Statistic and Probability

Analytical Method For Engineer
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Assalammualaikumwarahmatullahhiwabarakatuh.....
Alhamdulillah, thanks’ to the mighty God Allah S.W.T because with his bless
and his will, finally I have manage to finish this Analytical method for
engineers Assignments. This assignment to me is hard to finish it without a
guide and some note for me to refer from my beloved lecturer Pn. Siti
Fatimah Che Nyat. From the assignments that have been given to me under
the topic of statistic and probability, there’s are a few many thing that a bit
high or more to say a bit deeper in learning this Topic example like in doing
calculation using a new formula and method like represent data on a scatter
diagram and identify it’s correlation, obtain the equation of the regression
line that best fit a data also calculate the probability of mean and standards
deviation of binomial, Poisson and normal distribution and not like before
when I’m in foundation class. So, this is a new lesson for me and I must keep
this lesson as a useful knowledge for me and maybe someday I may need to
use again this knowledge. For me, the study of statistic is important in order
to make sensible conclusions or decisions from the statistical data collected
and also to separate facts from distortion. Lastly, thank you so much to they
who always supported me since from the beginning until to the end.
ASSINGMENT (TASK 3)
Based on the given task for a, b and c,
Data Value of 40 measured Resistance of each Resistor to the nearest in (KΩ):
Mohd nurul izwan bin mohamad EEE 10910 Page 1

13.7 13.8 12.9 13.11 12.7 11.6 13.6 12.6 12.8 13.7
13.5 12.8 13.0 13.8 12.1 13.8 12.7 13.2 12.2 12.7
12.0 13.4 13.4 13.1 11.9 13.3 13.3 12.6 11.8 12.2
12.7 13.1 12.4 12.2 12.3 12.9 12.6 12.8 12.6 12.7
Smallest value = 11.6 class interval = 13.85 – 11.55

5
Biggest value = 13.85
Class interval 0.5 starting from 11.5 (KΩ) to form frequency distribution table like
below.
Frequency Distributions Table for measured Resistance of resistor in bands of

5 Ω:
Resistance Mid. Point Frequency
X(KΩ) Xm f
11.5 - 11.9 11.7 3
12.0 - 12.4 12.2 7
12.5 - 12.9 12.7 14
13.0 - 13.4 13.2 9
13.5 - 13.9 13.7 7
∑ f= 40
Histogram and Frequency Polygon

Below is showing Histogram and Frequency Polygin Graph based on the
frequency distribution table

Mean, Median and Mode
Resistance Mid – Point Frequency Cumulative

f Xm
x (KΩ) Xm f Frequency
f c
11.5 – 11.9 11.7 3 35.1 3
12.0 – 12.4 12.2 7 85.4 10
12.5 – 12.9 12.7 14 177.8 24
13.0 – 13.4 13.2 9 118.8 33
13.5 – 13.9 13.7 7 95.9 40
∑ f = 40 ∑ f Xm = 513
From the frequency distribution table above:
i. Mean, ¯
x:
∑ f Xm∑ f : 51340 = 12.285
ii. Median: L + 12N - Ffm

C
Median = 12.45 + 12(40) - 1014

0.
5

= 12.807
F: the cumulative frequency before the median class
Mean, Median and Mode
Mode: L + ll + u
C
L: the lower boundary of the modal class
l : the different in frequency on the lower boundary
: the difference in frequency on the upper boundary

C: the class interval of the modal class
Mode = 12.45 + 77+5

0.5
Mode = 12.74

Standard Deviation and Variance
Resistance Mid – Frequency Cumulative

Point f Xm f Xm²
x (KΩ) f Frequency Xm²
Xm
f c
11.5 – 11.9 11.7 3 35.1 3 136.89 410.67
12.0 – 12.4 12.2 7 85.4 10 148.84 1041.88
12.5 – 12.9 12.7 14 177.8 24 161.29 2258.06
13.0 – 13.4 13.2 9 118.8 33 174.24 1568.16
13.5 – 13.9 13.7 7 95.9 40 187.69 1313.83
∑ f = 40 ∑ f Xm ∑ f Xm² =
= 513 6592.6
Variance, σ² : ∑ fXm∑ f - ∑ fXm∑ f
Variance, σ² = 6592.640 - 6592.640

Variance, σ² = 164.815 – 164.48
Variance, σ² = 0.334
Standard Deviation and Variance
Standard deviation, σ = ∑ fXm∑ f - ∑ fXm∑ f 2
Standard deviation, σ = 0.334
Standard deviation, σ = 0.5779
Comment
From all the value that I get when I’m doing this calculation using statistic method on a 40
resistor, the result is all the figures within required the limits. When I see on the value that
I get from the calculation of mean = 12.285, median = 12.087 and mode = 12.740 also for
standard deviation = 0.5779, its clear show that the resistance values from the smallest =
11.86 to the highest = 13.85 is in range and required the limits because of probably the
value of standard deviation = 0.5779. The value of standard deviation shows that the

resistance value from this data is really in range and required the limits. This calculation
is important in order to make sensible conclusions or decisions from the statistical data
collected and also to separate fact from distortion.
ASSINGMENT (TASK 4)
In an experience to verify Ohm’s Law, the voltage and current acting on a resistor was
measured and the following result obtained (V = IR).
I 0 0.19 0.42 0.62 0.75 0.92
V 0 2 4 6 8 10
Scatter Diagram
The suggestion from the scatter diagram is shows that there is a positive linear
correlation between Current and Voltage.
Correlation Coefficient
I V IV I² V²

0 0 0 0 0
0.19 2 0.35 0.0361 4
0.42 4 1.68 0.1764 16
0.62 6 3.72 0.3844 36
0.75 8 6 0.5625 64
0.92 10 9.2 0.8464 100
∑I = 2.9 ∑V = 30 ∑IV = 20.96 ∑I² = 2.0058 ∑V² = 220
Correlation linear, r: IV – I Vn I2- I²n V2- V²n
Correlation linear, r = 20.96- 876 2.0058-1.4017 220-150
Correlation linear, r = 6.466.50
Correlation linear, r = 0.9938
Equation for Regression Line of Current against Voltage
(V = IR)

I 0 0.19 0.42 0.62 0.75 0.92
V 0 2 4 6 8 10
I V IV I² V²
0 0 0 0 0
0.19 2 0.35 0.0361 4
0.42 4 1.68 0.1764 16
0.62 6 3.72 0.3844 36
0.75 8 6 0.5625 64
0.92 10 9.2 0.8464 100
∑I = 2.93 ∑V = 30 ∑IV = 20.96 ∑I² = 2.0058 ∑V² = 220
Current, I: dependent variable
Voltage, V: independent variable
N=6
Formula to obtain regression line equation for current against voltage
I = bo + b1v

Use equation below to obtain values of bo and b1
∑I = bo N + b1 ∑v
IV = bo ∑v + b1 ∑v²
________________________________________________________________
∑I = bo N + b1 ∑v
2.93 = 6 bo + 30 b1 1
IV = bo ∑v + b1 ∑v²
20.96 = 30 bo + 220 b1 2
30 x (1):
87.9 = 180 bo + 900 b1 3
6 x (2):
125.76 = 180 bo + 1320 b1 4
4-3 :
37.86 = 420 b1 2.93 = 6 bo + 30 (0.0901)
b1 = 0.0901 6 bo = 2.93 – 2.703
bo = 0.2276 = 0.0378

The equation of the regression line of current against voltage is:
I = 0.0378 + 0.0901 V
The expected voltage when current 1.2 A
I = 0.0378 + 0.0901 V
I = 1.2 A
1.2 = 0.0378 + 0.0901 V
0.0901 V = 1.1622
V = 12.89

ASSINGMENT (TASK 5)
The burning time x of an experimental rocket is a random variable having (approximately)
A normal distribution with mean 600 s and standard deviation 25 s. find the probability
For:
Formula: z = x- μσ μ=600s σ=25
a) Less than 550
-
2
P (X ≤ 550) x = 550
P Z ≤ 550 - 60025
P (Z ≤ -2)
P = 0.5 – 0.4772
= 0.0228

Note* the value of 0.4772 is obtain from the Table VIII

(Areas of a Standard Normal Distribution) when we obtain the value of -2 from the
Calculation above
Formula: z = x- μσ μ=600s σ=25
b) More than 640 s
1.
6
P (X ≥ 640) x = 640
P Z ≥ 640 - 60025
P (Z ≥ 1.6)
P = 0.5 – 0.4452

= 0.0548
Note* the value of 0.4452 is obtain from the Table VIII

(Areas of a Standard Normal Distribution) when we obtain the value of 1.6 from the
Calculation above
c) Make a 90% confidence interval for the mean of the burning time
(Given n = 4)
Standard value table for confidence interval
Confidence interval σ2 Z value
90% ± 1.645
0.102 = 0.05
95% ± 1.960
0.052 = 0.025
99% ± 2.580
0.012 = 0.005

μ=600s σ=25
Use formula = μ= x ± z σ2 σN
90% confidence interval value for Z = ± 1.645
μ = 600 ± 1.645254
μ = 600 ± 20.56
= 620.56, 579.44
References
• Note given by lecturer
• Probability & statistic for engineers (5th series)
By Jay L. Devore
• Modern Engineering mathematics (2nd edition)
By Addison_wisley
• Introduction to Engineering math’s
By Anthony Croft, Robert Davison, Martin Harg Reaves.

• Statistic for the Engineers’
William mendehall & sinciut

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Analytical Method For Engineer

Based on the given task for a, b and c,

Data Value of 40 measured Resistance of each Resistor to the nearest in (KΩ):

Mohd nurul izwan bin mohamad EEE 10910 Page 1

Smallest value = 11.6 class interval = 13.85 – 11.55

Frequency Distributions Table for measured Resistance of resistor in bands of

Resistance Mid. Point Frequency

11.5 - 11.9 11.7 3

12.0 - 12.4 12.2 7

12.5 - 12.9 12.7 14

13.0 - 13.4 13.2 9

13.5 - 13.9 13.7 7

Histogram and Frequency Polygon

Mohd nurul izwan bin mohamad EEE 10910 Page 2

Mean, Median and Mode

Resistance Mid – Point Frequency Cumulative

11.5 – 11.9 11.7 3 35.1 3

12.0 – 12.4 12.2 7 85.4 10

12.5 – 12.9 12.7 14 177.8 24

13.0 – 13.4 13.2 9 118.8 33

13.5 – 13.9 13.7 7 95.9 40

From the frequency distribution table above:

∑ f Xm∑ f : 51340 = 12.285

ii. Median: L + 12N - Ffm

Median = 12.45 + 12(40) - 1014

Mohd nurul izwan bin mohamad EEE 10910 Page 3

F: the cumulative frequency before the median class

Mean, Median and Mode

L: the lower boundary of the modal class

l : the different in frequency on the lower boundary

: the difference in frequency on the upper boundary

Mode = 12.45 + 77+5

Mohd nurul izwan bin mohamad EEE 10910 Page 4

Standard Deviation and Variance

Resistance Mid – Frequency Cumulative

11.5 – 11.9 11.7 3 35.1 3 136.89 410.67

12.0 – 12.4 12.2 7 85.4 10 148.84 1041.88

12.5 – 12.9 12.7 14 177.8 24 161.29 2258.06

13.0 – 13.4 13.2 9 118.8 33 174.24 1568.16

13.5 – 13.9 13.7 7 95.9 40 187.69 1313.83

Variance, σ² : ∑ fXm∑ f - ∑ fXm∑ f

Variance, σ² = 6592.640 - 6592.640

Mohd nurul izwan bin mohamad EEE 10910 Page 5

Variance, σ² = 164.815 – 164.48

Standard Deviation and Variance

Standard deviation, σ = ∑ fXm∑ f - ∑ fXm∑ f 2

Standard deviation, σ = 0.334

Standard deviation, σ = 0.5779

Mohd nurul izwan bin mohamad EEE 10910 Page 6

collected and also to separate fact from distortion.

I 0 0.19 0.42 0.62 0.75 0.92

Mohd nurul izwan bin mohamad EEE 10910 Page 7

0.19 2 0.35 0.0361 4

0.42 4 1.68 0.1764 16

0.62 6 3.72 0.3844 36

0.92 10 9.2 0.8464 100

∑I = 2.9 ∑V = 30 ∑IV = 20.96 ∑I² = 2.0058 ∑V² = 220

Correlation linear, r: IV – I Vn I2- I²n V2- V²n

Correlation linear, r = 20.96- 876 2.0058-1.4017 220-150

Correlation linear, r = 6.466.50

Correlation linear, r = 0.9938

Equation for Regression Line of Current against Voltage