Winter 2000 CH2

1.

(a)

Ammonia is manufactured by passing hot nitrogen and hydrogen at high pressure over a
catalyst containing iron.
In an experiment, 9.0 moles of nitrogen and 27 moles of hydrogen were put into an iron
vessel of volume l0 dm3. This was then heated to 250 C and allowed to reach
equilibrium. It was found that two thirds of the nitrogen and hydrogen were converted into
ammonia.
N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)
(i)

H = 92.4 kJ moll

Give the expression for Kc.

(1)

(ii)

Complete the table below.

moles at start

N2

H2

NH3

9.0

27

moles at equilibrium
concentration at equilibrium
/mol dm3
(2)

(iii)

Calculate the value of Kc at 250 C, stating its units.

(2)

(iv)

State the effect, if any, of an increase in temperature on the value of the

equilibrium constant, giving a reason.
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....
....
(2)
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Winter 2000 CH2

(v)

State the effect, if any, of an increase in pressure on the value of the equilibrium
constant, giving a reason.
....
....
....
(2)

(b)

Some of the ammonia manufactured in this way is converted into nitric acid, HNO3. The
first step in this process is the oxidation of ammonia.
4NH3(g)+ 5O2(g) 4NO(g) + 6H2O(g)
(i)

Calculate the standard enthalpy change for this reaction given the following
standard enthalpies of formation in kJ mol1:
NH3(g) 46.2

NO(g) + 90.4

H2O(g) 242

(3)

(ii)

Draw an enthalpy level diagram for this reaction.

Enthalpy

(2)

(c)

A mixture of concentrated nitric and sulphuric acids is used in the nitration of benzene to
form nitrobenzene.
(i)

The first stage of the reaction is the production of the NO 2 ion

Write an equation to show its formation.
....
(1)

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Winter 2000 CH2

(ii)

The formation of the NO 2 ion occurs in two steps, the first of which is:

H2SO4 + HNO3 H2NO 3 + HSO 4

This is an acid/base reaction. Give the formulae of the acid/base conjugate pairs
involved.
acid .

its conjugate base .

base .

its conjugate acid .

(2)

(iii)

Hence comment on the relative strengths of nitric and sulphuric acid.

....
(1)

(iv)

Give the mechanism for the reaction of the NO 2 ion with benzene.

(3)

(v)

What do curly arrows show when used in a mechanism?

(1)
(Total 22 marks)

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Winter 2000 CH2

2.

(a)

Benzene diazonium chloride, C6H5N2Cl, in acidic solution is stable below 5 C but

decomposes rapidly in a first order reaction when heated to 50 C.
C6H5N2Cl(aq) + H2O(1)

C H OH(aq) + HCl(aq) + N (g)

6 5

Describe an experiment that could be used to follow this reaction. Your answer should
include a diagram of the apparatus that you would use and a statement of the
measurements that you would make.

..
..
..
..
(5)

(b)

The decomposition of hydrogen peroxide is also a first order reaction

2H2O2(aq)

2H O(1) + O (g)
2

At 50 C it is very much slower than the decomposition of benzene diazonium chloride of

the same concentration.
(i)

Write the rate equation for the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide.

....
(1)

(ii)

Comment on the relative values of the activation energies and the rate constants for
the decomposition reactions above.
Activation energies ...........................................
....
Rate constants ...............................................
....
(2)

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Winter 2000 CH2

(iii)

Explain, in terms of collision theory, the effect on reaction rates of increasing the
temperature to 60 C.
....
....
....
....
....
(3)

(iv)

The decomposition of hydrogen peroxide is catalysed by iodide ions.

Explain why reactions are speeded up by a catalyst.
....
....
....
(2)

(c)

The lodination of propanone

CH3COCH3 + I2

acid catalyst

CH2ICOCH3 + HI

was studied with an excess of propanone and an acid catalyst. The variation of
concentration of iodine as a function of time is shown below.

[I2]

time

What is the order of this reaction with respect to iodine? Give your reasoning.
..
..
..
..
(3)
(Total 16 marks)

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Winter 2000 CH2

3.

Citral is a colourless natural product, which gives lemons their characteristic flavour and smell.
Its structural formula is:
CH 3
CH 3

(a)

(i)

CH CH 2

CH 3
CH 2

CH CHO

How would you show that citral has a carbonyl group, C==O?
Reagent ......
Observation ....
(2)

(ii)

How would you show that citral is an aldehyde?

Reagent ......
Observation ....
(2)

(b)

Citral has geometric isomers. Draw them and explain why they are not easily
interconvertable.
Structures:

Reason
..
(3)

(c)

Bromine, dissolved in tetrachloromethane, was added slowly to a solution of citral.

(i)

Describe what you would observe when this was done.

....
....
(1)

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Winter 2000 CH2

(ii)

Draw the structural formula of the product of this reaction when excess bromine
is added.

(1)

(iii)

This product is chiral. Mark all the atoms which cause chirality with a on the
structural formula that you have given in (ii) above.
(2)

(d)

Citral can be reduced to an alcohol

(i)

State a reagent and the conditions that could be used for this reaction.
Reagent ......
Conditions ..
(2)

(ii)

How would you test the product to show that it has an OH group?
Reagent ......
Observation ....
(2)

(e)

Citral can be oxidised to an acid C9H15COOH (Mr = 168) which ionises in water
C9H15COOH + H2O H3O+ + C9H15COO
4.62 g of this acid was dissolved in water to give a solution of volume 250 cm3.
This solution had a pH of 2.91.
(i)

Write the expression for Ka for this acid.

(1)

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Winter 2000 CH2

(ii)

Calculate the concentration of the acid in mol dm3.

(1)

(iii)

Calculate the value of Ka of the acid.

(3)
(Total 20 marks)

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