Ricardo Software

Real-Time Analysis at your fingertips

WAVE-RT provides real-time, crank-angle resolved engine models for testing new engine management systems,
for both SiL and HiL analysis.

Key Features
Crank-angle resolution
In-cycle modelling of individual cylinders
Dynamic wave effects along air paths
- No tuning required to compensate for wave effects
Physically-based
- Diesel and gasoline operation
- Avoids explosion of look-up tables for MVEMs
Turbomachinery
- Fixed geometry compressors
- Fixed and variable geometry turbines

Automatically configured real-time engine model

exported from a full WAVE model using WaveBuild
- Exported C code is ANSI-standard,
MISRA-compliant
- Enables coordinated development between
analysis and controls engineers
Real-Time operation on off-the-shelf hardware
- Supported on multiple common HiL platforms

Dynamic System Control at your fingertips

WAVE contains a suite of control elements

to simulate the extensive network of control

systems required by todays engines. Applications
such as the control of wastegates, fuelling and
cylinder deactivation can all be modelled with
ease using the supplied elements. Live interaction
with a running model can be performed using
the new WAVELive input and plotting capability,
allowing instant feedback of results while
correlating or optimising a model. The elements
themselves complement WAVEs standard flow
elements and benefit from the same drag and
drop connectivity and flexibility offered by the
WaveBuild user interface.
The capability for time-step coupling with control
and dynamic simulation programs means that
WAVE can model the physical plant of a vehicle

for control system development, drive cycle

studies for fuel economy/emissions, or lap time
optimisation.

Ricardo Software

Powertrain design at your fingertips

Key Features
Canvas based, drag-and-drop creation of the
control network
Arbitrary connectivity
Extensive library of control elements
- Function element can use any math or logical
operator for custom formulae
WAVELive GUI:
- Output of sensor control signals
- Interactive input of actuator control signals
- Visualize engine response while running
Link to 3rd party packages:
- MATLAB/Simulink, EASY5

1D/3D CFD Co-Simulation at your fingertips

WAVE is capable of co-simulation with Ricardos 3D CFD code, VECTIS, or various 3rd party CFD codes (STARCD, Fluent, Fire). The WAVE3D module now takes 1D/3D co-simulation to a new level, allowing fast and
reliable setup, solution and post processing of a fully coupled 1D/3D CFD analysis. This is performed entirely from
within the WAVE environment, and without the need for a separate CFD package.
1D /3D co-simulation allows users to perform detailed analysis of 3D geometry such as exhaust collectors,
intake manifolds and catalytic converters. It also allows the simulation of complex physical phenomena including
turbulence and secondary gas mixing.

Key Features
Three-phase coupling allows easy coupling and quick
convergence of the coupled solution
Open interface allows linking to supported
commercial CFD codes or user-developed CFD tools

Fully-integrated 1D/3D CFD co-simulation with

WAVE3D
- Import complex 3D geometry in WaveMesher and
mesh for both 1D and 3D simulations
- VECTIS-based parallel CFD solver
- Automatic creation of 3D CFD mesh with local
mesh refinement and distribution
- Automatic linking of 1D/3D flow boundaries
- Automatic setup of three phase coupling: 1D
analysis, one-way coupling, and switching to full
2-way coupling
- Advanced 3D post-processing

For further information about the Ricardo range of

software products please contact us:
UK: +44 (0)1273 794444 USA: +1 (630) 789 0003
Email: rs_support@ricardo.com
www.ricardo.com/software

Delivering Value Through Innovation & Technology

www.ricardo.com

What is WAVE?
WAVE is the market-leading ISO approved, 1D engine & gas dynamics simulation software package from Ricardo

Software. It is used worldwide in industry sectors including passenger car, motorcycle, truck, locomotive, motor
sport, marine and power generation. WAVE enables performance simulations to be carried out based on virtually
any intake, combustion and exhaust system configuration, and includes a drivetrain model to allow complete vehicle
simulation.

Applications

Key Features

Engine Performance Prediction and optimisation of

the complete engine from intake to tailpipe
Acoustics and Noise Design of intake and exhaust
systems for improved noise reduction and sound
quality
Combustion and Emissions
Thermal Analysis Prediction of combustion chamber
and exhaust system component temperatures
Dynamic System Control Coupled engine control
and driveline simulation
1D/3D CFD Co-Simulation Coupled 1D/3D analysis
of intake and exhaust geometry

Advanced engine combustion sub-models

State of the art compressor and turbine physics
Comprehensive 1D and 3D aftertreatment library
including TWC, DPF, LNT, DOC and SCR sub-models
Advanced acoustic features including class-leading
meshing tools and acoustic post-processing
Rapid, consistent model construction using the dragand-drop element library, user-defined templates and
self contained components
Fast, accurate creation of high quality models
directly from 3D geometry using WaveMesher and
WaveBuild3D
Extensive results presentation and reports generation
capability using the WavePost post-processor
Graphical plotting on the fly and interactive input
control using the WAVELive interface
Distributed running over unlimited CPUs
Parallel running on multicore CPUs

Acoustics and Noise at your fingertips

WAVE is used extensively by manufacturers all over the world for the acoustic prediction of intake and

exhaust noise. Whether developing a more cost effective exhaust system or creating a tailored exhaust sound,
WAVE has unmatched capability for acoustic modelling.
WAVE allows the simulation of static and pass-by noise tests, the location of intake and exhaust resonances and,
most importantly, the simultaneous prediction of both engine performance and sound pressure level.

Key Features

Prediction of radiated intake and exhaust noise

with source interaction and flow noise effects fully
captured
Moving sources and/or microphones with accurate
Doppler shift
Add custom noise transfer functions to predict
interior noise
Full control over data acquisition and signal
processing settings
All common acoustic plots available:
- colourmaps, waterfall, order tracking, various 2D
SPL plots
- frequency resolution/range user-defined to
closely resemble plots from lab analysis systems
- order/frequency cursors aid identification of
problems
Generates audio files for sound quality assesment
with flow noise and Doppler effects

Frequency network view of system pressure nodes

and antinodes
Cross plotting of results from different models
WaveBuild3D
- Creation and fully automatic meshing of intake and
exhaust system components using a user friendly
3D solid modeler
- Library of primitive volumes, planar and duct
elements
- Direct import of shell geometry from all leading
CAD packages
WaveMesher
- Import and repair of STL geometry
- Model meshing using a range of easy to use
discretisation tools
Linear acoustics solver for quick TL predictions
within full engine models

Engine Performance
at your fingertips

Combustion and Emissions at your fingertips

WAVE is used throughout the engine design

WAVE contains advanced combustion models for both diesel and SI engines, and includes secondary models

process - from early concept studies, right through

to detailed investigations of production engines.
Whether it is improving volumetric efficiency,
designing complex boosting systems, improving
transient response or extracting the maximum
performance from a race engine, WAVE is the ideal
tool.

Key Features
Advanced diesel and SI combustion sub-models
Steady state or transient prediction capability
Actuation and control of a large range of
parameters
Map-based simulation
Built in DOE and optimisation tools
Turbocharging and supercharging
- Mapless turbo to target boost and pressureratios
- Variable or fixed geometry, internal wastegate
- Reverse-flow compressor with improved surgeline operation
- Series and parallel connection of turbos
Intercoolers and EGR coolers
- Controlled outlet temperature via effectiveness
map
- Controlled pressure drop vs. flow rate

Delivering Value Through Innovation & Technology

specifically for the study of direct injection, SI turbulent flame propagation, engine-out emissions, and knock.
In addition to in-cylinder models, WAVE also includes a suite of exhaust aftertreatment models. These allow
detailed chemical kinetic simulation of advanced emission control technologies.

Key Features
Compression ignition capabilities
- Diesel Wiebe semi-predictive combustion submodel (includes pilot injection)
- Diesel jet predictive combustion sub-model
(Hiroyasu)
- Diesel3D, CFD predictive injection/combustion
visualisation
- Multi-pulse actuatable injectors
Spark ignition capabilities
- SI Wiebe combustion sub-model
- SI turbulent flame predictive combustion submodel
- Knock sub-model
Common capabilities
- Multi-Wiebe combustion sub-model
- NOx, CO, and HC emissions formation
- Cylinder pressure heat release analysis
- Experimental heat release profiles

- Library of fuels and custom fuel generator

ethanol, hydrogen, natural gas, E85; arbitrary
blends, oxygenated fuels
- User-programmed combustion sub-model
R-CAT emissions control technology
- 1D and 3D TWC, DOC, LNT, and SCR
- 1D DPF with regeneration
- User-programmed aftertreatment kinetics submodel

Delivering Value Through Innovation & Technology