STRUCTURAL TASK TOPIC: EXTRA EMBRIYONIC MEMBRANE IN

AMPHIBIA

By :
Fatahalani Rizkika

B1K014017

Lukman Adi Nugroho

B1K014018

Dhea Rifa Rahmah Edyawati

B1K014020

Nurul Inas Tsabitah

B1K014021

STRUCTURAL TASK
ANIMAL DEVELOPMENT

MINISTRY OF RESEARCH TECHNOLOGY AND HIGHER EDUCATION

JENDERAL SOEDIRMAN UNIVERSITY
BIOLOGY FACULTY
PURWOKERTO
2015
I.
INTRODUCTION

Embryonic membranes are auxiliary organs, which have arisen partly for
protection of the embryo, the membrane or cell membrane formed simultaneously
with the development of the embryo and was instrumental in the development of the
embryo and more especially to provide for its nutrition, respiration and excretion so
the developing embryo can develop and grow well. Some of the important types of
extra embryonic membranes are: 1. Yolk sac 2. Amnion 3. Allantois and 4. Chorion.
These membranes are formed outside the embryo from the trophoblast only in
amniotes (reptiles, birds and mammals).
Amphibian means two life amphibians spend their lives in water and on land.
All amphibians begin their life in water with gills and tails. As they grow, they
develop lungs and legs for their life on land. Amphibians are cold-blooded, which
means that they are the same temperature as the air or water around them. There are
more than 4,000 different kinds of amphibians. Members of this animal class are
frogs, toads, salamanders, newts, and caecilians or blindworms.

II.

DISCUSSION
Amphibian and fish is anamniotes organism, means that they not have amnion

in their embriyonic membrane. Fish and Amphibians only have extra embryonic
membranes of the yolk sac. Yolk sac is extra embryonic membrane that formed the
earliest. The yolk sac has closely function in nutrients of the embryo and yolk
working within a fairly short time due to its function in the subsequent growth will
be continued by the allantois. The function of the yolk sac is to preventing the
embryo from drought and reduce the risk of shocks, carrying groceries, gas, and the
rest of the metabolism of other, as embryonic urine sac and lung. Egg yolks are
digested by enzymes produced by the yolk sac and the results of digestion was
brought to the embryo through the yolk sac blood vessels. The yolk sac is formed
from the covering of the vitellus by cells originating from the primitive gut. The yolk
sac stores vitellus, the main source of nutrition for non-placental embryos.

In a frog egg there is much more yolk, and the nucleus is displaced toward one
pole. The eggs of frogs contain much more cytoplasmic yolk in one hemisphere than
the other. Because yolk-rich cells divide much more slowly than those that have little
yolk, holoblastic cleavage in these eggs results in very asymmetrical blastula, with
large cells containing a lot of yolk at one pole and a concentrated mass of small cells
containing very little yolk at the other. In these blastulas, the pole that is rich in yolk
is called the vegetal pole, while the pole that is relatively poor in yolk is called the
animal pole. The fully formed yolk plug is situated on the ventral side of the gastrula
and later it comes to lie in a position, which will be the posterior side of the embryo.
This happens due to the rotation of the entire gastrula inside the vitelline membrane.

Rim of the blastopore moves over the surface of the vegetal region, the latter is
drawn inside and rotates, so that after the end of gastrulation, it comes to lie in the
ventral part of the internally newly formed cavity, the archenteron (Buchholz, 2007).

III. CONCLUSION
Extra embryonic membrane on amphibian just a yolk sac, the amphibious
embryonic process happens very quickly when compared with aves and mammals ,
so the extra embryonic membrane is very simple

REFERENCES
Buchholz, Daniel R. 2007. Nutrional Endoderm in a Direct Developing Frog: A
potential Parralel to the Evolution of the Amniote Egg. Developmental
Dynamics, 1259-1272.