1, JANUARY 2001
53
Fig. 1.
I. INTRODUCTION
54
Fig. 3.
(1)
(2)
An alternative formula which is simpler but less accurate can be
derived assuming an ideal voltage source as the primary excitation [6]. This formula is given below.
(3)
We compared (1) and (3) with the results from an emtp type
of simulation. Fig. 3 shows a comparison of the results and the
accuracy of (1) over (3) is clearly evident. The higher Fourier
are found as:
coefficients of voltage
Fig. 5.
for
III. FREQUENCY RESPONSE ANALYSIS
where:
(4)
DANESHPOOY AND GOLE: FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF THE THYRISTOR CONTROLLED SERIES CAPACITOR
55
(7)
Fig. 6. Switching modeling by time-variant resistor.
(5)
and the
With the harmonic current source at the frequency
( being the fundaparametric resistor at frequency
mental frequency) and its harmonics, the steady state solution
for the branch voltage and current contains frequency components at [10]:
for all integers
(6)
(9)
In addition, writing the Kirchoff current law equation we get:
(10)
56
note
(11)
and the right hand side of (10) is written in terms of Fourier
series coefficients of the current and voltage from (7) as:
(12)
Equating the coefficients of exponentials in (11) and (12),
results:
Fig. 8. Voltage and current plots.
(13)
B. Numerical Results
The sets of equations derived from (9) and (13) are infinite
and . In order to solve these
sets of equations in terms of
sets of equations, it is then necessary to truncate these equation
sets by considering only the first equations in the sequence.
This could be justified mathematically by two facts:
approach
1) The Fourier series coefficients in (6) for
.
zero as rapidly as
2) The harmonics amplitudes in the system decrease with
.
Using the above approach (9) can be written in matrix form as:
(14)
(15)
[Note that all the matrices in (15) are diagonal.]
The vector is substituted from (14) into (15), and then the
resultant equation is solved for phasors . Substituting into
(14) the vector phasor is then determined.
In order to calculate the TCSC impedance at any frequency
, the voltage (from
and
) at frequency
should be
determined. The impedance of the TCSC at frequency is then
by the injected
achieved by dividing the resultant voltage at
current source .
This procedure is encoded using the MATLAB [12] numerical software, and the results are reported.
, current in the
As an example, Fig. 8 shows the plot of
and the voltage across the TSCS
.
controlled inductor
On the voltage plot [Fig. 8(c)], the equivalent sinusoidal voltage
is shown.
of frequency to
DANESHPOOY AND GOLE: FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF THE THYRISTOR CONTROLLED SERIES CAPACITOR
Fig. 9.
57
= 47 Hz.
Fig. 11.
A close look at the second plot in Fig. 11(b), shows that the
reactance of the TCSC at the line frequency 60 Hz for different
conduction angles, are equal to the value derived from (1). In
addition, the resistance of the TCSC which is entirely a positive
number for all frequency range, drops to zero at 60 Hz, as discussed earlier.
As an example, by inspecting (1), it is found that the device
at frequency 60 Hz for the
acts as a pure capacitance of
, but it is interesting to note that it
conduction angle
behaves as a large resistance in series with a small inductance
Hz for the same
at sub-synchronous frequency, say
conduction angle. This observation is particularly important for
analysis of sub-synchronous frequency oscillations, where the
damping of the sub-synchronous frequency may be important.
(Note that an electrical frequency of 47 Hz corresponds to a
Hz on
potential sub-synchronous frequency of
the mechanical side.)
Generally, it can be concluded that, compared to the rated
frequency (and its odd multiples), where the TCSC impedance
has only an imaginary part (capacitive or inductive), at all other
harmonics, the TCSC impedance has both real (resistive) and
imaginary parts. In addition, it was observed that the real part of
impedance is always positive, and the device does not show negative damping at tiny frequency. However for frequencies higher
than the rated (super-synchronous), the frequency response fol, as the capacitance dominates of
lows the fixed capacitor
the parallel inductor, and the reactance; follows the fixed capaccharacteristic, as shown in Fig. 11(b).
itor
The impedance of the series compensation plays an important part in the sub-synchronous resonance oscillation. The presented analysis and study in this paper is an integral part of such
studies for the systems including TCSC. Since the method is
quite general irrespective of the device topology, such an analysis can be extended to shunt compensation and other power
electronics devices.
58
IV. CONCLUSION
A novel approach based on Fourier Series representation of
the switched nonlinearities, has been presented for deriving the
frequency response of a TCSC. The method uses the Fourier
series representation for the switching operation of the TCSC.
Based on the assumption that the device steady state performance would not be changed upon the injection of small signal
harmonic current, the equations and the numerical approach
to solve the equations are presented. The results show for the
common operating mode of the TCSC (capacitive mode), the
device shows some positive resistance for subsynchronous frequencies, however it behaves as a capacitor (equal to the fixed
parallel capacitor) for super-frequency operation. These results
are useful in analyzing undesired resonances or in SSR studies.
The method is quite general and may well be extended to
other power electronic applications. Such an application is beyond the scope of this paper.
REFERENCES
[1] E. W. Kimbark, Improvements of system stability by switched series
capacitors, IEEE Trans. PAS, vol. 85, no. 2, pp. 180188, Feb. 1966.
[2] S. G. Jalali, R. A. Hedin, M. Pereira, and K. Sadek, A stability model
for the advanced series compensator, IEEE Power Deliver, vol. 11, no.
2, pp. 11281135, Apr. 1996.
[3] K. Sadek, M. Periera, D. P. Brandt, A. M. Gole, and A. Daneshpooy, Capacitor commutated converter circuit configuration for
DC transmission, in IEEE Winter Meeting, Tampa, FL, Feb. 1998,
PE-045PWRD-0-12-1997.
[4] H. Othman and L. ngquist, Analytical modeling of thyristor controlled series capacitors for SSR studies, IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, vol. 11, no. 1, Feb. 1996.
Alireza Daneshpooy obtained B.Sc. and M.Sc. from Tehran University (Tehran,
Iran), in 1989 and 1991, respectively, both in electrical engineering, and Ph.D.
from University of Manitoba (Winnipeg, Manitoba) in 1997. He started his career as a Design Engineer in switchgear industry. He is currently a Design Engineer with the Silicon Power Corporation (SPCO).
A. M. Gole received his B.Tech. (EE) degree from IIT Bombay, in 1978 and
Ph.D. from University of Manitoba, in 1982. He is employed as a Professor in
the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of
Manitoba. He is a registered Professional Engineer in the province of Manitoba
and a Member of the IEEE PES society.