Midterm Exam 1
Name
Fall Semester 2001
2.
In the human body, toxicological processes ultimately take place at which level?
A. cell B. tissue C. organ D. organ system E. the whole organism
3.
Which type of toxicologist is concerned with the use of toxicants by the public and in the
workplace?
A. descriptive toxicologist B. mechanistic toxicologist C. regulatory toxicologist
4.
5.
The statement, "All substances are poisons; there is none which is not a poison. Only the
dose determines that a thing is not a poison" , is attributed to which of the following?
A. Hippocrates B. Theophrastus C. Mithridates D. Paracelsus E. Catherine
DiMedici
6.
7.
A substance that is being tested for toxicity is injected intramuscularly mixed with peanut
oil. The term vehicle in this case refers to:
A. the syringe used B. the needle type used C. the manner in which the substance was
transported to the lab D. the peanut oil E. none of the above
For the following (8-12) select the most appropriate answer in column B for each item in
column A below.
Column A
Column B
8.
acute toxicity
9.
systemic toxicity
10.
local toxicity
11.
delayed toxicity
12.
reversible toxic effect E. the appearance of cancerous tumors 25-30 years after
exposure to a toxin.
13.
The sigmoid (s) dose response curve for a toxicant indicates a threshold dose below which
no effects are observed. A threshold occurs because of
A. saturation of biotransformation pathways. B. saturation of protein binding sites.
C. saturation of receptor sites. D. depletion of cofactors. E. All of the above are possible
reasons.
1
14.
15.
The sigmoid (s) dose response curve is usually converted into a probit probability
presentation. Each probit unit of the transformed data represents
A. 50% of the population B. 99.7% of the population. C. one standard deviation.
D. two standard deviations. E. the LD50 value obtained from the plot.
16.
17.
A contaminant in the local drinking water is at a concentration of 0.2 mg/ml. What will be
the average daily dose (mg/kg) of the contaminant for a mouse. Mouse water consumption
per day is 5 ml and the mouse weight is 30 grams.
A. 6.66 mg/kg B. 33.33 mg/kg C. 0.033 mg/mouse D. 6.55 mg/ml E. 0.66 mg
For the following (18-21) match the item in column B with the item in column A.
Column A
Column B
18.
Additive effects
19.
Potentiation effects
20.
Antagonistic effects
21.
Synergistic effects
22.
23.
For a gas with a high solubility in plasma, absorption in the lungs depends more on
respiration rate than on pulmonary blood flow.
A. True
B. False
24.
Chemicals are more readily absorbed through the skin or GI tract if they are
A. polar compounds B. ionic compounds C. lipid soluble D. non-ionic, neutral
compounds E. both (C) and (D)
25.
26.
With respect to excretion of toxic substances which of the following is the correct order of
importance of the three major routes?
A. fecal>lung>kidney B. lung>fecal>kidney C. fecal>kidney>lung
D. kidney>fecal>lung
27.
Which of the following processes or interactions would interfere with the delivery of the
ultimate toxicant to its target site (intracellular molecule) where it produces the toxic
effect?
A. increased porosity of capillaries B. reabsorption C. specialized membrane
transporters D. activation of the toxicant (toxication) E. excretion
28.
29.
30.
31.
Class B substances that are excreted by the liver have a bile to plasma concentration ratio
that is greater than 1. These substances are probably
A. excreted by passive processes if they are lipophilic. B. actively transported by the
hepatocytes. C. reabsorbed in the bile ducts. D. not excreted rapidly.
32.
Which of the following would enhance the absorption of a toxicant through the various
skin layers.
A. hydrophilicity B. lipophilicity C. active transport mechanisms D. hydration of the
skin E. Both (B) and (D)
33.
34
The most important contributing source for excretion of toxicants via the fecal route is
A. intestinal secretion. B. exfoliation of intestinal cells. C. biliary excretion.
D. pancreatic excretion. E. none of the above.
35.
E. All of these
Part II Short essay. You must answer questions 36 and 37 and choose one more from the
remaining three. Ten points each.
36.
It is found that a toxin is more toxic when it is given in one large dose than when it is
administered in small doses given at 6-8 hour intervals. It takes a larger total dose to
produce the same effect when it is given in small increments than when the toxin is given
as one large dose. Give at least three reasons to explain this phenomenon.
37.
Repair is an important process that may ultimately determine whether or not a chemical
will manifest toxicity. Describe briefly the three levels of repair and give an example of
each.
38.
Discuss four major anatomic and physiological properties that are responsible for the
"blood brain barrier" in the central nervous system.
39.
Explain what an LD50 or ED50 is. Why are these values used to compare toxic responses of
organisms to chemicals instead of lower or higher values?
40.
Describe four potential storage depots for toxicants. Provide an example of a storage
mechanism or a type of toxicant that is stored in each depot.