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Honors English Study Guide for Semester 1 Finals

Types of Poetry:

Haiku
o Syllables: 5 7 5
o Usually about nature
Tanka
o 5 lines, 31 syllables
o Uses assonance
o Easy to read
Aphorism
o Is a line or a short statement
o Expresses a principle, truth, or observation about life
Sonnet
o 14 lines
o Lyrical Poem
o Two types: Petrarchan and Shakespearean
Shakespearean: Abab Cdcd Efef Gg rhyme scheme, iambic pentameter
(stressed, unstressed, etc.) 10 syllables per line
Lyric Poem
o Short and songlike
o Expresses emotions and thoughts
o Poetic songs
o Bo continuous rhyme
Free Verse
o Free of traditional rhyme and meter
o Has a conversational rhythm
o It can rhyme, but doesnt have to
Ode
o Complex
o Serious and songlike
o Has a maxim
Epic
o Usually about a hero taking a long journey
o Only sometimes rhymes
o Has mythical aspects
o Uses a superior tone
o Is basically a long story written in poetic form
o Originally told orally
Anecdote
o A short story with a maxim or moral
o Easy to follow
Prose Poem
o Line breaks are determined by the publisher
o Written in prose form (duh) but uses poetic devices

Elements of Fiction:

Fiction:
o Narrative prose
o From the authors imagination
o Not from history/fact

Setting:
o Location: Place, physical arrangement
o Time: Era, year, season, day, time
o Environment: During war, etc.
o Mood: A factor in the emotional impact of the work
Plot:
o Pattern of events in fiction
o Freytags Pyramid (generalization): Inciting incident, exposition, rising action
(complication), climax, falling action, catastrophe (in tragedy or resolution)
Conflict:
o Man vs. man
o Man vs. nature
o Man vs. society
o Man vs. self
Characters:
o Dynamic: Changes
o Static: No significant change
o Round: Well-defined as individuals
o Flat: Type-cast characters
Methods of Characterization:
o Direct: Author tells reader about character
o Indirect: Author shows reader about character through actions, words, dress, etc.
and observation/reactions from other characters
Point of View:
o The vantage point from which the story is told
o 1st person: I
o 3rd person omniscient: Knows all
o 3rd person limited: The narrator is outside of the story, but is the point of only one
person
Theme:
o Central idea/insight
o Not expressed in a word/phrase, but in a sentence
Literary Devices:
o Techniques an author uses, such as imagery, metaphors, irony, symbolism,
flashbacks, foreshadowing, similes, hyperboles, etc.

What Weve Read This Year:

Cranes pg. 1404


o Hwang Sun-won
o Characters: Song-Sam and Tok-Chae
o Setting: Korea 1950s
o Conflict/plot: Turning in Tok-Chae or not; fighting political views with moral values
o Literary focus: Conflict: opposition between or among characters or forces in a
literary work that shapes or motivates the action of the plot
The Guest pg. 1245
o Albert Camus
o Characters: Daru and The Arab
o Setting: Algeria 1960s
o Conflict/plot: Turning in the Arab or not; moral values and making choices
o Literary focus: Existentialism: a philosophical movement begun in the 19th century
that denies that the universe has any intrinsic meaning or purpose. It requires
people to take responsibility for their own actions and shape their own destinies.

Night pg. 1234


o Elie Wiesel
o Characters: Elie
o Setting: Auschwitz, Germany 1930s (WWII)
o Conflict/plot: Surviving in a concentration camp
o Literary focus: Autobiography: an account of somebody's life written by that person
Life Is Beautiful
o Characters: Guido, Joshua, and Dora
o Setting: Began in Italy, ended in a German concentration camp 1930s (WWII)
o Conflict/plot: Guido protecting his family
In the Shadow of War pg. 1360
o Ben Okri
o Omovo
o Setting: Nigeria 1967-1970 (Nigerian War)
o Conflict/plot: Trying to figure out what is happening while staying out of trouble
o Literary Focus: Atmosphere: a prevailing emotional tone or attitude, especially one
associated with a specific place or time
And of Clay Are We Created pg. 1309
o Isabel Allende
o Characters: Rolf Carle and Azucena
o Setting: Colombia November 13th, 1985the eruption of Nevado del Ruiz
o Literary Focus: Irony: humor based on using words to suggest the opposite of their
literal meaning

Writing Terminology:

Essay: A piece of writing that gives your thoughts on a subject


Introduction: The first paragraph in an essay. It includes the thesis, most often at the end
Body Paragraph: A middle paragraph in an essay. It develops a point you want to make
that supports your thesis.
Concluding paragraph: The last paragraph in your essay that may sum up your ideas,
reflect on what you said in your essay, say more commentary about your subject, or give a
personal statement about the subject
Thesis: A sentence with a subject and opinion
Pre-Writing: The process of getting your concrete details down on paper before organizing
your essay into paragraph using any of the following methods: bubble clusters, spider
diagrams, outlines, line clustering, or columns
Concrete details: Specific details that form the backbone or core of your body paragraphs
Commentary: Your opinion or comment about something
Topic sentence: The first sentence in a body paragraph. This must have a subject and
opinion for the paragraph.
Concluding sentence: The last sentence in a body paragraph. It is all commentary and
does not repeat key words.
Shaping the essay: The step that is done after prewriting and before the first draft of an
essay; it is an outline of our thesis, topic sentences, concrete details, and commentary
ideas
First draft: The first version of your essay
Final draft: The final version of your essay
Peer response: Written responses and reactions to a partners paper
Chunk: Once sentence of concrete detail and 2 sentences of commentary
Weaving: Blending concrete details and commentary in a body paragraph

Ratio: I concrete detail : 2 commentary


Word counts: The minimum length per paragraph to earn a C

Myths and Folktales


Myths:

Myth: An anonymous, traditional story that explains a belief, custom, or a mysterious


natural phenomenon
Most are related to religion
Involves exploits of gods and heroes
Origin myths:
o Explain how something began
o Provide explanations for mysteries that people want to understand
o There are lots that explain the creation of the world
Folktales:
Folktale: A story told by the common people
Traditionally told orally
Told for entertainment
Teach moral values
Legends, tall tales, fables, ghost stories, fairy tales, etc. are all examples of folktales
Main Differences:
1. Folktales are secular/nonreligious
2. Folktales were created as much for their entertainment value as for the teaching of
social or moral values
3. Folktales feature magic, transformation, and enchantments, just as myths do. But
although folktales may sometimes include gods or goddesses as characters, they are
usually not central actors in the story.
4. Folktale heroes tend to be common, everyday folk who dont have special powers,
unlike the heroes of myths, who are the superhuman offspring of gods or goddesses and
human parents
5. Folktales are not associated with religious rituals
How Green Willow Functions as a Folktale:

It has unnatural conditions


Its hero is common without special powers
Its nonreligious
It tells a story

How The Wooden People functions as a Myth:

It explains the creation of people


It explains parts of the human condition
It explains monkeys similarities to humans

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