develop
qualitatively different adaptive responses.
Changes in the body in the reaction activation and have character, than with
stress. Even in stage I - stage of the primary activation, instead of reducing its
resistance is increasing, instead of reducing the thymus gland - a dramatic
increase with an increase in functional activity of lymphoid elements in the
endocrine system - a harmonious and well-coordinated a moderate increase in
the secretion of thyroid hormones, sex hormones and cortical substance adrenal
mainly due to mineralocorticoids, but without reducing the level of
glucocorticoids. This is due to the predominance in the brain (particularly in the
hypothalamus, which formed adaptive response) physiological arousal with a
good functional neuronal activity Noah P glial elements. In the stage of
persistent activation, which develops in a systematic repetition of the activation
effects, increased resistance in takes persistent. The functional activity of the
central nervous system and endocrine glands is quite high, but not excessively
so. This state of the neuroendocrine regulation should create good conditions for
a pleasant muscular activity. On the same wit detelstvuet state of
peripheral receptor endings (neuromuscular endings) that provide muscle
contraction. If the stress in neuro-muscular endings of revealed nerve fibers
decreases, while the surviving nerve fibers and terminals observed a
pronounced swelling and irregular silver impregnation, the reaction in the
development of nerve fibers activated and the end of a well-found, and were
silver impregnation is mately increases. This is indicated as a high motion
gatelnaya activity and need to move, characterizing schaya reaction
activation and especially the zone of increased activation.
Reaction workout gets its name because for long-term maintenance of the body
weak first WHO actions have systematically repeated daily, fasting Foam
increasing load, ie, using the general principle of any form of exercise. This
response shows some evidence of similarities with the reaction of activation and
stress, but it describes a set of changes. In stage I-stage reaction workout ori
entirovki - thymus is not depressed, as during stress, but increased Shae
smaller than the reaction of activation (the difference is statistically significant).
Increased resistance in this stage is due to INS zheniya sensitivity: in the brain
dominates protective tor being able to. Function of sexual organs and the
thyroid gland is not suppressed, but their activity is not as high as in the
reaction ac activation energy. Secretion of glucocorticoids is increased, but not
as dramatically as during stress, secretion of mineralocorticoids as improve
on, but not as significantly as the reaction activation.

4. The concept of resistance.

Status of resistance or resistance - an adaptation to physical stress. This
condition leads to the maintenance of normal existence of the organism in the
new conditions. Under the stability of resistance is understood, the body's
resistance to external factors. Specific resistance - resistance to a particular
factor, non-specific - in relation to various factors.
When the systematic repetition of the training effects of more advanced stages
of restructuring, turning then to the stage TRETS planning, in which the
resistance of the organism more knowledge considerably enhanced by the
activity of protective systems organiz ma, primarily thymicolymphatic.
Quantitative and qualitative pattern of adaptation Nodal reactions are not
limited to a single triad (training, activation, stress). We have shown that this
triad is the only functional unit, is repeated several times with increasing dose
(strength) effects from the minimum to Smer tion, ie, at different levels
( floor) reactivity. Between the triads have a particular zone - zone
areaktnvnosti, when the stimulus appears as if not applicable.
The body has a double scale of reference force (dose, bio logical activity) of
any existing factor. One INRA LA - relative - define the nature of a developing
adaptation responses. If for a given level of reactivity of the organi nism
stimulus is weak, the reaction develops training, if the average - the activation
reaction, if strong - stress. Ab totally free value of the stimulus determines the
level at to torus develops a reaction. At the same name reactions are signs of
differences, they depend on the level of reactivity of the organi nism. First of
all, it concerns the energy of the reactions. The reactions produced by the higher
value, ie, at low levels of reactivity (high floor), require a large amount of
energy than the reaction caused by the time stimulus, small in absolute value,
ie, at high levels of reactivity (low floor). Thus, naib Leia physiological
reactions are the reactions of activation and training, developing at high levels
of reactivity of the op body naturally. For young healthy people the activation
reaction, since developing at high levels of reactivity, a physiological cal
norm.
Dosed muscle work is an excellent PTO the means for obtaining and
maintaining response activation, but at high loads, the body muscle work at low
levels exercises appropriate reactivity (high floor), which increases
endurance organism's susceptibility to physical activity, but also requires
more energy gy spending. Reactions of training and activation of high ly
this are often strained or transferred to the stress. Pro herewith our survey of
112 athletes (swimmers, boxers and hockey players) showed that, along with
intense activation, frequently observed the development of stress, especially in
predsorevnovatelnom and Competition. In these times of stress influence has
not only physical but also mental strain. In the intense reactions of training and
asset tion, especially under stress, athletes feel worse, there is irritability, lack
of confidence in itself, reduces athletic performance, frequent colds.
It is known that for a harmonious activation of neurohormonal regulation of
homeostasis and optimal level of physical activity need not cause excessive
stress and overworked Niya. However, the specific features of muscle training
requires a systematic application of large-magnitude loads. Is it possible and
how to protect against overvoltage, the development of stress? The real
possibility of such protection is caused by county in the first place that the

body reacts to discrete, rather than summarizing the action of all stimuli.
Therefore, small time stimulus act, despite the presence of the strong.
Adaptation WIDE reaction of the organism have circadian rhythm. If using a
weak stimulus to develop the necessary reaction, then it is difficult even during
the day, transfer to another, ie, in relation to adaptive reactions observed
peculiar refractoriness: the two stimuli, consistently acting on the body, the
nature of the reaction, and even the level of reactivity of the bodies nism is
determined by the first stimulus. Consequently, if a large muscle load will be
preceded by a weak holding up stvie, in healthy young body, in most cases it
should develop a reaction activating even without a special force under boron
(dose). If the selection is done on a force feedback using a simple indicator of
adaptive gravitational reactions - the ratio of various ele uniform Comrade
blood, the reaction activation can be purposefully cause and staunchly
supported. We have experienced such effects on athletes (boxers and hockey
players). As a weak dei sponding factors used in electromagnetic and
magnetic WIDE field of low intensity, stimulators of plant and animal origin
(Eleutherococcus senticosus, Pantocrinum) in small doses (in the tens or
hundreds of times less than therapeutic) and intracellular metabolic regulators
such as salts Jantar Noah acid . The use of salts of succinic acid is associated
with the established increase in the content of endogenous succinic acid in the
reaction activation. All athletes (39 man age) have been lifted out of stress
and transferred to the enduring asset tion. Feeling and mood in this rapidly
improved. Consequently, the studies established the feasibility of IP use of
physiological adaptation reactions of training and especially to increase the
activation of nonspecific resistance of the body during muscular activity.
Further study of quantitative and qualitative principles Principle of the
development of adaptive reactions in connection with the muscular activity,
we can help to identify hidden reserves and reduce energy expenditure at high
muscle loads.

References
1. VI Pirelin Adaptation to physical exercise.
2. KL Kolmagorov Adapting to sport