OSI Layers

ISO-OSI
 ISO-International Standards Organisation
 Multinational body dedicated to worldwide agreement
on international standards
 An ISO standard that covers all aspects of network
communication is the OSI
 OSI-Open System Interconnection
 OSI is a model and not a protocol
 Vendor specific protocols close off communication
between unrelated systems
 OSI model is to open communication between different
systems without requiring changes to the logic of the
underlying hardware and software
Layered Communication
Person-A ← I like rabbits Person-B
(English) → J’aime les lapins (French)

Translator-A
← Ik hou van konijnen Translator-B
(English-Dutch) (French-Dutch)
→ Ik hou van konijnen

Secretary-A
← Ik hou van konijnen Secretary-A
(FAX) (FAX)
→ Ik hou van konijnen

FAX
Layered Communication
 Each layer has a distinct identity and a specific set
of functions so that any change in the
implementation does not affect other layers.
 Each layer has an active element to carry out the
layer functions
 Each layer provides certain services to the next
higher layer which uses these services to carry out
its assigned functions.
 Layers must follow some meaningful sequence
 Number of layers should be minimum as the each
added layer adds to the cost and delay
OSI Layers
 The OSI model is built of seven ordered
layers:
 Layer-1: Physical
Application
 Layer-2: Data Link Presentation
 Layer-3: Network Session
Transport
 Layer-4: Transport Network
 Layer-5: Session Data Link
 Layer-6: Presentation Physical

 Layer-7: Application
OSI Layers
 The seven layers can be thought of as
belonging to three sub groups
 Network Support Layers (Layers 1-3)
 Deal with the physical aspects of moving data from
one device to another
 User Support Layers (Layers 5-7)
 Allow interoperability among unrelated software
systems
 Layer-4 ensures end to end reliable data
transmission
OSI Layers
End System
Application
User Support Layers Presentation
Session Network Support Layers
Transport
Network Network Network Network
Data Link Data Link Data Link Data Link
Physical Physical Physical Physical

PSPDN PSTN Dedicated CSPDN

Hierarchical communication.
 Within a single machine, each layer calls
upon the services of the layer just below it
 The passing of data and network information
is made possible by an interface between
each pair of adjacent layers
 The messages exchanged between the
adjacent layers, to obtain the required
services, are called Interface Control
Information (ICI)
Peer-to-Peer communication
 Between machines, layer-n on one machine
communicates with layer-n on another machine
 This communication is governed by an agreed-upon
series of rules and conventions called protocols
 The processes on each machine that communicates
at a given layer are called peer-to-peer processes
 At the physical layer, communication is direct
 At higher layers, communication moves down
through the layers on the transmitting machine and
back up through the layers at receiving machine
Hierarchical & Peer-to-Peer Communications

Hierarchical

N+1-Layer PCI N+1-Layer

Interface Interface
N-Layer Peer-to-Peer N-Layer
ICI

InterfaceControl Information (ICI)

Protocol Control Information (PCI)
Data Units in the OSI Model
(N+1)-PDU
(N+1)-PCI (N+1)-SDU

(N)-ICI
(N+1)-Layer (N)-IDU
(N+1)-PCI (N+1)-SDU (N)-ICI
(N)-Layer
(N)-ICI
(N)-SDU
(N+1)-PCI (N+1)-SDU

(N)-PCI
(N)-PDU
(N)-PCI (N+1)-PCI (N+1)-SDU
Data Units
 Protocol Control Information (PCI)
 (N)-PCI is the protocol control information
exchanged between the (N)-entities to
coordinate their functions
 Service Data Units (SDU)
 (N)-SDU is the data unit transferred between
the ends of a (N)-connection whose identity is
preserved during the transfer
 Protocol Data Unit (PDU)
 (N)-PDU is the combination of (N)-PCI and
(N)-SDU
Data Units
 Interface Control Information (ICI)
 (N)-ICI is the information exchanged between
(N+1)-entity and (N)-entity to coordinate their
functions
 Interface Data Unit (IDU)
 (N)-IDU is the total data unit transferred across
the SAP between (N+1)-entity and (N)-entity
OSI Layers
7-Application 7-Application
Link Intermediate Link
7-6 Interface 7-6 Interface
Node
6-Presentation 6-Presentation
6-5 Interface 6-5 Interface

5-Session 5-Session
5-4 Interface 5-4 Interface

4-Transport 4-Transport
4-3 Interface 4-3 Interface

3-Network 3-Network 3-Network

3-2 Interface 3-2 Interface 3-2 Interface

2-Data Link 2-Data Link 2-Data Link

2-1 Interface 2-1 Interface 2-1 Interface

1-Physical 1-Physical 1-Physical

Layer-1(Physical)
 First of three network support layers
 Concerned with physical transmission of data
A
bits and ensures that a bit entering at one end of
P
the transmission media reaches the other end
S  Deals with the mechanical and electrical
T specifications of the interface and transmission
N medium e.g. Optical, coax, RF, twisted pair etc.
D  Defines the type of encoding i.e. how 0s and 1s
P are changed to signals
 Defines data rate / transmission rate i.e. defines
the duration of a bit
Layer-1(Physical)
 Responsible for synchronisation of sender
A and the receiver clocks
P
 Concerned with the connection of the
S devices to the medium
T
 Point-to-point configuration
N
 Multipoint configuration
D
 Physical topology
P
 Mesh; Star; Ring; Bus
 Transmission Mode
 Simplex; Half-Duplex; Full-Duplex
Layer-1(Physical)
From Data Link Layer To Data Link Layer
L2 Data L2 Data

L1 -1010100000 Physical Layer L1 -1010100000

Transmission Medium
Layer-2 (Data Link)
 Second of three network support layers
 Divides the bit stream received from network
A layer into manageable data units called frames
P  Transforms the physical layer to a reliable link
S by adding mechanism to detect and retransmit
T damaged frames
N  Responsible for physical addressing of the
D devices
P
 Responsible for link-by-link flow control and
error free delivery of data
 Responsible for Media Access Control
Layer-2 (Data Link)
From Network Layer To Network Layer

L3 Data L3 Data

T2 H2 Data Link T2 H2
Layer

L1- 00101111000001 L1- 00101111000001

To Physical Layer From Physical Layer
Layer-3 (Network)
 Last of the three network support layers
A
 Responsible for Source-to-Destination
P
delivery of individual packets across
S multiple links
T
 If two systems are connected to the same
N link there is usually no need for a network
D layer
P  Responsible for the unique logical
addressing of the sender and the receiver
 Responsible for routing of packets
Layer-3(Network)
From Transport Layer To Transport Layer

L4 Data L4 Data

H3 Network Layer H3

L3 Data L3 Data
To Data Link Layer From Data Link Layer
Layer-4 (Transport)
 Responsible for Source-to-Destination
delivery of the entire message
A  Uses service-point address (port address)
P for end-to-end delivery
S  Network layer gets each packet to correct
T computer, transport layer gets the entire
N message to the correct process
D  Responsible for segmenting a message
P into transmittable segments
 At the destination the message is correctly
reassembled
Segmentation and Reassembly
From Session Layer To Session Layer

L5 Data L5 Data

H4 H4 Transport Layer H4 H4

L3Data L3Data

L3Data L3Data
To Network Layer From Network Layer
Layer-4 (Transport)
 Utilises network layer to ensure reliable,
sequenced data exchange
A  Transport layer can be connectionless or
P connection oriented
S  A connectionless transport layer treats each
T segment as an independent packet
 A connection oriented transport layer makes
N
a connection with the transport layer at the
D destination machine before delivering the
P packets
 After all the data is transmitted, the
connection is terminated
Layer-4 (Transport)
 Responsible for end-to-end flow control
of data
A
 Responsible for end-to-end error control
P
of data
S
 Error correction is usually achieved through
T
retransmission
N
D
P
Layer-5(Session)
 First of the three user support layers
 It is the network dialog controller
A  It establishes, maintains, and synchronises
P the interaction between communicating
S systems
T  It allows the communication between two
N processes to take place either in half-
D duplex or full-duplex
P  Allows a process to add checkpoints
(synchronisation points) into a stream of
data
Layer-5(Session)
From Presentation Layer To Presentation Layer

L6 Data L6 Data

Session
H5 Layer H5

SYN

L5 Data L5 Data
To Transport Layer From Transport Layer
Layer-6 (Presentation)
 Second of the three user support layers
 Concerned with the syntax and semantics
A
of the information exchanged between
P
two systems
S  At sender end, changes the information
T from sender dependent format into a
N common format
D  At the receiving end, changes the
P information from common format into its
receiver dependent format
Layer-6 (Presentation)
 Responsible for encryption and decryption
A of sensitive information
P
 Responsible for data compression of the
S data to be transmitted
T
N
D
P
Layer-6(Presentation)
From Application Layer To Application Layer

L7 Data Encoded, Encrypted L7 Data

and Compressed data

H6 Presentation H6
Layer

L6 Data L6 Data
To Session Layer Decoded, Decrypted and From Session Layer
Decompressed data
Layer-7(Application)
 Top of the three user support layers
A
 Enables the user, human or software, to
P
access the network
S
 It provides user interfaces and support for
T services e.g. electronic mail, remote file
N access and transfer, shared database
D management and other types of distributed
P information services
 No headers or trailers are added by this
layer
MTP:MESSAGE TRANSFER PART:
• RESPONSIBLE FOR TRANFERING MESSAGE
• TAKING MESSAGE FROM ONE NETWORK TO ANOTHER NETWORK
• CONSIST OF THREE LAYERS

TELEPHONE USER PART

RESPONSIBLE FOR CALL STTING, CALL SUPERVISING,CLEARING

ITU ALLOWED THE VARIATION IN ONE MESSAGES DEPENDENT UPON

COUNTRY TO COUNTRY THAT IS KNOWN AS NATIONAL USER
PART NUP
ON ACCOUNT OF INTRODUCTION OF ISDN SOME EXTRA SET OF
MESSAGES ARE REQUIRED THAT IS KNOWN AS A ISUP THAT IS
HEPING FOR SETTING OF CALL
SCCP

SIGNALLING CONNECTION AND CINTROL PART

AS THE SIGNALLING REACH THROUGH DIFFERENT PART.

DUE TO THIS SEQUENCE OF ORDER OF MESSAGE AT
RECEIVING END MAY DIFFER HENCE THERE IS A NEED
FOR ESTABLISHING A VIRTUAL CONNECTION THAT IS A
CONNECTION ORIENTED PROTOCOL WHICH ENABLE A
CORRECT SEQUENCING.
ANOTHER ISSUE THAT MTP IS CAPABLE OF ROUTING A
MESSAGE WITH IN ONE NETWORK ONLY. IN CASE OF
ABSENCE OF A CALL ACROSS MULIPLE NETWORK MTP
CAN NOT SEND A SIGNALLING ACROSS MULTIPLE
NETWORK
EXTRA SIGNALLING REQUIREMENT IN GSM DUE TO
DIFFERENT ARCHITECTURE BECAUSE IN THIS CASE
GREATER PART IS REQUIRED FOR NON CALL RELATED
DUE TO MOBILITY. FOR THAT ADDITIONAL PROTOCOL
LAYERS ARE.

o BASE STATION SUBSYSTEM APPLICATION PART: THIS

LAYER IS USED WHEN MSC COMMUNICATES WITH BSC
AND MOBIKE STATION.
o AUTHENTICATION VERIFICATION AND ALLOCATION OF
TMSI WILL TAKE PLACE THROUGH BSSAP. IT SERVE THE

o MSC----- BSC SIGNALLING

o MSC----- MS SIGNALLING
MOBILE APPLICATION PART : IN CASE OF MOBILE
TERMINATED CALL DURING INTERNATIONAL ROAMING
MSRN IS REQUESTED FROM HLR WITHOUT ROUTING A
CALL, FOR THAT ANOTHER LAYER IS REQUIRED THAT IS
A MOBILE APPLICATION PART FOR SIGNLLING BETWEEN
NSS ELEMENTS

TRANSACTION CAPABILITIES APPLICATON PART: WHEN HLR

SENDS SOME RESULTS TO MSC. IT MIGHT BE IN PARTS;
FOR THAT MAP REQUIRES CERTAIN ASSISTANCE TO
TRANSACT THAT MESSAGES BETWEEN MULTIPLE
ELEMENTS; THIS IS CALLED A TCAP
EXTRA SIGNALLING REQUIREMENT IN GSM DUE TO
DIFFERENT ARCHITECTURE BECAUSE IN THIS CASE
GREATER PART IS REQUIRED FOR NON CALL RELATED
DUE TO MOBILITY. FOR THAT ADDITIONAL PROTOCOL
LAYERS ARE.

o BASE STATION SUBSYSTEM APPLICATION PART: THIS

LAYER IS USED WHEN MSC COMMUNICATES WITH BSC
AND MOBIKE STATION.
o AUTHENTICATION VERIFICATION AND ALLOCATION OF
TMSI WILL TAKE PLACE THROUGH BSSAP. IT SERVE THE

o MSC----- BSC SIGNALLING

o MSC----- MS SIGNALLING
User plan : A+P+S+T
TRANSPORT PLANE: P+D+N
CONTROL PLAN: A+P+S+T
When the bearer passes through some
reference plan than the defination of the
these reference points
when the defined bearer is used for
traffic , the control of this traffic in
the bearer in the network is user
plane signalling.
TRANSPORT PLAN PROVIDE THE MEANS HOW
THE PHYSICAL CONNECTION IS ESTABLISHED
BETWEEN THE MOBILE TERMINAL AND THE
NETWORK.

IN UMTS WE CAN USE DIFFERENT PHYSICAL

CONNECTIONS. HOWEVER THE SPECIFICATION
IS MAINLY BASED ON THE ATM.
PACKETS CONTAINING THE TRANSFORMED
INFORMATION IS KNOWN AS ATM CELL
ATM CELL CONSIST OF TWO PARTS
PAYLOAD INFORMATION 48 BYTES
HEADER INFORMATION 5 BYTES
TWO TYPES OF ATM CELLS ARE
UNI USER NETWORK INTERFACE: ATM SW-
ATM END POINTS
NNI NETWORK NODE INTERFACE : ATM SW-
ATMSW

ATM TRANSMISSION PATHS : VIRTUAL PATHS

VIRTUAL CCTS
ATM LAYERS: PHYSICAL LAYER, ATM
LAYER,ATM ADAPTION LAYER
ATM ADAPTION LAYERS:

AAL1: SYNCHRONOUS MODE------ CONNECTION

ORIENTED CONSTANT BIT RATE
AAL2: SYNCHRONOUS MODE ----CONNECTION
ORIENTED VARIABLE CONSTANT BIT RATE
AAL3/4: CONNECTION LESS CONSTANT BIT RATE
AAL5: CONNECTION LESS VARIABLE CONSTANT
BIT RATE
An exchange using OSI model
A-7 L7-Data

P-6 L6-Data H6

S-5 L5-Data H5

T-4 L4-Data H4

N-3 L3-Data H3

D-2 T4 L2-Data H2

P-1 0100011110001001000111111000011101010
An exchange using OSI model
L7-Data A-7

L6-Data H6 P-6

L5-Data H5 S-5

L4-Data H4 T-4

L3-Data H3 N-3

T4 L2-Data H2 D-2

0100011110001001000111111000011101010 P-1
Summary of OSI Layers Functions
Allow access to network
Application resources
7-6 Interface
Translate, encrypt and
Presentation
compress data
6-5 Interface
Establish, manage and
Session
terminate sessions
5-4 Interface
Reliable end to end delivery Transport
& error recovery 4-3 Interface
Movement of packets;
Network
Provide internetworking
3-2 Interface
Organise bits into streams;
Data Link
Node to node delivery
2-1 Interface
Transmit bits; Mechanical
Physical
and electrical specifications