MT100.

22 ASSIGNMENT TWOSOLUTIONS

1.4.50 Show that

sin2 (x) cos2 (x) =

1 cos(4x)
8

Solution. Note that

1 cos(2x)
2
Multiplying these together gives
sin2 (x) =

and

cos2 (x) =

1 + cos(2x)
.
2

1 cos2 (2x)
.
4
Using the double angle formula for cosine, we see
sin2 (x) cos2 (x) =

cos(4x) = 2 cos2 (2x) 1.

Solving for cos2 (2x) and substituting, we obtain



1 1+cos(4x)
2
sin2 (x) cos2 (x) =
8
2 cos(4x) 1
=
8
1 cos(4x)
=
8
1
. Find a domain on which f is one-to-one and a formula for the inverse
1.5.10 Suppose f (x) = x+1
of f restricted to this domain. Sketch the graphs of f and f 1 .
Solution. The domain of f is all real numbers except for x = 1. Lets show that
f is one-to-one on that whole domain by showing that for x 1 and x2 in that domain, if
f (x1 ) = f (x2 ), then it must be the case that x1 = x2 .
Indeed, if f (x1 ) = f (x2 ) with x1 6= 1 and x2 6= 1 we have that
1
1
=
x1 + 1 = x 2 = 1 x 1 = x2
x1 + 1
x2 + 1
Therefore, f is one-to-one.
To find a formula for the inverse, swap x and y and solve for y:
1
1
1
x=
y+1=
y = 1
y+1
x
x

1.5.22 Show that f (x) = x+x1 is one-to-one on [1, ) and find a formula for f 1 on this domain.
What is the domain of f 1 ?
Solution. To show that f is one-to-one, we may proceed in a couple of ways, such as:
(1) Show that f (x1 ) = f (x2 ) implies that x1 = x2 . Suppose that f (x1 ) = f (x2 ). Thus
x1 +
which implies that

1
1
= x2 +
x1
x2

x21 + 1
x2 + 1
= 2
x1
x2

x21 x2 + x2 x22 x1 x1
=0
x1 x2
1

As x1 , x2 1 (they are both in the domain, which is [1, )) we may multiply through
by x1 x2 to see that
Factoring, we see that
and thus

x21 x2 + x2 x22 x1 x1 = 0

x1 (x1 x2 1) x2 (x1 x2 1) = 0

To solve, we have either

(x1 x2 )(x1 x2 1) = 0.

(x1 x2 1) = 0

or

(x1 x2 ) = 0.

The only way that the first is possible for x 1 , x2 [1, ) is if x1 = x2 = 1. The second
says that x1 = x2 . This shows that f must be one-to-one on the domain [1, ).
(2) Show that f is strictly increasing on [1, ). To do this, suppose that 1 x < y. Then
1
< 1. Therefore
1 < xy, and so xy
1 1
yx
=
< y x.
x y
xy
It follows that

1
1
< y + = f (y)
x
y
and so f is strictly increasing on [1, ), and therefore f is one-to-one on that domain.
To find a formula for f 1 , swap x and y and solve for y:
1
xy = y 2 + 1.
x=y+
y
Note that we may multiply through by y as y 1 and in particular is not zero.
Now then, we must solve y 2 xy + 1 = 0, and we may use the quadratic formula to do
so:

x x2 4
y=
.
2
To determine the inverse, we must choose either + or in the above. Indeed,

we
cannot choose, it is determined for us! For example, f (2) = 25 , and therefore f 1 52 = 2
must be the case. This demands that the inverse must be given by

x + x2 4
1
f (x) =
.
2
The domain of f 1 is [2, ).


without using a calculator.
1.5.30 Compute sin1 sin 4
3
f (x) = x +

3
Solution. Note that sin 4
3 =
2 . By the defintion of arcsine, we have that the value
must be in the fourth quadrant, and so



4
1
.
sin
=
sin
3
3

1.5.40 Simplify cos(tan 1 (x)) by referring to an appropriate triangle or trigonometric identity.

Solution. Design a triangle such that tan() = x. Then tan 1 (x) = . Using this triangle,
we may compute cos(). That is


1
cos tan1 (x) = cos() =
.
2
x +1
2

1.5.48 Compute tan(sec 1 (2)) without a calculator by referring to an appropriate triangle or

trigonometric identity.
Solution. Note that sec 1 (2) gives an angle in the second quadrant, and so tan(sec 1 (2)
must be negative. Keeping
this in mind, design a triangle so thatsec() = 2. Doing so will
1
show that tan(sec (2)) = 3 and therefore tan(sec 1 (2)) = 3.
1.6.10 Solve for x:

(b2 )x+1 = b6
Solution. As bx is exponential, it is one-to-one, unless b = 1. Thus, if (b 2 )x+1 = b6 , it
follows that the exponents must be equal. Therefore 2(x + 1) = 6 and so x + 1 = 3,
which gives that x = 4. If b = 1, however, any value of x will satisfy the equation.


1.6.18 Calculate log 25 (30) + log 25 65 without using a calculator.
Solution. Use properties of the logarithm:

 
 
5
5
= log 25 (30)
= log25 (25) = 1.
log25 (30) + log 25
6
6

1.6.30 Solve for y:

log3 (y) + 3 log 3 (y 2 ) = 14

Solution. Use the properties of the logarithm:
log3 (y) + 3 log 3 (y 2 ) = 14
log3 (y) + 6 log 3 (y) = 14
7 log 3 (y) = 14
log 3 (y) = 2
y = 32 = 9

1.6.36 According to the Gutenberg-Richter law, the number N of earthquakes worldwide of Ricter
magnitude M approximately satisfies a relation ln(N ) = 16.17 bM for some constant b.
Find b assuming that there are 800 earthquakes of magnitude M = 5 per year. How many
earthquakes of magnitude M = 7 occur per year?
Solution. Plug in N = 800, M = 5 and solve for b:
ln(800) 16.17
1.897
ln(800) = 16.17 5b b =
5
Now use b and M = 7 to estimate the number of magnitude 7 earthquakes per year:
ln(N ) = 16.17 7b

ln(N ) 2.17

N e2.17 18.