Osteoporosis and Osteomalacia

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1.

A consequence of ___ is bone fracture.

osteoporosis

2.

What is characterized by reduced bone

mass, deterioration of bone matrix, and
diminished bone architectural strength?

osteoporosis

3.

When is peak bone mass achieved by?

18 to 25 years
old

4.

When does osteoporosis occur in men and

women?

In women
after
menopause
and in men
later in life

What contributes to the development of

osteopenia without associated bone loss?

failure to
develop
optimal peak
bone mass
and low
vitamin D
levels

Early identification of at-risk teenagers and

young adults, increased calcium and
vitamin D intake, participation in regular
weight-bearing exercise, and modification
of lifestyle are _____ that decrease the risk
of fractures and associated disability later
in life.

interventions

What is secondary osteoporosis caused by?

medication or
diseases that
affect bone
metabolism

5.

6.

7.

8.

Who is more likely to have secondary

causes of osteoporosis? Why?

men; use of
corticosteroids
and excessive
alcohol intake

9.

When the drugs causing secondary causes

of osteoporosis are discontinued or the
metabolic problem is corrected, the _____
is halted but the _____ of lost bone mass
may not occur.

progression;
restoration

10.

What is the prevalence of osteoporosis in

women older than 80 years old?

50%

11.

Most residents of long-term care facilities

have low bone mineral density and are at
risk or what?

bone
fractures

12.

Older people _____dietary calcium less

efficiently and ____ it more readily through
their kidneys.

absorb;
excrete

13.

Postmenopausal women and older adults

need to consume approximately how
much CALCIUM daily?

1,200 mg

14.

Increased calcium intake may place the

patient at heightened risk for what?

renal calculi or
cardiovascular
disease

15.

What happens to the bones in

osteoporosis?

they become
progressively
porous, brittle,
and fragile

16.

Where do compression fractures most

commonly?

thoracic and
lumbar spine,
hip fractures,
and Colles
fractures of the
wrist

17.

Relaxation of the abdominal muscles,

protruding abdomen, pulmonary
insufficiency and increase risk for falls
related to balance issues are all postural
changes that relate to the development
of what?

kyphosis
(dowager's
hump)

18.

When does age related bone loss begin?

soon after the

peak bone mass
is achieved

19.

What genetic predispositions lead to

low bone mass?

Caucasian or
Asian; female;
family history;
small frame

20.

What age risk factors lead to

osteoporosis?

postmenopause;
advanced age;
low testosterone
in men;
decreased
calcitonin

21.

What nutrition risk factors lead to

osteoporosis?

low calcium
intake, low
vitamin D intake,
high phosphate
intake,
inadequate
allergies

22.

Leading a sedentary lifestyle, lack of

weight-bearing exercise and low weight
and BMI are ____ risk factors for
osteoporosis.

physical exercise

23.

What are some lifestyle choice that

could lead to osteoporosis?

caffeine, alcohol,
smoking, lack of
exposure to
sunlight

24.

What medications can

lead to osteoporosis?

corticosteroids, anti-seizure
medications, heparin, thyroid
hormone

25.

Which co-morbid
diseases exist with
osteoporosis?

anorexia nervosa,
hyperthyroidism, malabsorption
syndrome, kidney failure

26.

Why are patients who

had bariatric surgery at
risk for osteoporosis?

the duodenum is bypassed, which

is the primary site for absorption
of calcium

27.

Which exercises are

most beneficial in
developing and
maintaining bone
mass?

resistance and impact exercises

28.

Why are overweight

individuals at risk for
osteoporosis?

less active, don't consume key

nutrients, immobility

29.

When can osteoporosis

be seen on an x-ray?

when there has been 25-40%

demineralization

30.

What foods are high in

vitamin D?

skim vitamin D fortified milk,

cheese, dairy products, steamed
broccoli, canned salmon with
bones, calcium fortified orange
juice

31.

How much time should

be spent each day doing
aerobic, bone-stressing
exercises?

20-30 min

32.

What does regular

weight-bearing exercise
improve?

bone formation, balance

33.

What are the first-line

medications used to
treat and prevent
osteoporosis?

calcium and vitamin D

supplements; biophosphates

34.

What should vitamin D

and calcium be taken
with to ensure
adequate calcium
intake?

meals or with a beverage high in

vitamin C

35.

What is the common

side effects of calcium
supplements?

constipation and abdominal

distension

36.

Which bones do
bisphosphonates
prevent fractures of?

vertebral bone

37.

Bisophonates increase
bone mass and decrease
bone loss by inhibiting
____ function.

osteoclast

38.

GI symptoms such as
dyspepsia, nausea,
flatulence, diarrhea, and
constipation are side
effects of ____.

Bisphosponates

39.

Dual-energy x-ray
absorptiometry (DEXA)
shows the _____ of the spine
and hips

Bone mass density (BMD)

40.

What patients are

recommended to receive a
DEXA?

all women over 65,

postmenopausal women over
50 with risk factors, all other
fractures thought to be from
osteoporosis